CN205231675U - High tension power line improved generation lightning protection structure system - Google Patents
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- CN205231675U CN205231675U CN201521019883.7U CN201521019883U CN205231675U CN 205231675 U CN205231675 U CN 205231675U CN 201521019883 U CN201521019883 U CN 201521019883U CN 205231675 U CN205231675 U CN 205231675U
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a high tension power line improved generation lightning protection structure system, include the earth connection that erects the overhead ground wire on the tower pole and be used for above overhead ground wire ground connection, transmission of electricity line number volume on overhead ground wire and the tower pole equals that single overhead ground wire concerns with the protection that single power transmission line one -to -one formed one to one, and the power transmission line that is in in the same protection relation one to one is parallel to each other with the overhead ground wire, and this power transmission line is located the below of this overhead ground wire, and the power transmission line is not more than 15 with the angle of protection of overhead ground wire, the earth connection includes the metal garter spring and connects the connecting wire of overhead ground wire and metal garter spring, the many piece branch earth connections of metal garter spring on being annular hoop and being fixed in the hoop. The utility model discloses simple structure, it is convenient to implement, can effectively reduce the power transmission line and suffer the possibility of thunderbolt and the thunderbolt trip -out rate that reduces power network.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to electric power conveying thunder resisting equipment field, particularly relates to a kind of high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system.
Background technology
Thunder and lightning is the key factor affecting power transmission line safety, especially in summer, occupy first of line fault tripping operation, and thunder and lightning is atmospheric events natural phenomena, also uncontrollable so far.For this reason, needing us to carry out analysis and summary by the phenomenon such as omen, evolution, the type of raid produced thunder and lightning, finding thunder and lightning rule, in order to making more favourable research and design and modification measures.
Fig. 1 is two kinds of high voltage transmission lines common in prior art and iron pyramidal structure, and wherein the left side is cat owl formula, and power transmission line is rounded projections arranged, the right be goat's horn form, power transmission line is horizontal.
Fig. 2 further illustrates the correlation between shaft tower, power transmission line, lightning conducter.But lofty mountains and steep hills and rivers and lakes, electric force pole tower often span is large, and power transmission line sag is large, maximum with wind throw, during conductor flat in shielding angle, but blow to scrape at high wind and may exceed protection range completely; Rivers and lakes without block without hindrance every, thunder and lightning can be attacked directly, tiltedly hit, richly hit, and beats from different directions to shaft tower and power transmission line.Therefore the power transmission line in above place is still easily struck by lightning, appointing is so that electric power facility is impaired the most serious, the place that trip-out rate is the highest.
Utility model content
For in above-mentioned prior art lofty mountains and steep hills and rivers and lakes region, power transmission line sag is large, maximum with wind throw, during conductor flat in shielding angle, but blows to scrape at high wind and may exceed protection range completely; Rivers and lakes without block without hindrance every, thunder and lightning can be attacked directly, tiltedly hit, richly hit, beat to shaft tower and power transmission line from different directions, the power transmission line in above place is still easily struck by lightning, remain electric power facility impaired the most serious, the problem in the place that trip-out rate is the highest, the utility model provides a kind of high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system.
For the problems referred to above, the high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system that the utility model provides is achieved the goal by following technical essential: high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system, comprise and be set up in the lightning conducter on tower bar and the earth connection for above ground wire grounding, described lightning conducter is equal with the power transmission line quantity on tower bar, and single lightning conducter and single power transmission line one_to_one corresponding form man-to-man protection relation;
And the power transmission line be in same protection relation one to one and lightning conducter are parallel to each other, this power transmission line is positioned at the below of this lightning conducter, and the shielding angle of power transmission line and lightning conducter is not more than 15 °;
Described earth connection comprises metal hoop and connects the connecting line of lightning conducter and metal hoop, and described metal hoop comprises hoop in the form of a ring and is fixed on the Duo Gen branch earth connection on hoop.
Concrete, in above version, lightning conducter and power transmission line one_to_one corresponding is adopted to form the version of man-to-man protection relation, namely be convenient to realize single lightning conducter and specific aim protection is carried out to single power transmission line, effectively can avoid the situation of the power transmission line had outside available protecting angle easily occurred in the compound mode of existing two conventional lightning conducters and three power transmission lines; Further, above shielding angle is the line of power transmission line with corresponding lightning conducter and the angle of plumb line, to the further restriction of above shielding angle size, be conducive to avoiding the larger sag produced under gravity because of power transmission line, or under effect in wind, transmission line relaying angle exceeds available protecting scope; Further, compared to traditional earth connection, metal hoop is provided in this structure, metal hoop comprises the version of hoop and branch's earth connection, such hoop can be fixed on tower bar easily, like this, the connecting line of connection metal garter spring and lightning conducter, in use because the tie point position at its two ends is fixed, can effectively be avoided because tension stress causes the bad even earthing failure of ground wire grounding; Further, adopt the version that Duo Gen branch earth connection is set on hoop, be convenient to realize the less earth resistance of lightning conducter by the contact area that hoop, branch's earth connection and ground are larger, the version that branch's earth connection is in parallel each other simultaneously, compared to the form of a traditional employing earth connection, the grounding resistance being less than 4 ohm more can be obtained; Simultaneously; above lightning conducter is convenient to feasible region property lighting protection; namely the structural system of above structure is convenient to adopt the formal of two earth-wire protections, three power transmission lines in prior art; optionally lofty mountains and steep hills and rivers and lakes thunderbolt many; thunderbolt is severe; the place that trip-out rate is large increases to three lightning conducters; and in Plain, little, the few place of being struck by lightning of span; also the form of two lightning conducters can be kept; namely this structure has good flexibility, and being conducive to needs to take different schemes for varying environment, difference.
Further technical scheme is:
Simple as a kind of structure, change on existing tower bar little, this programme can be realized easily on existing tower bar, be beneficial to the stressed version of tower bar simultaneously, also comprise the cross-arm for lightning conducter and power transmission line erection, described lightning conducter and power transmission line are all erected on cross-arm, described cross-arm is fixed on tower bar, and cross-arm is mutually vertical with tower bar, the distribution on cross-arm of lightning conducter and power transmission line all claims relative to tower pole pair.The length that above form suitably can increase cross-arm on the basis of existing cross-arm adjusts for the erection of the 3rd lightning conducter and the position of other two lightning conducters.
Be convenient to make power transmission line under normal circumstances or in the process of rocking under wind-force effect as a kind of, all the time can be between two lightning conducters, all more than one of described lightning conducter and power transmission line, and lightning conducter and power transmission line are all in a row arranged in parallel, on the spacing direction of lightning conducter and lightning conducter or power transmission line and power transmission line, any power transmission line is all between two lightning conducters.
For making power transmission line when rocking and lightning conducter has less shielding angle all the time; described lightning conducter and power transmission line are three; the power transmission line mediated is positioned at immediately below the lightning conducter that mediates, and the power transmission line of both sides and the shielding angle of corresponding lightning conducter are between 5 ° to 10 °.
To be connected with tower bar and tie point is convenient to the hoop structure form chosen in taper tower bar bottom as a kind of hoop of being convenient to, described hoop is anchor ear shape, described hoop comprises inc annular hoop body and is fixed on the connection support plate of annular hoop body openend, and described connection is propped up crab bolt and connected.
Can adapt to the tower bar beating diameter range interval for making described hoop, described annular hoop body is made up of multistage arc or arc strip, and the two ends of every section of arc or arc strip are provided with connection support plate.
There is good antiseptic power, simultaneously when completing hoop and being connected with tower bar as one, annular hoop body inner surface and tower bar can the versions of good fit, described arc is one or more in the stainless-steel sheet arc of 3mm to 5mm, zinc-plated arc, copper coin of thickness, and described arc strip is one or more in the stainless steel steel bar of 8mm to 10mm, zinc-plated arc strip, copper bar of diameter.
Consolidate hoop and tower bar stability maintenance as a kind of being convenient to, the version of hoop to tower shank diameter accommodation can being increased to a certain extent simultaneously, described hoop is the circular cone shape that two ends diameter does not wait, and the internal face of hoop is also provided with concavo-convex microgroove.
Branch's ground configurations form that tower bar is fixed on the earth upward stability is conducive to as a kind of, described branch earth connection is the rigid metal conductor being provided with segmental arc, and branch's earth connection is uniform in the form of a ring on hoop, the free end of branch's earth connection is divergent shape relative to hoop.
Be beneficial to as a kind of the technical scheme reducing earth resistance, the periphery of described branch earth connection is also laid with resistance reducing agent.
The utility model has following beneficial effect:
1, lightning conducter and power transmission line one_to_one corresponding is adopted to form the version of man-to-man protection relation; namely be convenient to realize single lightning conducter and specific aim protection is carried out to single power transmission line, effectively can avoid the situation of the power transmission line had outside available protecting angle easily occurred in the compound mode of existing two conventional lightning conducters and three power transmission lines.
2, further; above shielding angle is the line of power transmission line with corresponding lightning conducter and the angle of plumb line; to the further restriction of above shielding angle size; be conducive to avoiding the larger sag produced under gravity because of power transmission line; or under effect in wind, transmission line relaying angle exceeds available protecting scope.
3, further, compared to traditional earth connection, metal hoop is provided in this structure, metal hoop comprises the version of hoop and branch's earth connection, such hoop can be fixed on tower bar easily, like this, the connecting line of connection metal garter spring and lightning conducter, in use because the tie point position at its two ends is fixed, can effectively be avoided because tension stress causes the bad even earthing failure of ground wire grounding.
4, further, adopt the version that Duo Gen branch earth connection is set on hoop, be convenient to realize the less earth resistance of lightning conducter by the contact area that hoop, branch's earth connection and ground are larger, the version that branch's earth connection is in parallel each other simultaneously, compared to the form of a traditional employing earth connection, the grounding resistance being less than 4 ohm more can be obtained.
5, simultaneously; above lightning conducter is convenient to feasible region property lighting protection; namely the structural system of above structure is convenient to adopt the formal of two earth-wire protections, three power transmission lines in prior art; optionally lofty mountains and steep hills and rivers and lakes thunderbolt many; thunderbolt is severe; the place that trip-out rate is large increases to three lightning conducters; and in Plain, little, the few place of being struck by lightning of span; also the form of two lightning conducters can be kept; namely this structure has good flexibility, and being conducive to needs to take different schemes for varying environment, difference.
6, the technical program is simple, implements economic input few, tripping rate with lightning strike can be reduced by more than 50 on the basis of existing technology.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that in prior art, power transmission line is taken shelter from the thunder structural representation, and wherein, the triangle on the right side of this figure is shielding angle structure, wherein f represents angular dimension, h is the vertical height of lightning conducter to power transmission line, and x is the horizontal range of lightning conducter to power transmission line, and r is that lightning conducter is to power transmission line length;
Fig. 2 adopts in two lightning conducters, three transmission line structure forms in prior art, the relative position of lightning conducter and power transmission line and shielding angle schematic diagram, and in figure, f is shielding angle;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of a high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system described in the utility model specific embodiment;
Fig. 4 is in high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system described in the utility model specific embodiment, the structural representation of metal hoop.
Label in figure represents respectively: 1, tower bar, and 2, power transmission line, 3, lightning conducter, 4, cross-arm, 5, connecting line, 6, hoop, 7, branch's earth connection.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the utility model is described in further detail, but structure of the present utility model is not limited only to following examples.
Embodiment 1:
As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system, comprise and be set up in the lightning conducter 3 on tower bar 1 and the earth connection for above lightning conducter 3 ground connection, described lightning conducter 3 is equal with power transmission line 2 quantity on tower bar 1, and single lightning conducter 3 forms man-to-man protection relation with single power transmission line 2 one_to_one corresponding;
And the power transmission line 2 be in same protection relation is one to one parallel to each other with lightning conducter 3, this power transmission line 2 is positioned at the below of this lightning conducter 3, and power transmission line 2 is not more than 15 ° with the shielding angle of lightning conducter 3;
Described earth connection comprises metal hoop and connects the connecting line 5 of lightning conducter 3 and metal hoop, and described metal hoop comprises hoop 6 in the form of a ring and is fixed on the Duo Gen branch earth connection 7 on hoop 6.
Concrete, in above version, lightning conducter 3 and power transmission line 2 one_to_one corresponding is adopted to form the version of man-to-man protection relation, namely be convenient to realize single lightning conducter 3 and specific aim protection is carried out to single power transmission line 2, effectively can avoid the situation of power transmission line 2 outside available protecting angle had easily occurred in the compound mode of existing conventional two lightning conducters 3 and three power transmission lines 2; Further; above shielding angle is power transmission line 2 and the corresponding line of lightning conducter 3 and the angle of plumb line; to the further restriction of above shielding angle size; be conducive to avoiding the larger sag produced under gravity because of power transmission line 2; or under effect in wind, power transmission line 2 shielding angle exceeds available protecting scope.
Further, compared to traditional earth connection, metal hoop is provided in this structure, metal hoop comprises the version of hoop 6 and branch's earth connection 7, such hoop 6 can be fixed on tower bar 1 easily, like this, the connecting line 5 of connection metal garter spring and lightning conducter 3, in use because the tie point position at its two ends is fixed, can effectively be avoided because tension stress causes lightning conducter 3 imperfect earth even earthing failure; Further, adopt the version that Duo Gen branch earth connection 7 is set on hoop 6, the contact area be convenient to by hoop 6, branch's earth connection 7 and ground are larger realizes the less earth resistance of lightning conducter 3, the version that branch's earth connection 7 is in parallel each other simultaneously, compared to the form of a traditional employing earth connection, the grounding resistance being less than 4 ohm more can be obtained.
Simultaneously; above lightning conducter 3 is convenient to feasible region property lighting protection; namely the structural system of above structure is convenient to adopt two lightning conducters 3 to protect the formal of three power transmission lines 2 in prior art; optionally lofty mountains and steep hills and rivers and lakes thunderbolt many; thunderbolt is severe; the place that trip-out rate is large increases to three lightning conducters 3; and in Plain, little, the few place of being struck by lightning of span; also the form of two lightning conducters 3 can be kept; namely this structure has good flexibility, and being conducive to needs to take different schemes for varying environment, difference.
Embodiment 2:
As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, the present embodiment is further qualified on the basis of embodiment 1: simple as a kind of structure, change on existing tower bar 1 little, this programme can be realized easily on existing tower bar 1, be beneficial to the stressed version of tower bar 1 simultaneously, also comprise the cross-arm 4 set up for lightning conducter 3 and power transmission line 2, described lightning conducter 3 and power transmission line 2 are all erected on cross-arm 4, described cross-arm 4 is fixed on tower bar 1, and cross-arm 4 is mutually vertical with tower bar 1, lightning conducter 3 and the distribution of power transmission line 2 on cross-arm 4 are all symmetrical relative to tower bar 1.The length that above form suitably can increase cross-arm 4 on the basis of existing cross-arm 4 adjusts for the erection of the 3rd lightning conducter 3 and the position of other two lightning conducters 3.
Be convenient to make power transmission line 2 under normal circumstances or in the process of rocking under wind-force effect as a kind of, all the time can be between two lightning conducters 3, described lightning conducter and all more than one of power transmission line 2, and lightning conducter 3 and power transmission line 2 are all in a row arranged in parallel, at lightning conducter 3 and lightning conducter 3 or power transmission line 2 with on the spacing direction of power transmission line 2, any power transmission line 2 is all between two lightning conducters 3.
For making power transmission line 2 when rocking and lightning conducter 3 has less shielding angle all the time; described lightning conducter 3 and power transmission line 2 are three; the power transmission line 2 mediated is positioned at immediately below the lightning conducter 3 that mediates, and the power transmission line 2 of both sides and the shielding angle of corresponding lightning conducter 3 are between 5 ° to 10 °.
To be connected with tower bar 1 and tie point is convenient to hoop 6 version chosen in taper tower bar 1 bottom as a kind of hoop 6 of being convenient to, described hoop 6 is in anchor ear shape, described hoop 6 comprises inc annular hoop body and is fixed on the connection support plate of annular hoop body openend, described connection support plate is with bolts, to adapt to and to expand the scope of application for different body of rod diameter.
For the tower bar 1 making described hoop 6 can adapt to beat diameter range interval, described annular hoop body is made up of multistage arc or arc strip, and the two ends of every section of arc or arc strip are provided with connection support plate.
There is good antiseptic power, simultaneously when completing hoop 6 and being connected with tower bar 1 as one, annular hoop body inner surface and tower bar 1 can the versions of good fit, described arc is one or more in the stainless-steel sheet arc of 3mm to 5mm, zinc-plated arc, copper coin of thickness, and described arc strip is one or more in the stainless steel strip of 8mm to 10mm, zinc-plated arc strip, copper bar of diameter.
Consolidate hoop and tower bar 1 stability maintenance as a kind of being convenient to, the version of hoop to tower bar 1 diameter accommodation can being increased to a certain extent simultaneously, described hoop is the circular cone shape that two ends diameter does not wait, and the internal face of hoop is also provided with concavo-convex microgroove.
Branch's ground configurations form that tower bar 1 is fixed on the earth upward stability is conducive to as a kind of, described branch earth connection 7 is the rigid metal conductor being provided with segmental arc, and branch's earth connection 7 is uniform in the form of a ring on hoop 6, the free end of branch's earth connection 7 is divergent shape relative to hoop 6.
Be beneficial to as a kind of the technical scheme reducing earth resistance, the periphery of described branch earth connection 7 is also laid with resistance reducing agent.Model is selected to be HTJ03 type resistance reducing agent in the present embodiment.
Embodiment 3:
The utility model additionally provides a kind of concrete high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system concrete form, this embodiment is the three phase transmission line 2 of 20kV for voltage, tower bar 1 is highly 20 meters, three lightning conducters 3 arranged in parallel with three power transmission lines 2 above, and the spacing of the lightning conducter 3 be connected is 5.5 meters, lightning conducter 3 and power transmission line 2 vertical height are 5.5 meters, and the wire spacing of power transmission line 2 is 5 meters, and the power transmission line 2 of centre is positioned at immediately below middle lightning conducter 3.
Present embodiment discloses a kind of concrete structure of metal hoop simultaneously, wherein, branch's earth connection 7 by diameter be 20mm, to be that copper rod one end of 800-1000mm is bending form length, the curved side of above copper rod is free end, the other end of copper rod is fixed on hoop 6, the free end of copper rod is outside divergent shape relative to hoop 6, and the free end of copper rod is relative to the overhanging 300mm of hoop 6, hoop 6 be connected support plate and all adopt thickness to be that the corrosion resistant plate manufacture of 5mm forms, and hoop 6 is inc circulus; For adapting to the cement tower bar 1 of existing extensive employing, or the cement pedestal of steel tower, the internal diameter of hoop 6 gets 400mm, highly get 80mm, the openend of hoop 6 is the wide opening of 40mm in addition, and the size dimension connecting support plate is 80mm*50mm, connects support plate and adopts diameter to be that the stainless steel bolt of 10mm is connected.
Above content is the further description done the utility model in conjunction with concrete preferred implementation, can not assert that embodiment of the present utility model is confined to these explanations.For the utility model person of an ordinary skill in the technical field, not departing from other execution modes drawn under the technical solution of the utility model, all should be included in protection range of the present utility model.
Claims (10)
1. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system, comprise and be set up in the lightning conducter (3) on tower bar (1) and the earth connection for above lightning conducter (3) ground connection, it is characterized in that, described lightning conducter (3) is equal with power transmission line (2) quantity on tower bar (1), and single lightning conducter (3) and single power transmission line (2) one_to_one corresponding form man-to-man protection relation;
And the power transmission line (2) be in same protection relation is one to one parallel to each other with lightning conducter (3), this power transmission line (2) is positioned at the below of this lightning conducter (3), and power transmission line (2) is not more than 15 ° with the shielding angle of lightning conducter (3);
Described earth connection comprises metal hoop and connects the connecting line (5) of lightning conducter (3) and metal hoop, Duo Gen branch earth connection (7) that described metal hoop comprises hoop (6) in the form of a ring and is fixed on hoop (6).
2. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, also comprise the cross-arm (4) set up for lightning conducter (3) and power transmission line (2), described lightning conducter (3) and power transmission line (2) are all erected on cross-arm (4), described cross-arm (4) is fixed on tower bar (1), and cross-arm (4) is mutually vertical with tower bar (1), lightning conducter (3) and the distribution of power transmission line (2) on cross-arm (4) are all symmetrical relative to tower bar (1).
3. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described lightning conducter and all more than one of power transmission line (2), and lightning conducter (3) and power transmission line (2) are all in a row arranged in parallel, at lightning conducter (3) and lightning conducter (3) or power transmission line (2) with on the spacing direction of power transmission line (2), any power transmission line (2) is all positioned between two lightning conducters (3).
4. according to the high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system in claim described in 3; it is characterized in that; described lightning conducter (3) and power transmission line (2) are three; the power transmission line (2) mediated is positioned at immediately below the lightning conducter (3) that mediates, and the power transmission line (2) of both sides and the shielding angle of corresponding lightning conducter (3) are between 5 ° to 10 °.
5. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described hoop (6) is in anchor ear shape, and described hoop (6) comprises inc annular hoop body and is fixed on the connection support plate of annular hoop body openend, and described connection is propped up crab bolt and connected.
6. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system according to claim 5, it is characterized in that, described annular hoop body is made up of multistage arc or arc strip, and the two ends of every section of arc or arc strip are provided with connection support plate.
7. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, described arc is one or more in the stainless-steel sheet arc of 3mm to 5mm, zinc-plated arc, copper coin of thickness, and described arc strip is one or more in the stainless steel steel bar of 8mm to 10mm, zinc-plated arc strip, copper bar of diameter.
8. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the circular cone shape that described hoop (6) does not wait in two ends diameter, and the internal face of hoop (6) is also provided with concavo-convex microgroove.
9. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described branch earth connection (7) is the rigid metal conductor being provided with segmental arc, and branch's earth connection (7) is uniform in the form of a ring on hoop (6), the free end of branch's earth connection (7) relative to hoop (6) in divergent shape.
10. high voltage transmission line modified model lightning protection structure system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the periphery of described branch earth connection (7) is also laid with resistance reducing agent.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201521019883.7U CN205231675U (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2015-12-10 | High tension power line improved generation lightning protection structure system |
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| CN201521019883.7U CN205231675U (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2015-12-10 | High tension power line improved generation lightning protection structure system |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105305357A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-02-03 | 国网四川省电力公司巴中供电公司 | High tension power line improved lightning protection structure |
| CN108718010A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-10-30 | 陈乐昆 | A kind of earthed system |
| CN109473936A (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2019-03-15 | 国网浙江平阳县供电有限责任公司 | The mounting structure and installation method of ground wire are protected on a kind of terminal pole |
-
2015
- 2015-12-10 CN CN201521019883.7U patent/CN205231675U/en active Active
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105305357A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-02-03 | 国网四川省电力公司巴中供电公司 | High tension power line improved lightning protection structure |
| CN108718010A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-10-30 | 陈乐昆 | A kind of earthed system |
| CN109473936A (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2019-03-15 | 国网浙江平阳县供电有限责任公司 | The mounting structure and installation method of ground wire are protected on a kind of terminal pole |
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