CN209280462U - A kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device - Google Patents
A kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device Download PDFInfo
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- CN209280462U CN209280462U CN201822164840.8U CN201822164840U CN209280462U CN 209280462 U CN209280462 U CN 209280462U CN 201822164840 U CN201822164840 U CN 201822164840U CN 209280462 U CN209280462 U CN 209280462U
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010023230 Joint stiffness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/04—Chucks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
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- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
The utility model discloses a kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device, test device includes two bottom brackets being parallel to each other, and is equipped with fixed frame on bottom bracket；Adjustable shelf is set there are two the bearing beam that is parallel to each other between bottom bracket, is equipped with sliding panel between bearing beam, sliding panel cooperates with the slider being set on pipe-plate lining to be measured to abut.The utility model is able to solve shield tunnel model test method in the prior art and does not consider the problems of tunnel structure Gravitative Loads, structurally reasonable, highly reliable.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to tunnels and underground engineering test field tunnels and underground engineerings to test field, and in particular to one
Kind shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device.
Background technique
With the extensive use of shield tunnel, landform encountered in process of construction, landforms, geological conditions and its locating
It is increasingly sophisticated that environment is built in periphery construction, as worn ground construction of structures basis, upper-soft lower-hard ground, rivers,lakes and seas, dykes and dams under frequently
Deng；After building up, since excavation of foundation pit, ground preloading, fluctuation in stage, channel aggradation, flood erosion and deposition etc. are various plus unloading effect,
Large effect is caused to tunnel longitudinal stress and deformation, tunnel structure safety is even threatened when serious.
Tunnel structure has as linear structure, the determination of longitudinal rigidity for studying its longitudinal stress and deformation characteristic
Significance.The liner structure of shield tunnel is connected with each other by section of jurisdiction, transverse joint and landing edge, adjacent according to its
The relative position of two endless tube pieces is divided into two kinds of erection methods of through seam assembling and staggered joint erection, and is equally staggered joint erection, and engineering is real
In border but there are many fissure of displacement form, the longitudinal rigidity that these factors result in shield tunnel segment lining structure is difficult to determine.
Currently, for shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity processing mode there are two types of, one is according to section of jurisdiction
Liner structure carries out solid modelling, the bending stiffness of input adapter when calculating, but due to pipe-plate lining structural joint quantity mistake
More, modeling work amount is huge, and computational efficiency is low, convergence difficulties, and due to pipe-plate lining joint stiffness and non-constant, with knot
The stress of structure constantly changes, and causes the determination of duct piece connector rigidity reasonable value extremely difficult.
Another method obtains tunneltron by theory analysis or model test method by the way of equivalent process
It is equal to be considered as longitudinal bending stiffness when calculating by sheet built structure longitudinal direction bending stiffness equivalent coefficient for shield tunnel segment lining structure
Even body, using longitudinal bending stiffness equivalent coefficient as input parameter, analysis shield tunnel segment lining structure complicated landform,
Stress and deformation characteristic under landforms, geology and environmental condition are widely used due to its clear concept, calculating are simple.
The existing determination method for longitudinal bending stiffness equivalent coefficient, is not yet received and generally accepts.In terms of theoretical research
The empirical equation proposed using Japanese scholars will wave by discipline husband is representative, but the formula does not consider Segment assembling method to tunnel rigidity
Influence, acquired results are generally less than normal compared with test result；And the research achievement in terms of model test is more, but the examination generallyd use
Proved recipe method does not consider influence of the tunnel structure Gravitative Loads to its longitudinal bending stiffness, the model material used due to different tests
Difference on material causes experimental study achievement to differ greatly.
Utility model content
The utility model is directed to above-mentioned deficiency in the prior art, provides one kind and is able to solve shield tunnel in the prior art
Road model test method does not consider the shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test dress of tunnel structure Gravitative Loads problem
It sets.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the utility model uses following technical proposal:
Provide a kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device comprising two bottoms being parallel to each other
Portion's bracket is equipped with fixed frame on bottom bracket；Adjustable shelf is set there are two the bearing beam being parallel to each other between bottom bracket, is carried
Sliding panel is equipped on crossbeam, sliding panel is abutted with the slider cooperation being set on pipe-plate lining to be measured；
Lateral loading mechanism is installed on the side of side bearing beam, lateral loading mechanism includes fixed pulley and counterweight,
The upper end of counterweight is connected with the twisted wire with pipe-plate lining to be measured socket；Measuring machine is movably set on the outside of the bearing beam of the other side
Structure, measuring mechanism include the installation crossbeam that adjustable shelf is set on bottom bracket, install and are provided with several magnetic force supports, magnetic on crossbeam
Power support is connect with displacement meter.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, it is preferred that be provided with slide slot on bottom bracket, it is sliding that slide slot top offers top
Slot, two slide slots offer lateral sliding slot on opposite side；Fixed frame is installed on the sliding slot of top by bottom sliding rail, is held
It connects crossbeam and installation crossbeam is movably installed on lateral sliding slot.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, it is preferred that be movably set with fixing clamp on fixed frame, several fixations are installed on fixing clamp
Spring.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, it is preferred that the opposite arc-shaped structure in side on two relatively fixed framves.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, it is preferred that fixed frame along the vertical direction on be provided with several pilot holes, fixing clamp passes through dress
Distribution is connect with fixing clamp.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, it is preferred that magnetic force support upper end is fixedly connected with the lower end for connecting curved bar, connects curved bar
Upper end is connect with displacement meter；Connection curved bar is that multiple quarter butts hingedly form, and the top and bottom for connecting curved bar are parallel.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, it is preferred that lateral loading mechanism includes the steering carrying branch being flexibly connected with bearing beam
Frame, fixed pulley, which is fixedly installed on, turns to bearing support upper end.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, it is preferred that bearing beam with turn to bearing support interconnecting piece along the vertical direction on be provided with
Several mounting holes turn to bearing support and are connect by mounting hole with bearing beam.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, it is preferred that the material of sliding panel and slider is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
The main beneficial effect of above-mentioned shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device provided by the utility model
Fruit is:
The utility model is converted to horizontal addload by the way that lateral loading mechanism is arranged, by vertical load, passes through horizontal addload
Realize the longitudinal rigidity test for treating test tube sheet built structure；Cooperated simultaneously by slider and sliding panel, reduces section of jurisdiction to be measured
The frictional resistance that may be subject to when lateral displacement occurs for lining cutting, reduces the systematic error in test.By by lateral loading mechanism
In counterweight drive pipe-plate lining structure to be measured that lateral displacement occurs, to realize to eliminate pipe-plate lining self weight to be measured rigid to its
The influence for spending test, more realistically embodies the longitudinal rigidity characteristic of structure.
It by adjusting fixing clamp, turns to the mounting height of bearing support and connects the position of curved bar, realize to different pipes
Section of jurisdiction serves as a contrast under sheet type, different sections of jurisdiction size, different sections of jurisdiction partitioned mode, different section of jurisdiction on-link mode (OLM)s and different erection methods
The measurement of longitudinal rigidity is built, and then studies the influence factor of pipe-plate lining rigidity, while under evaluation complicated geological, environmental condition
Longitudinal mechanics of shield tunnel segment lining structure and the numerically modeling of deformation characteristic provide accurate calculation basis.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device.
Fig. 2 is the explosive view of longitudinal rigidity test device.
Wherein, 1, bottom bracket, 11, slide slot, 111, top sliding slot, 112, lateral sliding slot, 12, bearing beam, 121,
Sliding panel, 13, fixed frame, 131, fixing clamp, 132, fixed spring, 133, bottom sliding rail, 2, lateral loading mechanism, 21, steering
Bearing support, 211, mounting hole, 22, fixed pulley, 23, counterweight, 24, twisted wire, 3, measuring mechanism, 31, installation crossbeam, 32, magnetic force
Support, 33, connection curved bar, 34, displacement meter, 4, pipe-plate lining, 41, slider.
Specific embodiment
The utility model is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawing:
As shown in Figure 1, it is the structural schematic diagram of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device.
The shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device of the utility model includes two bottoms being parallel to each other
Portion's bracket 1 is provided with fixed frame 13 on bottom bracket 1；Slide slot 11 is provided on bottom bracket 1,11 top of slide slot opens up
There is top sliding slot 111, two slide slots 11 offer lateral sliding slot 112 on opposite side；Fixed frame 13 passes through bottom sliding rail
133 are installed on the sliding slot 111 of top, accept crossbeam 12 and installation crossbeam 12 is movably installed on lateral sliding slot 112.
Wherein, as shown in Fig. 2, being movably set with fixing clamp 131 on fixed frame 13, if being equipped on fixing clamp 131 solid
Determine spring 132；The opposite arc-shaped structure in side on two relatively fixed framves 131, preferably to fix pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured；
Fixed spring 132 is respectively arranged at the upper end, middle part and lower end of fixing clamp 131, is cooperated by three directions, increases section of jurisdiction to be measured
Contact area between lining cutting 4 and fixing clamp 131 generates stress and concentrates, influences when fixing clamp 131 being avoided to constrain pipe-plate lining 4
Detection accuracy.
Preferably, fixed frame 13 along the vertical direction on be provided with several pilot holes, fixing clamp 131 passes through pilot hole and fixation
Frame 13 connects.Fixing clamp 131 is connect by the distribution that turns with different height, moving up and down in fixed frame 13 is realized, to match
The pipe-plate lining to be measured 4 of different-diameter is closed, preferably to fix pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured.
Two bearing beams being parallel to each other 12 are movably set in lateral sliding slot 112, are equipped with cunning on bearing beam 12
Movable plate 121, sliding panel 121 are abutted with the cooperation of slider 41 being set on pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured, to reduce the hair of pipe-plate lining 4
The frictional resistance that may be subject to when raw lateral displacement reduces the systematic error in test；When need to consider duct pieces of shield tunnel serve as a contrast
When building influence of the dead load to structure longitudinal rigidity, bearing beam 12 and sliding panel 121 can be removed, realizes and considers section of jurisdiction certainly
Measurement under body gravity condition, to pipe-plate lining longitudinal rigidity.
Lateral loading mechanism 2 is installed on the side of side bearing beam 12, lateral loading mechanism 2 include fixed pulley 22,
Counterweight 23 and the steering bearing support 21 being flexibly connected with bearing beam 12, fixed pulley 22, which is fixedly installed on, turns to bearing support 21
Upper end；The upper end of counterweight 23 is connected with the twisted wire 24 with pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured socket；The outside activity of other side bearing beam 12
It is provided with measuring mechanism 3, measuring mechanism 3 includes the installation crossbeam 31 that adjustable shelf is set on bottom bracket 1, installs and sets on crossbeam 31
Several magnetic force supports 32 are equipped with, magnetic force support 32 is connect with displacement meter 34.
Optionally, bearing beam 12 is identical as the installation structure of crossbeam 31, in order to place and be arranged.
Preferably, bearing beam 12 and turn to 21 interconnecting piece of bearing support along the vertical direction on be provided with several mounting holes,
Bearing support 21 is turned to connect by mounting hole with bearing beam 12.It turns to bearing support 21 and passes through the mounting hole with different height
Connection realizes moving up and down on bearing beam 12, to cooperate the pipe-plate lining to be measured 4 of different-diameter, so as to better
Fixed pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured.
Preferably, the material of sliding panel 121 and slider 41 is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).Using the characteristic of its high lubrication, most
Big degree reduces the frictional force generated when contacting with each other.
Here is to carry out longitudinal rigidity test using above-mentioned shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device
Method comprising following steps:
S1, slide slot 11 is placed on bottom bracket 1, even by 111 activity of top sliding slot of fixed frame 1 and slide slot 11
It connects, bearing beam 12 and measuring mechanism 3 is flexibly connected with the lateral sliding slot 112 of slide slot 11 respectively, then by sliding panel 121
It is layed on bearing beam 12.
By the installation crossbeam 31 of measuring mechanism 3 be set to from bearing beam 12 it is slightly remote with a distance from, in order to measuring mechanism 3
34 height of displacement meter be adjusted.
S2, the bottom that slider 41 is attached to pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured, and pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured is placed in and is slided
On plate 121, abut against slider 41 with sliding panel 121.
S3, according to the diameter of pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured, adjust mounting height of the fixing clamp 131 relative to fixed frame 13, make solid
The section center of circle in the cambered surface center of circle and pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured of determining frame 131 is in sustained height, by the fixation bullet on fixing clamp 131
Spring 132 is abutted with pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured.
Optionally, when needing to consider influence of the shield tunnel segment lining dead load to structure longitudinal rigidity, then not
It needs to be arranged sliding panel 121, and mobile bearing beam 12, so that bearing beam 12 is not in contact with pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured, to protect
Demonstrate,prove the Gravitative Loads of pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured.
Through the above steps, the basic element of character of this test device can be assembled, is tried relative to common this field
Experiment device has structure easy for installation, takes up little area, can quickly assemble, and is detachably several component combinations when leaving unused, to improve
The advantages that space efficiency utilization.
S4, according to the diameter of pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured, adjust the height of displacement meter 34, be located at all displacement meters 34 same
Highly.
Specifically, the tilt angle of adjustment connection curved bar 33 keeps all 34 height of displacement meter identical, to guarantee its initial number
According to identical, to more accurately monitor the lateral displacement data of pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured.
S5, according to the diameter of pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured, adjust the mounting height of lateral loading mechanism 2, and lateral load is installed
Mechanism 2 is then passed through fixed pulley 22 and connect with counterweight 23 after twisted wire 24 and pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured socket.
Specifically, it is connected by the way that bearing support 21 will be turned to corresponding mounting hole, makes twisted wire 24 and pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured
Connection end and 4 center of circle of pipe-plate lining to be measured and fixed pulley 22 top on a horizontal line so that transverse load is without side
To component, the accuracy of guarantee test.
S6,23 free suspension of counterweight is enabled, counterweight 23 drives pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured that lateral displacement, position occurs by twisted wire 24
It moves meter 34 and measures corresponding displacement data.
S7, corresponding sag curve is fitted according to displacement meter 34, calculates the longitudinal rigidity of pipe-plate lining 4 to be measured.
Specific embodiment of the present utility model is described above, in order to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art
The utility model, it should be apparent that the utility model is not limited to the range of specific embodiment, to the common skill of the art
For art personnel, if various change the attached claims limit and determine the utility model spirit and scope in,
These variations are it will be apparent that all utilize the innovation and creation of the utility model design in the column of protection.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device, which is characterized in that be parallel to each other including two
Bottom bracket (1) is equipped with fixed frame (13) on bottom bracket (1)；Adjustable shelf is set there are two being parallel to each other between bottom bracket (1)
Bearing beam (12), be equipped with sliding panel (121) on bearing beam (12), sliding panel (121) and be set to section of jurisdiction to be measured and serve as a contrast
The slider (41) built on (4) cooperates abutting；
It is equipped on the side of side bearing beam (12) lateral loading mechanism (2), lateral loading mechanism (2) includes fixed pulley
(22) with counterweight (23), the upper end of counterweight (23) is connected with the twisted wire (24) with pipe-plate lining to be measured (4) socket；Other side carrying
It is movably set on the outside of crossbeam (12) measuring mechanism (3), the measuring mechanism (3) includes that adjustable shelf is set to bottom bracket (1)
On installation crossbeam (31), be provided with several magnetic force supports (32) in installation crossbeam (31), the magnetic force support (32) and displacement
Count (34) connection.
2. shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described
It is provided on bottom bracket (1) slide slot (11), slide slot (11) top offers top sliding slot (111), and two are slided
Slot (11) offers lateral sliding slot (112) on opposite side；The fixed frame (13) is installed on top by bottom sliding rail (133)
On portion's sliding slot (111), the bearing beam (12) and installation crossbeam (31) are movably installed on lateral sliding slot (112).
3. shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described
It is movably set on fixed frame (13) fixing clamp (131), several fixed springs (132) is installed on fixing clamp (131).
4. shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device according to claim 3, which is characterized in that described
The opposite arc-shaped structure in side on two relatively fixed folders (131).
5. shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device according to claim 3, which is characterized in that described
Fixed frame (13) along the vertical direction on be provided with several pilot holes, the fixing clamp (131) passes through pilot hole and fixed frame (13)
Connection.
6. shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described
Magnetic force support (32) upper end is fixedly connected with the lower end for connecting curved bar (33), and the upper end and displacement meter (34) for connecting curved bar (33) are even
It connects；The connection curved bar (33) is that multiple quarter butts hingedly form, and the top and bottom for connecting curved bar (33) are parallel.
7. shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described
Lateral loading mechanism (2) includes the steering bearing support (21) being flexibly connected with bearing beam (12), and the fixed pulley (22) is solid
Surely it is set to and turns to bearing support (21) upper end.
8. shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device according to claim 7, which is characterized in that described
Bearing beam (12) and turn to bearing support (21) interconnecting piece along the vertical direction on be provided with several mounting holes, steerings carries
Bracket (21) is connect by mounting hole with bearing beam (12).
9. shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described
The material of sliding panel (121) and slider (41) is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811453004X | 2018-11-30 | ||
| CN201811453004 | 2018-11-30 |
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| CN209280462U true CN209280462U (en) | 2019-08-20 |
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| CN201811565506.1A Active CN109443930B (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2018-12-20 | Device and method for testing longitudinal rigidity of shield tunnel segment lining structure |
| CN201822164840.8U Active CN209280462U (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2018-12-20 | A kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device |
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| CN201811565506.1A Active CN109443930B (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2018-12-20 | Device and method for testing longitudinal rigidity of shield tunnel segment lining structure |
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| CN109443930A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-03-08 | 西南交通大学 | A kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device and method |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109443930A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-03-08 | 西南交通大学 | A kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device and method |
| CN109443930B (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2024-02-13 | 西南交通大学 | Device and method for testing longitudinal rigidity of shield tunnel segment lining structure |
| CN112730083A (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2021-04-30 | 西南石油大学 | Simulation system and experimental method for regulating duct piece dislocation by using tenon and mortise |
| CN112730083B (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2024-05-28 | 西南石油大学 | Simulation system and experimental method for regulating and controlling segment staggering by using rebate |
| CN115165568A (en) * | 2022-07-08 | 2022-10-11 | 同济大学 | Mechanical property test device and method for press bending and stretch bending circulation of shield lining longitudinal seam |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN109443930A (en) | 2019-03-08 |
| CN109443930B (en) | 2024-02-13 |
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