CN205351295U - 燃煤过热锅炉 - Google Patents
燃煤过热锅炉 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN205351295U CN205351295U CN201521093768.4U CN201521093768U CN205351295U CN 205351295 U CN205351295 U CN 205351295U CN 201521093768 U CN201521093768 U CN 201521093768U CN 205351295 U CN205351295 U CN 205351295U
- Authority
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- boiler
- superheater
- coal
- temperature
- drum
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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[C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbonic acid Chemical compound 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OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound 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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound 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[S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Abstract
<b>一种燃煤过热锅炉。在国外技术中采用燃烧合成气锅炉主要从锅炉的安全性考虑，为了保证炉膛中过热器的安全，尽量降低炉膛的烟气温度，因为燃气锅炉炉膛的烟气温度可控，且蓄热量小。一种燃煤过热锅炉，其组成包括：锅筒（</b><b>1</b><b>），锅筒通过饱和蒸汽引出管（</b><b>2</b><b>）与包墙连接，包墙内部具有高温过热器（</b><b>12</b><b>）、低温过热器（</b><b>7</b><b>），低温过热器与上行屏式过热器（</b><b>8</b><b>）底部连接，上行屏式过热器与下行屏式过热器（</b><b>10</b><b>）连接，下行屏式过热器与高温过热器连接，高温过热器的一侧与主蒸汽管道（</b><b>13</b><b>）连接，锅筒通过连接管（</b><b>20</b><b>）与省煤器（</b><b>19</b><b>）连接，省煤器的一端连接有给水管道（</b><b>18</b><b>）。本实用新型应用于燃煤过热锅炉。</b>
Description
[0001 ] 技术领域:
[0002]本实用新型涉及一种燃煤过热锅炉，以煤作为燃料的大型过热锅炉，代替以合成气或天然气为燃料的大型过热锅炉，攻克了燃煤过热锅炉的关键技术，保证了过热锅炉的燃煤的安全性。
[0003]背景技术:
[0004]在国外技术中采用燃烧合成气锅炉主要从锅炉的安全性考虑，为了保证炉膛中过热器的安全，尽量降低炉膛的烟气温度，因为燃气锅炉炉膛的烟气温度可控，且蓄热量小，为了维持炉膛较低的烟气温度，采取的方法烟气再循环，采用大量加冷风的方式，这种方式是将此锅炉作为余热锅炉方式处理，但在NOx排放值高达500-600mg/nm3运行经济性差。
[0005]从饱和蒸汽到过热蒸汽需要过热炉继续加热蒸气，过热锅炉的选型对运行的成本影响比较大，在现有的煤化工系统中都采用燃油气为燃料。燃气的成本是燃煤机组的2-3倍，如果能够用燃煤机组代替燃气机组，每年每个煤化工企业的燃烧费用节省几千万，故实用新型燃煤过热锅炉非常重要，当前煤化工均采用国外技术的燃气锅炉，如果能用煤作燃料，在经济上节能的效果非常显著。
[0006]燃煤机组的最大技术难度就是锅炉的安全稳定运行，关键技术是:锅炉的选型、锅炉的整体布置、锅炉参数的确定、过热器的保护方案及过热器的布置，锅炉的关键结构等。
[0007]过热锅炉最佳的效果是将饱和蒸汽加热成过热蒸汽，锅炉本身不产生蒸发量，常规锅炉炉膛作为蒸发受热面，但在过热锅炉中锅炉不需要蒸发受热面，如果炉膛没有冷却，炉膛内的烟温不能够降低，那么炉内过热器的保护是主要技术，怎么样保证过热器壁温，防止过热器爆管是技术的创新点。
[0008]常规锅炉(余热锅炉除外)，锅炉的给水量和蒸发量是相匹配的，锅炉的加热受热面和蒸发受热面及过热受热面是相匹配的。过热锅炉是一种异型锅炉，锅炉本身产生很小的饱和蒸汽，大部分饱和蒸汽来自锅炉的外部，锅炉省煤器流量和过热的流量相匹配，这种异型锅炉的设计难度很大，尤其在锅炉自身负荷变化的情况下和外来汽的流量变化下，锅炉要保证安全运行，难度非常大。
[0009]随着煤化工的发展，其工艺中煤气化后合成气温度在1000°C_1200°C，经过显热废热锅炉产生大量的饱和蒸汽，一般每台气化炉后废热锅炉产生220t/h_330t/h高温高压饱和蒸汽，一般一套煤化工设备需要配置4-5台气化炉，产生的饱和蒸汽为1000t/h-1500t/h，大量的饱和蒸汽需要加热成过热蒸汽用于发电和拖动汽拖，此部分饱和蒸汽的产生和利用可以提高整厂5%的效率，经济效率非常可观。
[0010]本实用新型的目的是提供一种燃煤过热锅炉。
[0011 ]上述的目的通过以下的技术方案实现:
[0012] —种燃煤过热锅炉，其组成包括:锅筒，所述的锅筒通过饱和蒸汽引出管与包墙连接，所述的包墙内部具有高温过热器、低温过热器，所述的低温过热器与上行屏式过热器底部连接，所述的上行屏式过热器与下行屏式过热器连接，所述的下行屏式过热器与高温过热器连接，所述的高温过热器的一侧与主蒸汽管道连接，所述的锅筒通过连接管与省煤器连接，所述的省煤器的一端连接有给水管道。
[0013]所述的燃煤过热锅炉，所述的上行屏式过热器与所述的下行屏式过热器之间具有一级减温器，所述的下行屏式过热器与所述的高温过热器之间具有二级减温器。
[0014]所述的燃煤过热锅炉，所述的上行屏式过热器与所述的下行屏式过热器安装在水冷壁内，所述的水冷壁的上部通过汽水引出管与所述的锅筒连接，所述的水冷壁的下部通过下降管与所述的锅筒连接，所述的锅筒的一端进入有从废锅出来的外来饱和蒸汽。
[0015]所述的燃煤过热锅炉，所述的包墙包括两侧包墙、顶棚管、前包墙和后包墙。
[0016]所述的燃煤过热锅炉，所述的省煤器为H型省煤器。
[0017]本实用新型的有益效果:
[0018] 1.本实用新型利用燃煤技术将大量高温高压的饱和蒸汽加热成过热蒸汽，锅炉的运行成本大大降低，解决了燃煤过热锅炉技术。
[0019]本实用新型锅炉利用常规锅炉的成熟技术通过有效的组合，降低了本技术的风险。
[0020]本实用新型锅炉煤种适应性强，锅炉效率高，锅炉的NOx和S02的排放量低。
[0021 ]本实用新型能够有效代替现有的燃气过热锅炉技术。
[0022]本实用新型在煤化工领域一旦应用，将对煤化工的运行成本大大降低。
[0023]本实用新型可以有效利用煤气化废热锅炉产生的大量饱和蒸汽，使其加热成为过热蒸汽，用于发电。提高煤化气化板块的效率增加5%以上。
[0024] 附图说明:
[0025]附图1是本实用新型的结构示意图。
[0026]附图2是过热器流程系统图。
[0027]附图3是蒸发器流程系统图。
[0028]附图4是水流程系统图。
[0029]具体实施方式:
[0030] 实施例1:
[0031] —种燃煤过热锅炉，其组成包括:锅筒I，所述的锅筒通过饱和蒸汽引出管2与包墙连接，所述的包墙内部具有高温过热器12、低温过热器7，所述的低温过热器与上行屏式过热器8底部连接，所述的上行屏式过热器与下行屏式过热器10连接，所述的下行屏式过热器与所述的高温过热器连接，所述的高温过热器的一侧与主蒸汽管道13连接，所述的锅筒通过连接管20与省煤器19连接，所述的省煤器的一端连接有给水管道18。
[0032] 实施例2:
[0033]根据权利要求1所述的燃煤过热锅炉，所述的上行屏式过热器与所述的下行屏式过热器之间具有一级减温器9，所述的下行屏式过热器与所述的高温过热器之间具有二级减温器11。
[0034] 实施例3:
[0035]根据实施例1或2所述的燃煤过热锅炉，所述的上行屏式过热器与所述的下行屏式过热器安装在水冷壁15内，所述的水冷壁的上部通过汽水引出管16与所述的锅筒连接，所述的水冷壁的下部通过下降管14与所述的锅筒连接，所述的锅筒的一端进入有从废锅17出来的外来饱和蒸汽21和自产饱和蒸汽22。
[0036] 实施例4:
[0037]根据实施例1或2或3所述的燃煤过热锅炉，所述的包墙包括两侧包墙3、顶棚管5、前包墙4和后包墙6。
[0038] 实施例5:
[0039]根据实施例1或2或3或4所述的燃煤过热锅炉，所述的省煤器为H型省煤器。
[0040] 实施例6:
[0041 ]炉膛受热面布置:由于自产蒸汽量较小，且需要过热外来饱和蒸汽，燃料消耗量相对于常规锅炉，根据过热锅炉的技术规范要求，要求锅炉能适应外来饱和蒸汽(即废热锅炉产的饱和蒸汽)负荷的变化;保证过热器安全稳定运行，主要是过热器的壁温计算、汽水阻力、以及主蒸汽温度满足性能要求;同时对煤种有较好的适应性。根据燃煤机组不同的燃烧方式，可知:层燃锅炉由于燃烧效率低，对煤质有较高要求，过热器壁温无法保证，且没有在运的这么大等级的层燃炉，安全性、稳定性均无法保证，因此不能采用此种炉型；
[0042]燃煤室燃炉即煤粉锅炉，低负荷稳燃能力不好，且采用高温燃烧，无法保证过热器的壁温满足常规过热器材质的要求，且考虑到NOx生成量要比流化床锅炉高许多，且无法进行炉内脱硫，后续污染物排放控制投资及运行成本都较高，所以也不选用；
[0043]循环流化床锅炉是环保型锅炉，首先是低温分级燃烧，可有效控制NOX产生，其次是可实现炉内脱硫，可实现在炉内一边燃烧一边高温脱硫，再者，受压元件壁温易于控制，可采用常规锅炉受压元件的材质。
[0044] 实施例7:
[0045]如果采用燃煤的方式，大型锅炉的燃烧方式采用两种方式，煤粉炉和流化床锅炉，常规流化床区别与煤粉锅炉方式相比，循环流化床具有很多优点。循环流化床可采用炉内脱硫+炉外脱硫两级脱硫，实现高硫煤的超低排放，炉内脱硫即通过直接向炉内添加石灰石，可有效脱除90%甚至更多的S02，技术与工艺流程相对简单，投资费用也较低;循环流化床较低的燃烧温度(850〜920°C)和空气分级燃烧，其NOX排放浓度很低，只有煤粉炉的1/4〜1/3，只需要采用SNCR脱硝技术，完全可以控制氮氧化物排放至10mg/匪3甚至更低的水平，完全能够达标排放要求，即使将来排放要求更严格，也只需要在尾部烟道内加装一层催化剂，采用SNCR+SCR方式就能满足要求；由于采用炉内脱硫，尾部受热面低温腐蚀风险大幅降低，排烟温度较煤粉锅炉可以设计的更低，在提高锅炉效率的同时，更利于实现低温除尘；循环流化床具有极佳的燃料适应性，几乎可以设计燃用任何化石燃料;循环流化床具有很好的调峰能力，可以在30%额定负荷下不投油稳定燃烧;循环流化床灰渣活性较好，可以作为建筑填充材料、路基和水泥生产原料等。尤其锅炉炉膛的设计可以实现过热锅炉的要求，可以控制炉膛的出口温度和炉膛的燃烧温度。
[0046] 实施例8:
[0047]在锅炉计算方面，要综合自产蒸汽量和饱和外来蒸发量配比方面，要选择合理的比例，保证锅炉在各负荷下安全稳定运行，锅炉自身产汽量和外来蒸汽的情况下，此锅炉外来汽的比例一般在50-80%，在锅炉的选型和计算外来汽配比方面要保证过热器的安全和锅炉炉膛出口温度的要求。
[0048]解决的方法:从设计计算的保证锅炉的安全，受热面的配比尤为重要，结构实现方法:
[0049]炉膛采用过热器炉膛，本实用新型解决在燃煤的情况下，大型过热锅炉安全稳定运行，煤化工稳定运行的要求非常高。
[0050]锅炉主要由:四部分组成:燃烧室、绝热或汽冷旋风分离器、自平衡双路回料阀、尾部对流烟道。燃烧室位于锅炉前部，四周和顶棚布置有膜式水冷壁，底部为水冷布风板，中上部与前墙垂直布置有12片屏式过热器。燃烧室后有两个绝热旋风分离器，双路回料阀位于旋风分离器下，回料一分为二进入炉膛燃烧室。燃烧室、旋风分离器和回料阀构成了粒子外循环回路。尾部对流烟道在锅炉后部，烟道上部的四周及顶棚由包墙过热器组成，其内沿烟气流程依次布置有III级过热器和I级过热器，下部烟道内，依次布置省煤器和卧管式空气预热器，一、二次风分开布置。锅炉采用两个滚筒冷渣器，分别布置在锅炉的两侧，炉膛中的灰渣通过侧墙的排渣口进入冷渣器，经冷渣器冷却后，进入布置在炉前的底渣系统。
[0051 ] 实施例9:
[0052]本锅炉来说过热受热面比例比较大，蒸发受热面比较少，无需布置水冷屏受热面。为了保证炉膛出口温度及床温，同时也由于尾部竖直烟道内过热器受热面的吸热量满足不了饱和蒸汽过热到额定蒸汽温度，必须在炉膛内布置较多的屏式过热器，由于屏式过热器温升较高，同时尾部低温过热器温升较小，在常规锅炉在低温过热器与屏式过热器之间设置的一级减温器不适应于本锅炉，本锅炉把一级减温器两组屏式过热器之间，保证整个过热器系统温升较均衡。
[0053]尾部竖直烟道布置:过热蒸汽量较大，而烟气量相对于过热蒸汽量相对较小，在保证合理的烟速的前提下，又要保证合理的工质流速，避免工质阻力较大，这就要求尾部烟道的宽深比较常规锅炉大许多。
[0054]省煤器采用H型省煤器，节约纵向空间，为SCR预留I层空间。省煤器除用于加热过热锅炉自产饱和蒸汽所需热水，还承担了加热废锅所需热水功能。
Claims (5)
1.一种燃煤过热锅炉，其组成包括:锅筒，其特征是:所述的锅筒通过饱和蒸汽引出管与包墙连接，所述的包墙内部具有高温过热器、低温过热器，所述的低温过热器与上行屏式过热器底部连接，所述的上行屏式过热器与下行屏式过热器连接，所述的下行屏式过热器与高温过热器连接，所述的高温过热器的一侧与主蒸汽管道连接，所述的锅筒通过连接管与省煤器连接，所述的省煤器的一端连接有给水管道。
2.根据权利要求1所述的燃煤过热锅炉，其特征是:所述的上行屏式过热器与所述的下行屏式过热器之间具有一级减温器，所述的下行屏式过热器与所述的高温过热器之间具有二级减温器。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的燃煤过热锅炉，其特征是:所述的上行屏式过热器与所述的下行屏式过热器安装在水冷壁内，所述的水冷壁的上部通过汽水引出管与所述的锅筒连接，所述的水冷壁的下部通过下降管与所述的锅筒连接，所述的锅筒的一端进入有从废锅出来的外来饱和蒸汽。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的燃煤过热锅炉，其特征是:所述的包墙包括两侧包墙、顶棚管、前包墙和后包墙。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的燃煤过热锅炉，其特征是:所述的省煤器为H型省煤器。
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| CN105546516B (zh) * | 2015-12-25 | 2017-10-10 | 哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司 | 燃煤过热锅炉及过热方法 |
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