CN1982703B - 组合风力发电和抽水蓄能水力发电系统的系统和方法 - Google Patents
组合风力发电和抽水蓄能水力发电系统的系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统(100,200),包括:至少一个配置成为公用总线(114)产生输出功率的风力涡轮发电机装置(102)和至少一个配置成为公用总线(114)产生输出功率的水力发电机装置(104,110)。水力发电机装置(104,110)由水流提供动力。风力涡轮发电机装置(102)和水力发电机装置(104,110)包括与之相关的相应局部控制器(124),以及一组与公用总线(114)和每个局部控制器(124)相通信的监督控制器(126)。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及一种可再生发电系统,尤其是,一种组合风力发电和抽水蓄能水力发电系统的系统和方法。
背景技术
风是能最快生成的可再生能源之一。用风的动能来产生机械能的涡轮机,将机械能转换成电。风力涡轮机通常有两个或三个叶片,这些叶片朝向或背向风。随着风引起叶片的旋转,涡轮机的轴旋转。产生的机械能可以用来给某项作业提供动力,例如抽水等,或者可以将机械能转换成电。当连在一个发电机上时,轴的旋转驱动发电机,该发电机接着就发电了。
然而,风的间歇性特征以及变速性是风力发电系统的主要缺点,这会导致系统利用率低且渗透性(penetration)低。风力发电装置的间歇性问题的现有解决方法(例如通过使用蓄能系统)通常会是费用高或能量效率低。缓和间歇性并提高系统利用率的另一种方法是使用与其它发电源并行的风力发电,这些发电源是对风力的补充。已经观察到,在世界的某些地方,风力和水力呈现出一种有效性互补模式,都是依据昼夜和季节。
抽水蓄能水力发电是更经济可行的蓄能方法之一。在需电量低的时段,用多余电量把水抽到更高的水库。当有更高需求时,通过涡轮机把水放回较低水库,这样就产生水力发电。可逆式涡轮/发电机组既可以充当泵也可以充当涡轮机。一些设备,例如,使用废矿作为较低水库,而其它的则利用两个天然水库或人工水库之间的高度差。由于外露水面的蒸发损失和转换过程中的机械能损失,用来将水抽到更高水库的电能中的大约60%-85%可以从这个过程重新获得。这个相对于其它蓄能装置如几种电池和氢燃料电池来说是比较便利的。
虽然风力发电系统和蓄能水力发电系统各有优势,但是,将风力与抽水蓄能水力(也可以是与电网(grid)连接系统和单机系统中的负载)组合起来,同时又优化能源利用率并保持瞬态稳定性,这样的难题还没有充分地得到解决。此外,仍需要解决一些问题,如频率和电压基准、抽水和发电模式转换、与功率电子界面负载的相互作用、以及单机运行。
而且,目前在运行中,没有直接组合的风力-抽水水力发电系统。在文件记载的或被提议的系统中,大部分是打算在高功率级下运行而且只能作为电网连接系统运行。因此,希望实现一种风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统,该系统为间歇性问题提供一种低成本的解决方法,该系统既可以是电网连接应用也可以是单机应用。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统。在一个示范性实施例中,这个系统包括至少一个配置成为公用总线产生输出功率的风力涡轮发电机装置,和至少一个配置成为公用总线产生输出功率的水力发电机装置。该水力发电机装置由水流提供动力。该风力涡轮发电机装置和该水力发电机装置包括与之相关的相应局部控制器,和一组与公用总线和每个局部控制器相通信的监督控制器。
在另一个实施例中,一个单机组合式发电系统包括至少一个配置成为公用总线产生输出功率的风力涡轮发电机装置,和至少一个配置成为公用总线产生输出功率的水力发电机装置。该水力发电机装置由水流提供动力。该风力涡轮发电机装置和该水力发电机装置包括与之相关的相应局部控制器。一组监督控制器与公用总线和每个所述局部器控制相通信,其中,监督控制器是为动态控制系统的主频率和电压基准而配置的。
在另一个实施例中,一种用于动态控制风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统的方法包括配置一组与相应局部控制器相通信的监督控制器,这些局部控制器与至少一个配置成为公用总线产生输出功率的风力涡轮发电机装置相关,并与至少一个配置成为公用总线产生输出功率的水力发电机装置相关。水力发电机装置由水流提供动力。监督控制器是为动态控制系统的主频率和电压基准而配置的。
附图说明
参照示范性附图,其中,几个图中相同的部件采用相同的标记:
图1是根据本发明的一个实施例配置成一个电网连接系统的风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统的示意框图;
图2是根据本发明的另一个实施例配置成一个单机系统的风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统的示意框图;
图3是风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统的变速泵实施例的示意框图,该系统采用一个公用AC总线;
图4是风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统的变速泵实施例的示意框图,该系统既采用一个公用AC总线也采用一个公用DC总线;
图5是示范性控制回路的框图,图示了风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统中分担的有功功率的基准频率的动态生成;
图6是示范性控制回路的框图,图示了风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统分担的无功功率的基准电压的动态生成。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了一种电网连接和/或单机应用的组合式系统,该系统综合了最经济可行的可再生能源中的两个(风和水)的优点,并且解决了限制风力发电应用的间歇性问题。而且,本发明的实施例也为直接组合风力与抽水蓄能水力发电,以及与常规水力发电(即,河流的流动)提供了一种解决方法。如即将说明的,风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统可以作为一个电网连接系统和/或一个单机系统运行。在某些实施例中,有功部件可以通过公用交流电(AC)总线或直流电(DC)总线组合在一起,其中,对后一种情况,是通过任何可用的功率变换器DC总线而组合在一起的。而且,在此公开的发明实施例提供新的电压和频率调节通过局部和/或监督控制器来适应一个单机运行。
先参照图1,示出了根据本发明的一个实施例配置成一个电网连接系统的风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统100的示意框图。系统100的特征是,一个风力涡轮发电机102(该发电机可以具体化为一个或多个风力涡轮发电机)与由来自水源(如,蓄水库106)的水流提供动力的水力发电机104并行运行。在一个实施例中,蓄水库106是一个可再装填的水库,因为,水库中水的供应通过用一个独立的水力泵108装水来进行补充。水力泵108可以是匀速的或是变速的。作为一个可选实施例,图1也描述了一个可逆式抽水涡轮发电机110,该发电机既可以充当提供电能的水力发电机也可以充当装填水库106的水力泵。
水风组合发电机产生的电力与一个公用电力总线114耦合在一起(通过变压器112),在所述实施例中该总线是一个AC总线。如下文将要说明的,然而,也可以用一个DC总线(如,风力涡轮变换器的DC传输线)作为公用总线,就减少硬件过剩而言,这可以有利于节约。还示出了与公用电力总线114相耦合的是各种局部负载116、118,这些负载可以是简单的阻抗负载、电动机负载、或有功率电子界面的负载,也可以是其它蓄能装置,如电池。因为图1的实施例表示一个电网连接系统,所以也示出了公用电力总线114与电网120的连接,包括与之相关的每个电网发生源(一般表示在122处)。
除了风力和水力发电机的局部并行组合外,系统100还可选地配置有附加发电或蓄能源123,如汽油/柴油引擎提供动力的发电机、涡轮机、光电池、燃料电池或蓄电池。
如图1进一步说明的,风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统100通过局部控制器124和中央监督控制器126两者进行控制,以克服与风力发电相关的间歇性问题。监督控制器126通过一个通信总线128与各个局部控制器124相通信。对一个单机配置来说,系统电压和频率基准是由有功部件(如,风力或水力)中的一者动态确定的,这样,负载分担量由局部控制器124或由(如偏差(droop)控制器)或由监督控制器126提供。监督控制器126也可以配置成提供能量管理和调整控制。最后,监督控制器可以配置成通过一个适当网络,如局域网(LAN)、广域网(WAN)、因特网、无线网等等,来接收各种类型的输入数据(如,风和水的预报信息)。
图2是根据本发明的另一个实施例配置成一个单机系统的风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统200的示意框图。为了便于说明,图2与图1的电网连接系统相同的系统部件采用相同的附图标记。因为图2的单机系统200不是电网连接的,所以,在公用电力总线114上的超额容量没能被连接负载116使用和/或水库106被装填到全容量的情况下,提供一个或多个卸载负载202。然而,可以理解的是,在超额容量的情况下,单机系统200也可以用其它类型的蓄能装置,如电池。
如上所述,在使用一个变速水力泵的地方,某些系统部件也可以使用一个公用DC总线,代替或加上一个公用AC总线。这一点通过比较图3和图4得到说明。图3的配置中,风力涡轮发电机102和变速、可逆式抽水涡轮发电机110两者都配有独立的AC/DC和DC/AC变换硬件,以在希望的电压和频率下为公用AC总线114产生功率。
也就是说,一旦风力涡轮机在可变频率下产生间歇性AC电压,这个电压就首先被第一AC/DC转换器(整流器)302转换成该处的局部DC总线304上的一个过滤DC值。局部DC总线304上的电压在期望的恒定频率(如60Hz)下又被第一DC/AC转换器(逆变器)306转换回一个AC电压。此外,可逆式水力泵/发电机110也有同样的与之相关的功率转换设备;即,第二AC/DC转换器308、局部DC总线310和第二DC/AC转换器312。而且,系统中使用的任何DC设备,如蓄电池314或其它DC供电负载316,在没有专用的DC总线的情况下,也都要求有独立的AC/DC转换器318、320。
与此相反,图4示出了一个建议的替代配置,其中,公用DC总线402接收由风力涡轮发电机102和变速、可逆式抽水涡轮发电机104产生的已整流、过滤的AC电压。因此,尽管每个并行发电源都配有它自己的AC/DC转换器(404、406),但只使用单个DC/AC转换器408来提供供给局部AC总线114的恒定频率AC电压。而且,任何也使用了一个DC总线的系统部件,如电池410和其它DC负载412,也可以直接连到公用DC总线402上,从而消除对额外的整流设备的需要。
再参照图2,现在更详细地描述单机系统200中实现的局部/监督控制框图的特殊优势。与图1的系统相反,图2的单机系统200没有连在为局部控制器124提供一个电压和频率基准的电网上。因此,对单机系统200而言,电压和频率基准是动态确定的,由此,通过监督控制器126与局部控制器124之间的适当通信来动态改变主源。
图5是示范性控制回路500的框图,图示了基准频率ωref的动态生成,以确保有功功率在多个发电单元之间分担。控制回路500可以在局部控制器或监督控制器中实现。任何一种情况下,控制回路500接收一个由监督控制器生成的规定的频率ω*。用系统测量(如,电压、电流)来确定当前主频率ωm,并且由此确定由主控制器(master)传递的有功功率Pm。在示范性实施例中,对发电源之间分担的负载的偏差控制被用来确定基准频率ωref。基准频率ωref被风力涡轮发电机局部控制器和水力发电机局部控制器两者中的内部控制回路使用。局部控制器使用基准频率信号的方式取决于局部控制器是用于风力涡轮发电机还是用于水力发电机。
类似地,图6是示范性控制回路600的框图,图示了基准电压Vref的动态生成,以确保无功功率分担。此外,控制回路600可以在局部控制器或监督控制器中实现。在任何一种情况下,控制回路600接收一个由监督控制器生成的规定电压V*。用系统测量(如,电压、电流)来确定当前主电压Vm,并由此确定由主控制器(master)传递的无功功率Qm。再次使用作为例子的用于发电源之间分担的负载的偏差控制方法学,基准电压Vref被水力发电机局部控制器中的内部控制回路使用(因为没有调节风力涡轮发电机的输出电压)。
因此将意识到,本发明实施例不但解决了与风力发电有关的间歇性问题,而且提供了一种基于完全可再生的解决方法。而且,通过组合两种最廉价的可再生技术,提出了一种经济可行的解决方法来提高可再生渗透性(没有损失系统的可靠性和稳定性)。
有了发电机(以及与其相关的更大时间常量)的附加,组合式系统在故障状态和不均衡负载状态下将提供更好的性能。可以通过局部控制,如上所讨论的偏差法,和/或监督控制来提供负载分担能力。发电机的局部控制器有利于快速调整初级频率/电压,而监督控制器有利于延缓次级频率/电压恢复和经济调度,并使用工具如气象预报和水位测量来优化部件寿命。负载控制是为了实现电网频率相关的负载卸载或减载或实时定价。这样配置的组合式系统可以处理水力发电机运行和水力泵运行之间的平稳过渡,或在可逆式抽水涡轮发电机情况下两个模式之间的过渡。而且,对有着共同界面特性和不同类型的风力涡轮机的不同类型的发电/蓄能单元而言,上述系统实施例是可升级的。
尽管已经参照了一个优选实施例对本发明进行了描述,但是,对本领域技术人员来说,可以理解的是,在不脱离本发明范围的情况下,可以做多种变化并对其元件进行等效替代。此外,可以根据本发明的教导,在不脱离其本质范围的情况下,可以作一些变型来适应特定环境或材料。因此,这意味着本发明不受作为为实施本发明而设想的最佳模式而公开的特定实施方式的限制,而意味着本发明包括所有落入附加权利要求的范围内的实施方式。
部件目录表
100 | 风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统 |
102 | 风力涡轮发电机 |
104 | 水力发电机 |
106 | 蓄水库 |
108 | 水力泵 |
110 | 可逆式抽水涡轮发电机 |
112 | 变压器 |
114 | 电力总线 |
116 | 局部负载 |
118 | 局部负载 |
120 | 电网 |
123 | 蓄能源 |
124 | 局部控制器 |
126 | 监督控制器 |
128 | 通信总线 |
200 | 风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统 |
202 | 卸载负载 |
302 | 第一AC/DC转换器(整流器) |
304 | DC总线 |
306 | 第一DC/AC转换器(逆变器) |
308 | 第二AC/DC转换器 |
310 | DC总线 |
312 | 第二DC/AC转换器 |
314 | 蓄电池 |
316 | DC功率负载 |
318 | AC/DC转换器 |
320 | AC/DC转换器 |
402 | 公用DC总线 |
404 | AC/DC转换器 |
406 | AC/DC转换器 |
408 | DC/AC转换器 |
410 | 电池 |
412 | DC负载 |
500 | 控制回路 |
600 | 控制回路 |
Claims (10)
1.一种风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统(100,200),包括:
至少一个配置成为公用总线(114)产生输出功率的风力涡轮发电机装置(102);
至少一个配置成为所述公用总线(114)产生输出功率的水力发电机装置(104,110),所述至少一个水力发电机装置(104,110)由水流提供动力;和
所述至少一个风力涡轮发电机装置(102)和所述至少一个水力发电机装置(104,110)具有与之相关的相应局部控制器(124);和
一组与所述公用总线(114)和每个所述局部控制器(124)相通信的监督控制器(126),
其中,所述监督控制器配置成动态控制所述风力-抽水组合式水力发电系统的主频率与电压基准,以及
其中,所述局部控制器配置成在所述至少一个风力涡轮发电机装置与所述至少一个水力发电机装置之间进行负载分担。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统(100,200),其中,所述水流来自可再装填的蓄水库(106)。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统(100,200),还包括一个耦合到所述公用总线(114)上的水力泵(108),所述水力泵(108)配置成在运行时再装填所述蓄水库(106)。
4.如权利要求3所述的系统(100,200),其中,所述水力泵(108)包括一个变速水力泵(108)。
5.如权利要求2所述的系统(100),其中,所述至少一个水力发电机装置(104,110)还包括一个可逆式抽水涡轮发电机,所述可逆式抽水涡轮发电机配置成在以水泵模式运行时再装填所述蓄水库(106)。
6.如权利要求1所述的系统(200),其中,所述公用总线(114)配置成一个单机系统。
7.如权利要求6所述的系统(200),还包括以下项中的一个或多个:
卸载负载(202),和
附加蓄能装置,所述蓄能装置可选择地耦合到所述公用总线(114)上。
8.如权利要求1所述的系统(100,200),其中,所述公用总线(114)配置成选择性地耦合到电网(120)上。
9.如权利要求1所述的系统(100,200),其中,所述公用总线(114)是交流电(AC)总线。
10.如权利要求1所述的系统(100,200),还包括公用直流电(DC)总线(402),所述公用直流电总线由所述至少一个风力涡轮发电机装置(102)和所述至少一个水力发电机装置(104,110)的整流输出馈送。
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CN1982703A (zh) | 2007-06-20 |
EP1813807A2 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
US20070114796A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
EP1813807B1 (en) | 2017-01-11 |
EP1813807A3 (en) | 2012-11-21 |
DK1813807T3 (en) | 2017-03-27 |
US7239035B2 (en) | 2007-07-03 |
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