CN1981914A - 具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置 - Google Patents

具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置 Download PDF

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CN1981914A
CN1981914A CNA2006100583509A CN200610058350A CN1981914A CN 1981914 A CN1981914 A CN 1981914A CN A2006100583509 A CNA2006100583509 A CN A2006100583509A CN 200610058350 A CN200610058350 A CN 200610058350A CN 1981914 A CN1981914 A CN 1981914A
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dispersion plate
gas dispersion
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朴承洙
金纪亨
安熙秀
朴光圭
严熙文
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Korea Electric Power Corp
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Abstract

本发明提供一种具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置,在吸收塔(100)的内部包括:钻有多个喷气孔(122)的气体分散板(121),在该气体分散板中设有多个废气导入管(120),并且在其周缘以适当的高度一体形成有吸收液可溢流的溢流板(123);吸收液浆体上升管(124),与所述气体分散板的中心下部连接;石灰石浆体供应管(130),与所述吸收液浆体上升管的中央部连接;氧化用空气注入管(140),与所述吸收液浆体上升管的下部连接。由此,可以大幅度提高位于气体分散板上下部的吸收液的循环量,即使在低pH值和吸收塔的低ΔP(压差)的情况下也可以获得较高的SO2去除率。

Description

具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置,该装置可实现湿式排烟脱硫方法,用以通过湿式处理去除从燃烧化石燃料的火力发电厂排出的废气中的酸性气体,尤其是硫氧化物。
背景技术
通常,在从使用煤和油类等的火力发电厂排出的废气中包含多种污染物质,而其中尤其是硫氧化物是诱发酸雨的代表性的污染物质。为此,去除废气中的硫氧化物的排烟脱硫工序得到广泛应用,多种多样的工序被开发并已实用化。在用于处理废气中的硫氧化物的排烟脱硫工序中,使用作为吸收剂的石灰石生产石膏的湿式石灰石-石膏法已成为主流。氧化方法主要适用于将氧化用空气直接注入吸收塔中的强制氧化方式。
排烟脱硫工序由多个单位工序组成,其中通过气-液接触去除并分离硫氧化物的工序在吸收塔中进行。因此,自从排烟脱硫工序开发以来人们进行了通过提高吸收塔中的气-液接触效率来降低初期投资费用且提高硫氧化物的去除效率的多种尝试。目前在韩国国内所设置的吸收塔的形式主要以喷雾塔(spray tower)为主,除此之外,也使用栅条填充塔(Grid packed tower)、喷射起泡反应器(jet bubbling reactor)以及气层多孔板形吸收塔等。
通过气-液接触引导物质传递的方法大致分为将液体喷射给气流的液喷射方式和将气体直接喷射给液体的气喷射方式。这些方式各有所长。喷雾塔适用于典型的液喷射方式,可以将废气吹入到吸收塔的中间部,使用泵将包含吸收塔下部吸收剂的吸收液浆体移送到吸收塔的上部进行喷射。为提高喷雾塔中硫氧化物的去除效率,应当增加气-液接触面积或者气-液接触时间。
然而,如果为增加气-液接触面积而增加L/G比率(相对于单位废气量的浆体喷射量),则存在增大浆体泵的动力消耗的缺点。此外,如果为增加气-液接触时间而增大吸收塔的直径和高度,则存在增加初期投资费用的缺点。
喷雾塔因为其吸收塔的内部结构比较简单,所以具有在吸收塔内部的压力损失比较小的优点。此外,应当使用大容量的浆体泵将浆体移送到较高的位置,总消耗动力中浆体泵所占的比率较高。由于喷雾塔使用限定数量的大容量浆体泵(通常,四台中三台运行、一台备用),因此存在对于运行中的废气流量的变化和废气中硫氧化物的变化的适应性较低的缺点。也就是说,不能准确地将排出口的SO2浓度控制在运行者所预期的浓度。
为解决上述缺点,已开发出了将废气直接喷射给吸收液浆体诱导气-液接触的喷气式吸收塔。此方法具有通过调节吸收塔的压差来与运行中废气量的变化和废气中硫氧化物的浓度变化灵活对应的优点。喷气式吸收塔不需要浆体循环泵,但是应当将升压送风机的输出压力设计得较高以补偿吸收塔的压差,因此总消耗动力中升压送风机所占的比率较高。作为典型的工序,例如可见于气层多孔板形排烟脱硫装置(韩国专利第130410号、美国专利第5,660,616号)以及喷射起泡反应器(美国专利第4,368,060号)。
吸收塔中的化学反应较复杂,但是可以如下简单表示。
SO2(气态)+H2OH2SO3(液态)                    (1)
H2SO3(液态)H++HSO3 -                         (2)
O2(气态)+H2O→O2(液态)                        (3)
HSO3 -+O2(液态)→H++SO4 2-                     (4)
2H++SO4 2-+CaCO3+H2O→CaSO4·2H2O+CO2 ↑         (5)
CaSO4·2H2O(小)→CaSO4·2H2O(大)               (6)
上述反应式(1)和(2)为废气中的SO2被吸收到吸收液中的SO2吸收反应,是一种由吸收液的组成决定反应速度的可逆反应。因此,为使吸收液不携带SO2的分压力,作为氧化反应的反应式(4)的反应非常重要。氧化反应受废气中的SO2浓度、由废气中包含的氧产生的自然氧化率、气-液接触时间等多种因素的影响,通常将理论当量2~4倍的SO2注入吸收塔。
喷气式吸收塔中的气-液接触效率根据气喷射装置的形态和种类的不同而不同,以最小的压力损失获得最大的气-液接触效率是决定吸收塔性能的关键。喷气式吸收塔分成实际进行气-液接触的上部气泡层和下部的反应部。其中,预计在上部的气泡层中主要发生吸收废气中的SO2的反应式(1)、(2)和(4)的反应,在下部的反应部中主要发生气态的氧溶解成液态的反应式(3)和作为所生成的石膏结晶生长反应的反应式(6)。
在现有的气层多孔板形排烟脱硫装置和方法(韩国专利第130410号)以及用于废气处理的气-液接触装置(韩国专利第219718号)中,使用钻有多个喷气孔的单级气体分散板作为气-液接触装置。也就是说,通过导入到气体分散板下部的废气的压力在气体分散板的下部形成气层,在通过喷气孔喷出气体的同时在分散板的上部形成气泡层。由于该气泡层的形成,如果位于具有高势能的气体分散板上部的气-液混合物溢流过具有适当高度的溢流板并溢流到液体的下降部,则溢流板的内外产生液位差,通过将该液位差作为使位于气体分散板上部和下部的吸收液连续循环的推动力,从而即使没有其它的循环泵也可以通过液体上升管和液体下降管使位于气体分散板上部和下部的吸收液循环。
在该装置中,位于气体分散板上部的吸收液直接吸收SO2气体,溢流过溢流板通过液体下降管下降到分散板的下部,而且,通过气体分散板下部提供的氧化用空气和作为吸收剂的石灰石,恢复SO2吸收能力的浆体再次通过液体上升管提供到气体分散板的上部,从而可以连续地去除SO2。因此,位于气体分散板上下部的吸收液的循环量对于SO2去除率的影响非常大。然而,该方法存在的缺点是,由于通过溢流板内外吸收液的液位差使位于气体分散板上下部的吸收液实现循环,因此不得不限制循环量。
发明内容
因此,本发明是为解决上述问题而提出的,其目的是通过大幅度提高位于气体分散板上下部的吸收液的循环量,即使在pH值低和吸收塔ΔP(压差)低的情况下也可以获得较高的SO2去除率。
为了实现上述目的,可以将氧化用空气注入到吸收液浆体上升管的下部,通过吸收液浆体上升管使上升的气-液混合物的密度降低,将此密度差作为使位于气体分散板上下部的吸收液循环的推动力,以使循环量最大化。
在现有的气层多孔板型排烟脱硫装置和方法(韩国专利第130410号)中,只用溢流板内外吸收液浆体的液位差(密度差)使位于分散板上下部的浆体循环,而在本发明中,如果将氧化用空气提供给吸收液浆体上升管,则不需要设置其它的循环泵,由于提供给吸收液浆体上升管的氧化用空气的浮力和吸收液浆体上升管中气-液混合物的密度降低可以起到液压泵的作用,所以与现有技术相比,大量的吸收液浆体可以提供到气体分散板的上部,由此可以大幅度增加位于气体分散板上下部的吸收液浆体的循环量。
即使在不将氧化用空气注入到吸收液浆体上升管的下部的情况下,在装置的结构上,如果废气通过废气导入管导入气体分散板的下部,则在通过喷气孔喷射废气的同时可以在气体分散板上部形成气泡层,通过溢流板内外的吸收液浆体的液位差(密度差)可以使位于分散板上下部的吸收液浆体循环,而如果将氧化用空气注入到吸收液浆体上升管的下部,则可以大幅度增加吸收液浆体的循环量。
此外,可以通过吸收液浆体上升管注入在现有技术中注入到吸收塔下部的作为SO2吸收剂的石灰石浆体,将其直接提供到气体分散板的上部,以使吸收液浆体中的SO2分压最大限度地降低,从而即使在pH值低的情况下也可获得较高的SO2去除率。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供一种具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置,用于对从火力发电厂排出的废气中的硫氧化物进行湿式处理,以湿式排烟脱硫方法去除硫氧化物,其中,在所述装置的吸收塔的内部包括:钻有多个喷气孔的气体分散板,在所述气体分散板上设有将废气导入气体分散板下部的多个废气导入管,并且在所述气体分散板的周缘以适当的高度一体形成有溢流吸收液的溢流板;吸收液浆体上升管,与所述气体分散板的中心下部连接,将吸收液浆体从所述气体分散板的下部提供到上部;石灰石浆体供应管,与所述吸收液浆体上升管的中央部连接,将作为吸收剂的石灰石浆体直接提供给所述气体分散板上部的气泡层;氧化用空气注入管,与所述吸收液浆体上升管下部连接,注入氧化用空气并产生气泡。
本发明具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置与现有的气层多孔板形排烟脱硫装置和方法(韩国专利第130410号)存在较大区别,其中,位于气体分散板上、下部的吸收液浆体的循环不仅依靠溢流板内外的液位差(密度差),而且依靠由吸收液浆体上升管提供的氧化用空气。因此,由于吸收液浆体上升管可以使气-液混合物的密度降低而起到液体移送泵的作用,从而可以大幅度增加位于气体分散板上下部的吸收液浆体的循环量。
此外,作为吸收剂的石灰石浆体提供到吸收液浆体上升管的内部,石灰石浆体直接提供给分散板上部的气泡层,从而可以将位于分散板上部气泡层的吸收液浆体中的SO2分压基本维持为零,因此即使在低吸收塔压差(ΔP)和吸收塔的低pH值的情况下也可以获得较高的SO2去除率。而且,与现有吸收塔相比,石灰石的利用率大幅度提高。
另外,本发明可以根据应当处理的废气的流量来增减气体导入管的个数,从而可以非常容易地增大尺寸和缩小尺寸。
附图说明
图1是本发明具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置的吸收塔的示意性截面图,其中所示的是不工作的状态;
图2是沿图1的A-A线的横截面图;
图3是本发明具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置的吸收塔的示意性截面图,其中所示的是工作状态;
图4是图2所示气体分散板的另一个实施方式的横截面图;
图5是图2所示气体分散板的又一个实施方式的横截面图。
符号说明
100吸收塔              110废气        120废气导入管
121气体分散板          122喷气孔      123溢流板
124吸收液浆体上升管    125气层
130石灰石浆体供应管    140氧化用空气注入管
具体实施方式
以下,参照附图对本发明的实施方式进行详细说明。
图1是本发明具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置的吸收塔的示意性截面图,其中所示的是不工作状态;图2是沿图1的A-A线的横截面图;图3是本发明具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置的吸收塔的示意性截面图,其中所示的是工作状态。
图1是废气流入吸收塔100之前的状态,在气体分散板121的上部填充有预定高度的吸收液。
本发明的吸收塔100的内部包括:气体分散板121,钻有多个喷气孔122;多个废气导入管120,用于将废气导入到该气体分散板121的下部;溢流板123,以适当的高度设置在上述气体分散板121的周缘,用于吸收液的溢流。
此外,在上述气体分散板121的下部连接有吸收液浆体上升管124,用以通过其中心部将吸收液浆体从气体分散板121的下部提供给上部。
在上述吸收液浆体上升管124的下部设有氧化用空气注入管140,在吸收液浆体上升管124的中央部分别设有石灰石浆体供应管130,用以提供作为吸收剂的石灰石浆体。
虽然图中没有示出,但由于上述溢流板123的上端部形成有隔离预定间隔的多个V形槽,因此即使气泡层的高度变化吸收液浆体也可以流畅地溢流。
上述溢流板123在气体分散板121的下部延伸一定的长度,末端的长度越长就越有助于吸收液浆体的流畅循环,而在本发明中,对于这些长度没有特别的限制。
以下,参照图3对具有上述结构的本发明具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置的作用效果进行说明。
首先,在图1的吸收塔100中,在吸收液以预定水位充满气体分散板121上部的停止状态下,如果从设置在吸收液浆体上升管124下部的氧化用空气供应管140提供氧化用空气,则在吸收液浆体上升管124内部由于氧化用空气的提供而产生气泡,在所产生的气泡由于浮力而上升的同时形成气-液混合物。
上述气-液混合物由于密度减小而迅速上升同时将位于吸收塔下部的吸收液浆体提供到气体分散板121的上部。此时,如果含有硫氧化物的废气110被导入吸收塔100,则通过多个废气导入管120在气体分散板121下部形成气层125,并通过穿设于气体分散板121上的喷气孔122喷出高速的气体。
如果由于喷气孔122喷射气体而在气体分散板121上部形成气泡层,则废气中的硫氧化物被吸收到吸收液中并与氧化用空气中的氧产生反应形成硫酸,同时与提供到吸收液浆体上升管124中的石灰石浆体产生反应并析出石膏晶体。
此外,吸收液浆体上升管124中的气-液混合物的低密度和溢流板123内外的液位差(密度差)可以作为使位于气体分散板121上下部的吸收液浆体循环的推动力。因此,气泡层的吸收液浆体流向设置在气体分散板121末端的溢流板123,溢出溢流板123下降到吸收塔100的下部,由于所下降份量的吸收液浆体通过吸收液浆体上升管124继续上升,因此可以持续地去除SO2
本发明装置中的重要因素为喷气孔122的直径、喷气孔122的开口比、废气导入管120的直径、气体分散板121中废气导入管120所占的面积、废气导入管120和喷气孔122中废气的流速。为最大限度地增大气体分散板121上部的气泡层的气-液接触面积,优选地,以下述条件构成本发明的装置:
喷气孔的直径                             5~20mm
喷气孔的开口比                           0.2~0.8
废气导入管的直径                         200~500mm
废气导入管中废气的流速                   10~25m/s
气体分散板中废气导入管120所占的面积比    0.1~0.2
图4和图5所示的是不同于图2的气体分散板的横截面图,图4的结构为将吸收液浆体上升管124形成为横穿过吸收塔中央的矩形的结构,是为了容易适用于大容量的设备而进行变形的结构。此外,图5的结构为与图4相同地将吸收液浆体上升管124形成为横穿过吸收塔中央的矩形的同时还将吸收塔的整体形状形成为矩形的结构。

Claims (5)

1.一种具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置,对从火力发电厂排出的废气中的硫氧化物进行湿式处理,以湿式排烟脱硫方法去除硫氧化物,其特征在于,在所述装置的吸收塔的内部包括:
形成有多个喷气孔的气体分散板,在所述气体分散板中设有将废气导入所述气体分散板下部的多个废气导入管,并且在所述气体分散板的周缘以适当的高度一体形成有吸收液可溢流的溢流板;
吸收液浆体上升管,与所述气体分散板的中心下部连接,将吸收液浆体从所述气体分散板的下部提供到上部;
石灰石浆体供应管,与所述吸收液浆体上升管的中央部连接,将作为吸收剂的石灰石浆体直接提供给所述气体分散板上部的气泡层;
氧化用空气注入管,与所述吸收液浆体上升管下部连接,注入氧化用空气并产生气泡。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置,其特征在于,所述溢流板延长至所述气体分散板的下部。
3.根据权利要求1所述的具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置,其特征在于,所述喷气孔的直径为5~20mm,所述喷气孔的开口比为0.2~0.8,所述废气导入管的直径为200~500mm,所述废气导入管中的废气流速为10~25m/s,所述气体分散板中的废气导入管所占的面积比为0.1~0.2。
4.根据权利要求1所述的具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置,其特征在于,在所述溢流板的上端部以预定间隔形成有多个V形槽,以便即使气泡层的高度变化,所述吸收液浆体也可以流畅地溢流。
5.根据权利要求1所述的具有单级气体分散板的废气处理装置,其特征在于,所述气体分散板呈圆形或矩形,吸收液浆体上升管形成为与所述气体分散板的中央连接的圆形或者为横穿过吸收塔中央的矩形。
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