CN205944118U - Photovoltaic solder strip - Google Patents
Photovoltaic solder strip Download PDFInfo
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- CN205944118U CN205944118U CN201620902174.1U CN201620902174U CN205944118U CN 205944118 U CN205944118 U CN 205944118U CN 201620902174 U CN201620902174 U CN 201620902174U CN 205944118 U CN205944118 U CN 205944118U
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a photovoltaic solder strip, including the base member, this base member is metal simple substance or alloy material, the base member upper surface forms a plurality of recesses, every adjacent two through the knurling form the base member plane between the recess, but form end layer through continuous electroplating processing matrix surface, but the coating soldering paste forms the layer on the base member plane. Its coating technology does: at first select the base member, electroplate again, carry out the coating and the printing of soldering paste after electroplating well, it is last, the preparation solder joint. Adopt that this patent is disclosed scribbles the photovoltaic solder strip that tin technology made, have excellent performance at manual weld and machine welding in -process homoenergetic. Its new materials that forms through twice processing for the power that improves the solar energy product after this product application improves, and save material just improves the welding performance of material.
Description
Technical field
The utility model is related to a kind of photovoltaic welding belt, belongs to photovoltaic welding belt processing technique field.
Background technology
The tin plating lead bronze band of tradition is the indispensable part of solar elements, and the quality of welding quality directly affects photovoltaic group
The current collection efficiency of part, has a great impact to the economic benefit of photovoltaic module.Traditional tin plating or tin-lead, silver-plated copper strips,
Also referred to as apply tin band, busbar, interconnecting strip.Following file is related to referred to as welding.
The technique that traditional welding uses is solder-tin 63 lead 37 using copper strips quickly through melting, in copper strip surface shape
The coating layer becoming 30um, so that welding has Weldability, is conventional hot-dip.It is low that such technique has process costs, raw
Produce and require low advantage.But, copper strips employs substantial amounts of lead metal, and this is unfavorable to environmental protection, and material cost is relatively very high.
Later stage when using, welding is welded on solar energy piece, so causes a large portion area when collecting the energy
Masking.Lead to collect energy efficiency reduction.
Must firm welding in welding welding process, it is to avoid rosin joint, the phenomenon such as sealing-off.And will keep after machining welding
The flexibility of band and suitable hardness.
However, the Chinese patent of Publication No. CN101789452A gives a kind of tin-coated welding strip, it include copper strips and its
The tinning layer on surface, tinning layer surface has equally distributed hole shape body.This welding makes sunshine to a certain extent in hole
There is diffusing reflection in shape body, improve the energy accepting sunshine.But, only there is diffusing reflection in its hole shape body, be reflected back battery
The sunshine ratio very little of piece, in addition to the conversion ratio improving is limited, its pit is to prepare during applying tin, can produce inequality
Even solder layer, and the phenomenon loosely with welding of battery film can be produced, rosin joint occurs.
Chinese patent ZL201320463993.7 discloses a kind of photovoltaic welding belt, describes the embossing situation on welding surface,
Following process is not illustrated, do not explain to how forming effective welding manner.Meanwhile, existing market
On all how photovoltaic welding belt is not effectively improved the welding characteristic of the zone of reflections and effective reduce fragment rate do deeper into research.
Described in Chinese patent ZL201310049198.8 for single plating mode, be accomplished that the tin of homogeneous thickness
Or tin-lead coating.The characteristic of tin-lead or tin is under certain thickness, and high temperature forms nature and hangs from above or contracting tin, and too thin cannot ensure
That welds is normally carried out.So the contradiction being related between scolding tin and reflection cannot be fully solved.
Utility model content
For solving above-mentioned technical problem, the utility model proposes a kind of photovoltaic welding belt, this welding ensure that effective weldering
Junction is amassed and reflection characteristic, and reflection efficiency is high, achieve the production of lead-free low-temperature welding.
The utility model technique solve technical problem be：Maintain isomery photovoltaic welding belt that sunshine is reflexed to cell piece,
Avoid the contracting tin that the welding after indent causes because of current welding procedure simultaneously, the phenomenons such as stream of hanging down, improve reflected light ratio.And energy
Enough suitable welding temperature function windows, reduce hot dip thickness of coating than traditional welding and enhance solder joint so that there being reflection
Function simultaneously can reduce stress.
Provide a kind of photovoltaic welding belt technique in this patent simultaneously, the work(of 0.5%-2% can be improved in the welding of former isomery
On the basis of rate conversion ratio, even if providing the painting solder processing procedure of uniqueness to make surface be suppressed with embossed channel, also can guarantee that effective welding
Area and reflection characteristic, thus ensure that the fastness of welding.And the integrality in guarantee reflecting layer, improve reflection efficiency, fall
The low use of material, is that lead-free low-temperature welding is implemented to provide scheme.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution of the utility model is as follows：A kind of photovoltaic welding belt, including matrix, this base
Body is metal simple-substance or alloy material, and described matrix upper surface is passed through compacting and formed some grooves, often two neighboring described recessed
Between groove formed base plane, by continuous electroplating process matrix surface formed bottom can layer, applying solder paste in base plane
Formation can layer.
Preferably, described groove be shaped as Argyle groove or oblique V groove, and the depth of groove be less than matrix
The 50% of thickness.
Preferably, the projected area of described groove accounts for more than the 35% of body upper surface area, less than 70%；For oblique
Its projected area of shape V groove will account for more than the 40% of body upper surface area, for the pattern groove of other embossing, its projected area
Account for more than the 30% of body upper surface area.
Preferably, described bottom the thickness of layer can be 0～8 μm, and do not include 0.
Preferably, described bottom can layer be one layer or multilayer, and its thickness is 2 μm～8 μm.Can want layer the bottom of as
Seek its surface-brightening, protection can be formed to matrix, and form fully reflecting surface, meanwhile, plating can be maintained after high temperature twice to add
Shine characteristics after work.
A kind of painting process of tin of photovoltaic welding belt, comprises the following steps：
(1) matrix selects：From oxygen-free copper stripe as matrix, this oxygen-free copper stripe is biplane welding or is isomery copper
Band；
(2) electroplate：The matrix chosen is placed in silver plating solution, is electroplated in leypewter or pure tin plating solution, plated
Alloy layer thickness is 0～8 μm, and that is, bottom can layer；
(3) coating of soldering paste and printing：By electroplated in step (2) bottom can layer matrix carry out soldering paste coating and
Print, its detailed process is：
31) preparation of soldering paste：4～6 grades of granularities, range of viscosities is selected to be 150 ± 5%Pa.s's or 190 ± 5%Pa.s
Tin cream modulation is standby；
32) applying solder paste layer：By the solder paste coating preparing in electricity by way of roller, printing, spraying or bat printing
In the base plane plated；Form 20 μm～50 μm of layer of solder paste, you being formed can layer；
In this step：It is desirable to soldering paste coating is consistent with the shape of base plane for the matrix having embossing, can not
In groove；It is desirable to soldering paste coating is consistent with the base plane of non-bevelled for having the matrix of oblique V groove, can not be oblique
Bian Shang；For biplanar welding it is desirable to the figure of soldering paste coating formation rule in base plane, shape does not limit, shared face
Amass and account for the 30%～60% of planar section；
(4) preparation of solder joint：The matrix that step (3) is coated soldering paste carries out heating, melts by high temperature furnace or through hot blast
Melt, peak value of heating maintains 160 DEG C～230 DEG C, forming a thickness in plane domain after 15s～20s is 10 μm～25 μ
The solder joint of m, entirely applies process of tin and completes.
Preferably, in step (2) plating link, it specifically applies process of tin and is：
21) matrix chosen is placed in silver plating solution, leypewter plating solution or pure tin plating solution；
22) tin plating or tin-lead, temperature be 30 DEG C, in the environment of current density is 20ASD～26ASD, plating 60s～
90s；
23) matrix surface is made to cover fine and close tin or leypewter coating, thickness of coating is 0～8 μm, and surface-brightening；
24) electroplate good after, welding is cleaned up, dry after standby.
Preferably, making the silvering of matrix surface electroplating bright in step (2), and thickness of coating is 1 μm～4 μm.
Preferably, soldering paste is selected in step (3)：Tin-lead soldering paste, SAC soldering paste, tin bismuth silver soldering paste or the weldering of tin bismuth
Cream.And its each component is respectively according to mass percent：
Each component of described SAC soldering paste is calculated as Sn3Ag0.5Cu according to mass percent；
Preferably, each component of described tin bismuth silver soldering paste is calculated as Sn35Bi1Ag according to mass percent；
Preferably, each component of described tin bismuth soldering paste is calculated as Sn37Pb according to mass percent；Wherein Sn is surplus.
The beneficial effects of the utility model：The technique of this patent is applied to welding surface rolling the isomery band of embossed channel,
It is simultaneously applicable to traditionally shaped welding.Ensure its effectively in the case of area of welding it is ensured that the fastness of welding；
While meeting welding requirements, reduce internal stress, also make welding surface energy total reflection part sunshine and so that it is rejoined
Opto-electronic conversion, further lifting assembly actual power.
Brief description
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present utility model；
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of embodiment one plating；
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of embodiment one roller coating；
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram after the coating of embodiment one roller；
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of embodiment two printing coating；
Fig. 6 is the basal body structure schematic diagram after embodiment two printing is heated；
Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of embodiment three spraying printing；
Fig. 8 is the structural representation after embodiment three spraying printing；
Fig. 9 is the structural representation before example IV pad printing；
Figure 10 is the structural representation after example IV printing；
Figure 11 is the structural representation before embodiment five bat printing；
Figure 12 is the structural representation after embodiment five bat printing；
Wherein：1. matrix, 2. groove, 3. base plane, 4. bottom can layer, 5. can layer, 6. soldering paste, 7. stainless (steel) wire
Version, 8. scraper, 9. mesh, 10. nozzle, 11. shields, 12. pad printer, 13. bat printing heads.
Specific embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, the utility model is described in further detail.
As shown in figure 1, the utility model discloses a kind of photovoltaic welding belt, including matrix 1, this matrix 1 be metal simple-substance or
Person's alloy material, described matrix 1 upper surface is passed through compacting and is formed some grooves 2, often forms base between two neighboring described groove 2
Body plane 3, by continuous electroplating process matrix 1 surface formation bottom can layer 4, in base plane 3 applying solder paste formed solderable
Layer 5.
In this patent：
First, the pattern groove being shaped as Argyle groove, oblique V groove or other compacting of described groove 2, and the depth of groove
Degree is less than the 50% of matrix thickness.
2nd, the projected area of described groove 2 accounts for more than the 35% of matrix 1 upper surface area, and less than 70%；For oblique V
Its projected area of groove will account for more than the 40% of body upper surface area, and for the pattern groove of other compactings, its projected area will
Account for more than the 30% of body upper surface area.
3rd, described bottom the thickness of layer 4 can be 0～8 μm, and does not include 0, bottom can layer 4 be one layer or multilayer, and its
Thickness is preferably 2 μm～8 μm.Its surface-brightening can be required by layer the bottom of as, protection can be formed to matrix, and form total reflection
Face, meanwhile, can maintain the shine characteristics after plating processing after high temperature twice.
Meanwhile, the invention also discloses the painting process of tin of this patent photovoltaic welding belt, its concrete steps is shown in specific reality
Apply example：
Embodiment one
As shown in Figures 2 to 4, disclose the technological process to be coated with photovoltaic welding belt using roller, it includes：
(1) matrix selects：From oxygen-free copper stripe as matrix, this oxygen-free copper stripe is biplane welding or is isomery copper
Band.
(2) electroplate：
21) matrix chosen is placed in leypewter plating solution；There are 7% additive and brightener in this alloy electroplating bath；
22) temperature be 30 DEG C, current density be 26ASD in the environment of, electroplate 60s～70s；
23) matrix surface is made to cover fine and close leypewter coating, thickness of coating is 6 μm, and surface-brightening；
24) electroplate good after, welding is cleaned up, dry after standby.
(3) coating of soldering paste and printing：The matrix of layer can carry out coating and the print of soldering paste by having electroplated bottom in step (2)
Brush, its detailed process is：
31) preparation of soldering paste：The tin-lead cream that 5 grades of granularities, range of viscosities are 150 ± 5%Pa.s is selected to modulate standby；
32) applying solder paste layer：By foam roller or rubber roll, the tin-lead preparing cream is coated on and to have electroplated
In base plane；Form 25 μm of layer of solder paste, you can layer.
(4) preparation of solder joint：The matrix that step (3) is coated soldering paste carries out heating, melts by high temperature furnace or through hot blast
Melt, peak value of heating maintains 190 DEG C, the solder joint being 12 μm in plane domain one thickness of formation after 20s, entirely apply tin
Technique completes.
Embodiment two
As shown in Figure 5 to Figure 6, disclose the technological process to be coated with photovoltaic welding belt using mode of printing, it includes：
(1) matrix selects：From oxygen-free copper stripe as matrix, this oxygen-free copper stripe is isomery copper strips.
(2) electroplate：
21) matrix chosen is placed in leypewter plating solution；There are 7% additive and brightener in this alloy electroplating bath；
22) temperature be 30 DEG C, current density be 26ASD in the environment of, electroplate 60s；
23) matrix surface is made to cover fine and close leypewter coating, thickness of coating is 6 μm, and surface-brightening；
24) electroplate good after, welding is cleaned up, dry after standby.
(3) coating of soldering paste and printing：The matrix of layer can carry out coating and the print of soldering paste by having electroplated bottom in step (2)
Brush, its detailed process is：
31) preparation of soldering paste：The SAC soldering paste that 5 grades of granularities, range of viscosities are 190 ± 5%Pa.s is selected to modulate standby,
The ratio of wherein each component of SAC soldering paste is：Sn3Ag0.5Cu；
32) applying solder paste layer：By way of printing, the SAC preparing soldering paste is coated on the matrix electroplated to put down
On face；Using stainless steel half tone, the platform size being equal to isomery copper strips and shape are opened up on half tone, by stainless steel spatula
Mode of printing, the SAC soldering paste preparing is printed on platform, one layer 20 μm of layer of solder paste is formed on base plane, that is,
Can layer.
(4) preparation of solder joint：The matrix that step (3) is coated soldering paste carries out heating, melts by high temperature furnace or through hot blast
Melt, peak value of heating maintains 230 DEG C, after 20s, SAC paste melts, form a thickness in plane domain and be 10 μm
Solder joint, plane domain amount to thickness reach 15 μm, that is, entirely apply process of tin complete.
Embodiment three
As shown in Fig. 7 to Fig. 8, disclose the technological process to be coated with photovoltaic welding belt using spraying method, it includes：
(1) matrix selects：From oxygen-free copper stripe as matrix, this oxygen-free copper stripe is biplane welding or is isomery copper
Band, mechanically on one wide face of matrix compacting slope so that this matrix from section in a trapezoid cross section, and
This trapezoidal upper bottom is the half of whole welding width.
(2) electroplate：
21) matrix chosen is placed in pure tin plating solution；There are 7% additive and brightener in this plating solution；
22) tin plating, temperature be 30 DEG C, current density be 26ASD in the environment of, electroplate 90s；
23) matrix surface is made to cover fine and close pure tin coating, thickness of coating is 5 μm, and surface-brightening；
24) electroplate good after, welding is cleaned up, dry after standby.
(3) coating of soldering paste and printing：By electroplated in step (2) bottom can layer matrix carry out soldering paste coating and
Print, its detailed process is：
31) preparation of soldering paste：The tin bismuth silver soldering paste that 5 grades of granularities, range of viscosities are 150 ± 5%Pa.s is selected to modulate standby,
The alloy ratio of this tin bismuth silver soldering paste is Sn35Bi1Ag；
32) applying solder paste layer：The tin preparing bismuth silver soldering paste is coated on by the base plane electroplated by spraying method
On；Done using stainless steel half tone and cover, the through-hole groove being equal to half matrix width is opened up on half tone, special nozzle is in matrix
Applying solder paste on the upper bottom of trapezoid cross section, forms one layer 30 μm of layer of solder paste, you can layer.
(4) preparation of solder joint：The matrix that step (3) is coated soldering paste carries out heating, melts by high temperature furnace or through hot blast
Melt, peak value of heating maintains 170 DEG C, the solder joint being 20 μm in plane domain one thickness of formation after 20s, in plane domain
Amount to thickness and reach 25 μm, entirely apply process of tin and complete.
Example IV
As shown in Fig. 9-Figure 10, disclose the technological process to be coated with photovoltaic welding belt using bat printing mode, it includes：
(1) matrix selects：From oxygen-free copper stripe as matrix, this oxygen-free copper stripe is biplane welding or is isomery copper
Band, mechanically on a wide face of matrix, compacting depth is the blind hole of matrix thickness 2/3.
(2) electroplate：
21) matrix chosen is placed in leypewter plating solution；There are 7% additive and brightener in this alloy electroplating bath；
22) tin plating lead, temperature be 30 DEG C, current density be 26ASD in the environment of, electroplate 90s；
23) matrix surface is made to cover fine and close leypewter coating, thickness of coating is 7 μm, and surface-brightening；
24) electroplate good after, welding is cleaned up, dry after standby.
(3) coating of soldering paste and printing：The matrix of layer can carry out coating and the print of soldering paste by having electroplated bottom in step (2)
Brush, its detailed process is：
31) preparation of soldering paste：The tin-lead cream that 5 grades of granularities, range of viscosities are 150 ± 5%Pa.s is selected to modulate standby, and tin
The alloy ratio of lead plaster is Sn37Pn；
32) applying solder paste layer：By way of bat printing, the tin-lead preparing cream is coated in the base plane electroplated；
Flexible glue is used as bat printing carrier, by the tin-lead soldering paste attaching on flexible glue, the soldering paste of 30 μm of brush last layer in base plane
Layer, you can layer.
(4) preparation of solder joint：The matrix that step (3) is coated soldering paste carries out heating, melts by high temperature furnace or through hot blast
Melt, peak value of heating maintains 180 DEG C, through 20s, make paste melts, base plane region one thickness of formation is 15 μm of weldering
Point, amounts to thickness in plane domain and reaches 20 μm, entirely applies process of tin and completes.
Embodiment five
As shown in Figure 11-Figure 12, disclose the technological process to be coated with photovoltaic welding belt using bat printing mode, it includes：
(1) matrix selects：From oxygen-free copper stripe as matrix, this oxygen-free copper stripe is biplane welding or is isomery copper
Band.
(2) electroplate：
21) matrix chosen is placed in pure tin plating solution；There are 7% additive and brightener in this conjunction plating solution；
22) temperature be 30 DEG C, current density be 20ASD in the environment of, electroplate 70s；
23) matrix surface is made to cover fine and close pure tin coating, thickness of coating is 6 μm, and surface-brightening；
24) electroplate good after, welding is cleaned up, dry after standby.
(3) coating of soldering paste and printing：The matrix of layer can carry out coating and the print of soldering paste by having electroplated bottom in step (2)
Brush, its detailed process is：
31) preparation of soldering paste：The tin bismuth silver soldering paste that 5 grades of granularities, range of viscosities are 150 ± 5%Pa.s is selected to modulate standby；
32) applying solder paste layer：By way of bat printing, the tin preparing bismuth silver soldering paste is coated on the matrix electroplated to put down
On face；Specifically adopt flexible glue as bat printing carrier, by the tin bismuth silver soldering paste attaching on flexible glue, brush last layer in base plane
Thickness is 30 μm of layer of solder paste, you can layer.
(4) preparation of solder joint：The matrix that step (3) is coated soldering paste carries out heating, melts by high temperature furnace or through hot blast
Melt, peak value of heating maintains 170 DEG C, the solder joint being 15 μm in plane domain one thickness of formation after 15s, in base plane
Region amounts to thickness and reaches 20 μm, entirely applies process of tin and completes.
Table one
In sum：As shown in Table 1, the tensile test result for each embodiment and the situation to specific power, from
Can be seen that in upper table：
By the combination of multiple practicable ways in this utility model, stabilize welding situation first, improve welding
Performance, improves the problems such as missing solder producing during conventional hot-dip welding uses, entrained air bubbles simultaneously；In contrast to pure light
The welding of plating, the utility model has stable performance on welding pulling force, and is able to maintain that it puies forward high-power characteristic, it is to avoid
Lead to reflecting surface to destroy thus cause power unstable in conventional heterogeneous copper strips due to heating.The utility model subtracts simultaneously
Lack the use of solder, contrasted conventional hot-dip, reduced solder more than 60%, be simultaneously achieved the unleaded of welding, low temperature.
The photovoltaic welding belt being obtained using painting process of tin disclosed in this patent, equal energy in manual welding and machine welding process
There is excellent performance.It is by processing the new material of formation twice so that improving the work(of solar product after this products application
Rate improves, the welding performance of material-saving and raising material.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of photovoltaic welding belt, including matrix (1), this matrix (1) is for metal simple-substance or alloy material it is characterised in that institute
State matrix (1) upper surface and pass through the compacting some grooves of formation (2), often between two neighboring described groove (2), form base plane
(3), by continuous electroplating process matrix (1) surface formation bottom can layer (4), being formed in the upper applying solder paste of base plane (3) can
Layer (5).
2. photovoltaic welding belt according to claim 1 it is characterised in that described groove (2) be shaped as Argyle groove or
Person's oblique V groove, and the depth of groove (2) is less than the 50% of matrix (1) thickness.
3. photovoltaic welding belt according to claim 2 is it is characterised in that the projected area of described groove (2) accounts on matrix (1)
More than the 35% of surface area, less than 70%.
4. photovoltaic welding belt according to claim 3 it is characterised in that described bottom can layer (4) thickness be 0～8 μm, and
Do not include 0.
5. photovoltaic welding belt according to claim 4 it is characterised in that described bottom can layer (4) be one layer or multilayer, and
Its thickness is 2 μm～8 μm.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201620902174.1U CN205944118U (en) | 2016-08-19 | 2016-08-19 | Photovoltaic solder strip |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201620902174.1U CN205944118U (en) | 2016-08-19 | 2016-08-19 | Photovoltaic solder strip |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN205944118U true CN205944118U (en) | 2017-02-08 |
Family
ID=57947161
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201620902174.1U Withdrawn - After Issue CN205944118U (en) | 2016-08-19 | 2016-08-19 | Photovoltaic solder strip |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN205944118U (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106159018A (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2016-11-23 | 徐九生 | A kind of photovoltaic welding belt and painting process of tin thereof |
-
2016
- 2016-08-19 CN CN201620902174.1U patent/CN205944118U/en not_active Withdrawn - After Issue
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106159018A (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2016-11-23 | 徐九生 | A kind of photovoltaic welding belt and painting process of tin thereof |
| CN106159018B (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2018-07-17 | 徐九生 | A kind of photovoltaic welding belt and its apply process of tin |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| AV01 | Patent right actively abandoned | ||
| AV01 | Patent right actively abandoned |
Granted publication date: 20170208 Effective date of abandoning: 20180717 |