CN213091767U - Adjustable load device for testing power adapter - Google Patents
Adjustable load device for testing power adapter Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN213091767U CN213091767U CN202021192268.7U CN202021192268U CN213091767U CN 213091767 U CN213091767 U CN 213091767U CN 202021192268 U CN202021192268 U CN 202021192268U CN 213091767 U CN213091767 U CN 213091767U
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- connecting lead
- omega
- pure
- switch
- parallel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Landscapes
- Tests Of Circuit Breakers, Generators, And Electric Motors (AREA)
Abstract
An adjustable load device for testing a power adapter belongs to the technical field of adjustable loads. The device comprises a resistance adjustable system, a constant temperature controllable system, a power grid tester and a power supply. The resistance adjustable system is connected with the constant temperature controllable system through the radiating fin, the resistance adjustable system is installed at the smooth surface end of the radiating fin, and the constant temperature controllable system is embedded in a central groove at the other end of the radiating fin. The power supply supplies power to the constant-temperature controllable system and enables the constant-temperature controllable system to work. The power grid tester can accurately measure the voltage, the current and the power of the output end of the power adapter. And confirming the accurate value of the collocated load. The application can improve the detection accuracy and efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a power adapter test is with adjustable load device, in particular to power adapter electromagnetic compatibility test is with load device belongs to adjustable load technical field.
Background
In the electromagnetic compatibility test, in order to simulate the normal operating state of the power adapter, a resistive load needs to be connected to the output end to simulate the actual using state of the adapter.
If the electronic load is selected, additional electromagnetic disturbance is brought to the test of the power adapter, so that the test result is influenced. In order to ensure that the inserted load causes as little electromagnetic disturbance as possible, a purely resistive resistor is preferably used. The cement resistor and the slide rheostat are used in the industry at present, and the slide rheostat is not high in applicable rate due to poor contact, high impedance, low power. The cement resistor cannot solve the heat dissipation problem, so that the resistance value can deviate in the measuring process, and the measuring result is finally influenced. And the output specification of the power adapter reaches dozens, each specification needs to be reconnected and matched with one set of load, the resistance abrasion is large, and the working efficiency of a laboratory is reduced. The deviation of load collocation directly affects the measurement result, the consistency among laboratories, and has great defects in spot check and reinspection.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
An object of the utility model is to overcome the above-mentioned not enough that exist among the prior art, provide an adjustable load device is used in power adapter test. The traceability and consistency of laboratory tests are improved, and the detection accuracy and efficiency are improved.
In order to realize the purpose of the utility model, the utility model provides a following technical scheme: an adjustable load device for testing a power adapter comprises a resistance adjustable system (1), a radiating fin component (13), a constant temperature controllable system (5), a power grid tester (2) and a power supply (11);
the resistance adjustable system (1) comprises 9 pure resistances of 5 omega, 9 pure resistances of 2 omega, 9 pure resistances of 1 omega and 9 pure resistances of 0.1 omega-0.9 omega, wherein one connecting end of each pure resistance of 5 omega is respectively connected with an L1 connecting lead, the other connecting end of each pure resistance of 5 omega is respectively connected with an L2 connecting lead through a switch, and the switches corresponding to the pure resistances of 9 omega are sequentially marked as a1-a 9; one connecting end of each 2 omega pure resistor is respectively connected with an L3 connecting lead, the other connecting end of each 2 omega pure resistor is respectively connected with an L4 connecting lead through a switch, and the switches corresponding to 9 2 omega pure resistors are sequentially marked as b1-b 9; one connecting end of each 1 omega pure resistor is respectively connected with an L5 connecting lead, the other connecting end of each 1 omega pure resistor is respectively connected with an L6 connecting lead through a switch, and the switches corresponding to 9 1 omega pure resistors are sequentially marked as c1-c 9; 9 pure resistors of 0.1-0.9 omega are respectively connected with one connection end of each pure resistor through an L7 connection lead, the other connection end of each pure resistor is respectively connected with an L8 connection lead through a switch, and the switches corresponding to the 9 pure resistors are sequentially marked as d1-d 9; one end of the L1 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A1 switch, and the other end of the L1 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B1; one end of the L2 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A2 switch, and the other end of the L2 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B2; one end of the L3 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A3 switch, and the other end of the L3 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B3; one end of the L4 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A4 switch, and the other end of the L4 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B4; one end of the L5 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A5 switch, and the other end of the L5 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B5; one end of the L6 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A6 switch, and the other end of the L6 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B6; one end of the L7 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A7 switch, and the other end of the L7 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B7; one end of the L8 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A8 switch, and the other end of the L8 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B8; four independent transit terminals are arranged near the wiring terminals B1-B8 and are respectively marked as D1-D4, and eight wiring terminals B1-B8 can be in lap joint communication with the transit terminals D1-D4 or/and are in lap joint with the wiring terminals B1-B8 as required; each transfer terminal is respectively connected with the universal interface line N through a switch, and the switches corresponding to the transfer terminals D1-D4 are respectively marked as C1-C4 in sequence; the universal interface line N and the universal interface line L form one or more of various external ports, such as a USB interface, a type C interface, a POE interface and a universal interface;
the radiating fin assembly (13) is formed by integrating a plurality of radiating fins with a heat conducting plate, the plurality of parallel radiating fins are vertically fixed on the same surface of the heat conducting plate (12), a groove is arranged in the corresponding radiating fin in the middle of the surface, namely, a part of radiating fins are missing in the middle of the surface, and the missing part of the radiating fins forms a groove; the other surface of the heat conducting plate is a smooth surface and is used for fixing the resistance adjustable system (1);
the constant temperature controllable system (5) comprises a Peltier (9), a temperature controller (10), a relay (8) and a fan (6); the Peltier (9) is fixedly attached to the heat conducting plate corresponding to the groove of the heat radiating plate assembly (13) in parallel, the temperature controller (10) is arranged on the Peltier (9) on the heat radiating plate (3), and the fan (6) is fixed above the heat radiating plate (3) through a screw (7); the power supply (11) supplies power to the Peltier (9) and the fan (6), the fan (6) is connected with the relay (8) and the temperature controller (10) in series, and the fan (6) is connected with the Peltier (9) in parallel;
circuit connection of the constant temperature controllable system (5): the positive pole of the power supply is connected with a parallel deconcentrator B, the negative pole of the power supply is connected with a parallel deconcentrator A, the parallel deconcentrators B and A are respectively connected with a Peltier (9) to form a circuit; the relay (8) is respectively connected with the temperature controller (10), the fan (6), the parallel deconcentrator B and the parallel deconcentrator A, the fan (6) is connected with the parallel deconcentrator A, and the temperature controller (10) is connected with the parallel deconcentrator B; the relay (8) can selectively conduct the fan (6) and the parallel deconcentrator B and the parallel deconcentrator A and can selectively conduct the temperature controller (10) and the parallel deconcentrator B and the parallel deconcentrator A;
the resistance adjustable system is fixedly attached to one side of the smooth surface of the heat-conducting plate of the heat-radiating plate assembly (13); the resistance adjustable system is connected with the power grid tester (2) or the power adapter circuit. The thermostat-controlled system is embedded within the recess of the heat sink assembly.
The power supply supplies power to the constant-temperature controllable system and enables the constant-temperature controllable system to work. The power grid tester can accurately measure the voltage, the current and the power of the adjustable resistance system and the output end of the power adapter. And confirming the accurate value of the collocated load.
The operation mode is as follows: calculating the value of the resistor, and connecting the resistors in series by selecting a switch in the resistor adjustable system (1) to enable the total value of the resistors connected in series to be the calculated resistance value; then a resistance adjustable system (1), a constant temperature controllable system (5), a power grid tester (2) and a power supply (11) are switched on; when the temperature of the resistance adjustable system (1) is higher than 25 degrees, the temperature controller (10) is switched off, the relay (8) is communicated with the fan (6) to be started, and the Peltier (9) is enabled to be rapidly cooled so as to reduce the temperature of the resistance adjustable system (1); when the temperature is lower than 25 degrees, the relay (8) enables the temperature controller (10) to be switched on, and the fan (6) is switched off; the constant-temperature controllable system (5) can maintain the temperature of the resistance adjustable system (1) to be constant at 25 degrees, the resistance value is guaranteed not to be influenced by the temperature, deviation is avoided, and the accuracy of the final resistance is guaranteed by combining the selected resistors connected in series; then the power grid tester (2) is replaced by a power adapter or is directly connected with the power adapter.
The application accelerates heat dissipation; the deviation loss of the resistance value caused by overhigh temperature or overlow temperature is avoided, the test consistency can be realized, and the detection accuracy and efficiency are improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the adjustable load device for testing the power adapter of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic spatial perspective view of the adjustable load device for testing the power adapter of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a constant temperature controllable system in the adjustable load device for testing the power adapter of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the adjustable system of the adjustable load device for testing the power adapter of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a constant temperature controllable system in the adjustable load device for testing the power adapter of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the installation of the grid tester and adapter and adjustable load device.
The device comprises a resistance adjustable system (1), a power grid tester (2), a constant temperature controllable system (5), a fan (6), a screw (7), a relay (8), a Peltier (9), a temperature controller (10), a power supply (11), a heat conducting plate (12) and a radiating fin component (13).
Detailed Description
The present application is further illustrated by the following examples, but the present application is not limited to the following examples.
Example 1
The drawings are shown in fig. 1-6.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an adjustable load device for testing a power adapter, which includes a resistance adjustable system, a constant temperature controllable system, a power grid tester and a power supply. The resistance adjustable system is connected with the constant temperature controllable system through the radiating fin, the resistance adjustable system is installed at the smooth surface end of the radiating fin, and the constant temperature controllable system is embedded in a central groove at the other end of the radiating fin. The power supply supplies power to the constant-temperature controllable system and enables the constant-temperature controllable system to work. The power grid tester can accurately measure the voltage, the current and the power of the output end of the power adapter. And confirming the accurate value of the collocated load. In the figure 2, the resistance adjustable system (1) is adhered to the smooth surface of the radiating fin (3) through heat-conducting silicon glue. The heat-conducting silica gel has good heat-conducting, temperature-resistant and insulating properties, stable performance and good heat dissipation, and can not influence contacted metals. The heat dissipation efficiency is optimized.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a resistance tunable system. The USB interface comprises a plurality of ports such as a USB interface, a type C interface, a POE interface and a universal interface. Most product-common ports can be covered. The practicability is wider. Fig. 4 contains 9 5 Ω pure resistances, 9 2 Ω pure resistances, 9 1 Ω pure resistances, and 9 0.1 Ω to 0.9 Ω pure resistances, and the resistance values with one digit of an accuracy decimal point are obtained by serial connection. The adjustable resistance is realized mainly through series connection, and the loss generated by a series-parallel complex circuit is avoided. The precision is high.
A1-A8, C1-C4, a1-a9, b1-b9, C1-C9 and d1-d9 are 1P patch dip switches with gold-plated pins, and the patch dip switches have the advantages of small contact resistance; the contact heating is small; the loss is small; the error is small; the wear resistance is good; the service life is long.
D1-D4 are wiring transit terminals. B1-B8 is a connecting terminal. B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6,B7 and B8 passing through 4.0mm2The silver-plated copper wire is selectively connected with D1, D2, D3 and D4. 4.0mm2The silver-plated copper wire has the functions of high temperature resistance and better conductivity.
The common specification output specification of the adapters is 5VDC 2.4A and 12VDC 1.5A to name a few. Example 1: the resistance can be calculated to be about 2.1 omega for 5VDC 2.4A. The universal interface L is connected with the A8 dial switch, the D1 dial switch, the B7, the wiring transit terminal D3, the B4 and the wiring transit terminal D3, the B9 dial switch is connected, the B3 and the wiring transit terminal D2, the C2 dial switch is connected with the B3, and the universal interface N is connected. Example 2: the 12VDC 1.5A may calculate the resistance to be about 8 omega. The universal interface L is connected with the A6 dial switch, the C9 dial switch is connected with the B5, the B5 dial switch is connected with the B4, the B9 dial switch is connected with the B3 dial switch, the a9 dial switch is connected with the B2, the B1 dial switch is connected with the wiring transit terminal D1, the C1 dial switch is connected with the C1 dial switch, and the universal interface N is connected with the outside. Is suitable for multi-combination matching. Most of the adapter output specification can be covered.
Fig. 6 the grid tester (2) is connected in series between the resistance adjustable system (1) and the adapter via a USB port. After the resistance of the resistance adjustable system (1) is adjusted and fixed. The matching accuracy of the power grid is tested by the power grid tester (2).
In the figure 2, a resistance adjustable system (1) and a constant temperature controllable system (5) are respectively arranged on two sides of a radiating fin (3). The resistance adjustable system (1) is arranged on the smooth surface side, and the constant temperature controllable system (5) is embedded in a central groove at the other end of the radiating fin. The radiating fins have the radiating function, so that heat emitted by the components is more effectively conducted to the radiating fins and then is radiated to the surrounding air through the radiating fins.
Fig. 3 constant temperature controllable system (5) is composed of peltier (9), temperature controller (10), relay (8) and fan (6). The middle connecting cable is a silver-plated cable.
The Peltier (9) is arranged on the radiating fin (3), the temperature controller (10) is arranged on the Peltier (9), and the fan (6) is fixed above the radiating fin (3) through the screw (7).
Fig. 5 linear power supply supplies power to peltier (9) and fan (6). The fan (6) is connected in series with the relay (8) and the temperature controller (10) and is connected in parallel with the Peltier (9).
When the temperature of the resistance adjustable system (1) is higher than 25 degrees, the temperature controller (10) is switched off, the relay (8) is communicated with the fan (6) to be started, so that the Peltier (9) is rapidly cooled to reduce the temperature of the resistance adjustable system (1), and when the temperature is lower than 25 degrees, the temperature controller (10) is switched on, and the fan (6) is switched off. The constant-temperature controllable system (5) can maintain the constant temperature of the resistance adjustable system (1) at 25 degrees, and the accuracy of the resistance value is ensured. The heat dissipation is accelerated. Ensure that no bias loss of resistance due to over-high or under-low temperature is caused.
The power supply (4) is a linear power supply, obtains high-precision direct-current voltage and has small interference.
The general test device can verify that the temperature of the resistor increases along with the extension of the test time through test data. The resistance value changes with increasing temperature. Through the utility model discloses can the temperature stabilization, along with test time's extension, the temperature and the resistance of resistance all are water flat line basically, make the resistance of resistance more stable, guarantee the resistance accuracy of resistance.
Claims (6)
1. An adjustable load device for testing a power adapter is characterized by comprising a resistance adjustable system (1), a radiating fin component (13), a constant temperature controllable system (5), a power grid tester (2) and a power supply (11);
the resistance adjustable system (1) comprises 9 pure resistances of 5 omega, 9 pure resistances of 2 omega, 9 pure resistances of 1 omega and 9 pure resistances of 0.1 omega-0.9 omega, wherein one connecting end of each pure resistance of 5 omega is respectively connected with an L1 connecting lead, the other connecting end of each pure resistance of 5 omega is respectively connected with an L2 connecting lead through a switch, and the switches corresponding to the pure resistances of 9 omega are sequentially marked as a1-a 9; one connecting end of each 2 omega pure resistor is respectively connected with an L3 connecting lead, the other connecting end of each 2 omega pure resistor is respectively connected with an L4 connecting lead through a switch, and the switches corresponding to 9 2 omega pure resistors are sequentially marked as b1-b 9; one connecting end of each 1 omega pure resistor is respectively connected with an L5 connecting lead, the other connecting end of each 1 omega pure resistor is respectively connected with an L6 connecting lead through a switch, and the switches corresponding to 9 1 omega pure resistors are sequentially marked as c1-c 9; 9 pure resistors of 0.1-0.9 omega are respectively connected with one connection end of each pure resistor through an L7 connection lead, the other connection end of each pure resistor is respectively connected with an L8 connection lead through a switch, and the switches corresponding to the 9 pure resistors are sequentially marked as d1-d 9; one end of the L1 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A1 switch, and the other end of the L1 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B1; one end of the L2 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A2 switch, and the other end of the L2 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B2; one end of the L3 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A3 switch, and the other end of the L3 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B3; one end of the L4 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A4 switch, and the other end of the L4 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B4; one end of the L5 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A5 switch, and the other end of the L5 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B5; one end of the L6 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A6 switch, and the other end of the L6 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B6; one end of the L7 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A7 switch, and the other end of the L7 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B7; one end of the L8 connecting lead is connected with the universal interface line L through an A8 switch, and the other end of the L8 connecting lead is provided with a wiring terminal B8; four independent transit terminals are arranged near the wiring terminals B1-B8 and are respectively marked as D1-D4, and eight wiring terminals B1-B8 can be in lap joint communication with the transit terminals D1-D4 or/and are in lap joint with the wiring terminals B1-B8 as required; each transfer terminal is respectively connected with the universal interface line N through a switch, and the switches corresponding to the transfer terminals D1-D4 are respectively marked as C1-C4 in sequence; the universal interface line N and the universal interface line L form one or more of various external ports;
the radiating fin assembly (13) is formed by integrating a plurality of radiating fins with a heat conducting plate, the plurality of parallel radiating fins are vertically fixed on the same surface of the heat conducting plate (12), a groove is arranged in the corresponding radiating fin in the middle of the surface, namely, a part of radiating fins are missing in the middle of the surface, and the missing part of the radiating fins forms a groove; the other surface of the heat conducting plate is a smooth surface and is used for fixing the resistance adjustable system (1);
the constant temperature controllable system (5) comprises a Peltier (9), a temperature controller (10), a relay (8) and a fan (6); the Peltier (9) is fixedly attached to the heat conducting plate corresponding to the groove of the heat radiating plate assembly (13) in parallel, the temperature controller (10) is arranged on the Peltier (9) on the heat radiating plate (3), and the fan (6) is fixed above the heat radiating plate (3) through a screw (7); the power supply (11) supplies power to the Peltier (9) and the fan (6), the fan (6) is connected with the relay (8) and the temperature controller in series (10), and the fan (6) is connected with the Peltier (9) in parallel;
circuit connection of the constant temperature controllable system (5): the positive pole of the power supply is connected with a parallel deconcentrator B, the negative pole of the power supply is connected with a parallel deconcentrator A, the parallel deconcentrators B and A are respectively connected with a Peltier (9) to form a circuit; the relay (8) is respectively connected with the temperature controller (10), the fan (6), the parallel deconcentrator B and the parallel deconcentrator A, the fan (6) is connected with the parallel deconcentrator A, and the temperature controller (10) is connected with the parallel deconcentrator B; the relay (8) can selectively conduct the fan (6) and the parallel deconcentrator B and the parallel deconcentrator A and can selectively conduct the temperature controller (10) and the parallel deconcentrators B and A.
2. The adjustable load device for testing the power adapter as recited in claim 1, wherein the resistance adjusting system is fixedly attached to the smooth surface side of the heat conducting plate of the heat sink assembly (13); the resistance adjustable system is connected with the power grid tester (2) or the power adapter circuit; the thermostat-controlled system is embedded within the recess of the heat sink assembly.
3. The adjustable load device for testing a power adapter of claim 1, wherein the power supply supplies power to and operates the constant temperature controllable system; the power grid tester can accurately measure the voltage, the current and the power of the output end of the resistance adjustable system and the power adapter, and confirms the accurate value of the matched load.
4. The adjustable load device for testing the power adapter as recited in claim 1, wherein the external port comprises a USB interface, a type C interface, a POE interface, and a universal interface.
5. The adjustable load device for testing the power adapter as claimed in claim 1, wherein A1-A8, C1-C4, a1-a9, b1-b9, C1-C9 and d1-d9 are 1P gold-plated chip dial switches.
6. The adjustable load device for testing power adapter as claimed in claim 1, wherein B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8 pass through 4.0mm2The silver-plated copper wire is selectively connected with D1, D2, D3 and D4.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202021192268.7U CN213091767U (en) | 2020-06-23 | 2020-06-23 | Adjustable load device for testing power adapter |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202021192268.7U CN213091767U (en) | 2020-06-23 | 2020-06-23 | Adjustable load device for testing power adapter |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN213091767U true CN213091767U (en) | 2021-04-30 |
Family
ID=75621453
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202021192268.7U Active CN213091767U (en) | 2020-06-23 | 2020-06-23 | Adjustable load device for testing power adapter |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN213091767U (en) |
-
2020
- 2020-06-23 CN CN202021192268.7U patent/CN213091767U/en active Active
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| KR101034446B1 (en) | Integrated System and method for testing electronic component | |
| US8400173B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for thermally conditioning probe cards | |
| US20110074384A1 (en) | Method and apparatus to measure current in power switchers | |
| CN112525385B (en) | Thermal resistance measuring instrument calibration system | |
| CN111693840A (en) | Method for testing thermal resistance of Schottky diode by utilizing reverse characteristic | |
| CN211148807U (en) | Pull-load test fixture | |
| CN213091767U (en) | Adjustable load device for testing power adapter | |
| CN108008193A (en) | Combined type quantum Hall resistance sample ratio checker | |
| CN114487691A (en) | Portable cable conduction insulation detection device | |
| CN111551795A (en) | Adjustable load device for testing power adapter and operation mode | |
| CN208156112U (en) | A kind of test fixture for POE power supply PLC product | |
| CN208721738U (en) | For measuring from electric car power supply unit to the direct current of load transmitting, exchange and device including direct current with the electric energy exchanged | |
| WO2023040221A1 (en) | Apparatus and method for testing change in resistance value of solder joint | |
| CN110260997A (en) | A kind of Thermistor Temperature Measurement device | |
| Yamada et al. | Design method for a wideband resistive voltage divider based on average impedance matching with optimal solution methods | |
| CN201025478Y (en) | Calibration device for thermal resistance testing device | |
| TWI729631B (en) | Method for measuring impedance | |
| CN202025588U (en) | Low-value air standard resistor | |
| CN211042540U (en) | Testing device | |
| CN108717138A (en) | A kind of substrate current test circuit and system | |
| CN219758126U (en) | Aging device | |
| CN212031707U (en) | Ammeter clamping instrument | |
| CN221174940U (en) | Zero clearing tool for probe rod type battery AC/DC internal resistance tester | |
| CN220252094U (en) | Testing device for power module working condition simulation | |
| US20050127931A1 (en) | Variable temperature test cell and associated method |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |