CN1949624A - Maximum power tracing method for solar power system and solar power device - Google Patents
Maximum power tracing method for solar power system and solar power device Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a maximum power tracking method for a solar energy power supply system and the solar energy power supply unit thereof, relating to solar power generation technical field. And the method tracks the maximum power of the solar energy system by dynamic balancing. According to the method, it adds in intelligent charging-discharing mechanism to form an intelligent coordination solar energy device, comprising at least a solar panel, super capacitor, DC/DC buck-boost converter, pulse width modulation driver, storage battery, logic controller and load; and the method is characterized in that an instant power type super capacitor is connected between the solar panel and the DC/DC buck-boost converter to act as an energy dynamic balancer; it converts the electric energy produced by the solar panel into capacitor type electric energy to make the maximum power calculation, able to largely simplify calculation program, improving tracking calculation real-timeness and reliability and raising solar energy system efficiency. And the invention can be widely applied to solar LED lamps, and solar energy lamps, especially solar energy street lamps, solar traffic signal lamps, solar energy engineering lamps, etc.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the maximum power tracing method of one one kinds of applied solar energys (photovoltaic) electricity generation system and implement the device of this method, belong to solar energy (photovoltaic) generating and super capacitor technical field.
Background technology
Solar energy is the most general and the energy energy miniaturization.To use viewpoint, solar energy has (1) safe and reliable, and noiselessness is pollution-free; (2) no CO2 isothermal chamber gas produces; (3) institute's energy requirement is available anywhere, and need not the consume fuel mechanical rotating part; (4) easy maintenance, long service life; Construction period is short, scale elasticity; (5) can unmannedly guard, also need not to erect power transmission lines; (6) energy cost from far-off regions is low; (7) convenience and advantages such as building combines.
Yet solar energy is a kind of renewable energy resources of imperfection, has different significantly along with electric power that sunshine, environment, angle produced with temperature.That is represent that solar energy is the mobility energy, the generation of each time point energy may be different, must be aided with maximum power tracing, just can obtain solar cell and change maximum electric energy.
It is linear that the voltage of solar panels and electric current are not, and belongs to the renewable energy resources of imperfection.In different atmospheric environments, the working curve of uniqueness can be arranged because of sunshine and temperature.As scheme shown in the l, variant voltage-current curve is arranged at strong sunshine, middle sunshine and weak sunshine.Power voltage figure with solar panels observes again, and as shown in Figure 2, each bar working curve all has a maximum power point, just obtains the place of solar panels ceiling capacity.See through various maximum power tracing technology, follow the trail of along with environment the different maximum power piezoelectric voltage current status of time point, and obtain its energy injected system fast.
The maximum power tracing method is to adopt to detect the solar panel power output in real time, predicts that by power algorithm astronomical phenomena maximum power is down exported instantly, thereby changes the requirement that current impedance situation satisfies maximum power.Many in recent years patents propose " photovoltaic power generation system " of the nineteen ninety-five " spy opens flat 7-129264 " of multiple maximum power tracing method such as Japan Patent, 08-04445 in 1996, " the maximum power system of solar cell is driven method " that 08-04446 " solar cell maximum power tracing control method " and calendar year 2001 spy open 2001-60119, United States Patent (USP) 1993 " 5268832 ", 1999 " 5869956 " number, the CN 1512286A " solar energy power source apparatus and maximum power point-tracing control method thereof " of Chinese patent Beijing in 2004 dynamic ring electrical equipment, the CN 1731651A of Tsing-Hua University " maximum power point tracing method that independent photovoltaic generating system is used " in 2006 and the CN 1797892A of the electrician of Chinese Academy of Sciences institute " a kind of solar energy power generating MPPT maximum power point tracking and control method " in 2006, Taiwan patent 1998 No. 00337886 " solar cell maximum power tracing device " etc.
Though above-mentioned known technology can be used as the solar maximum power Tracing Control, there are following defective and restriction:
(1) maximum power tracing of all known technologies all is to inspect sunny voltage and electric current that can system, through product or handle relatively power of calculation again, confirms that maximum power adjusts direction.It inspects with calculation program complexity time-consuming.The often difficult strain fully in real time of the quick variation of solar illuminance or temperature and system causes maximum power point erroneous judgement probability to increase, and influences solar system and obtains electric energy efficiency.
(2) solar illuminance or temperature may change between millisecond, and inspect and the calculation program of the maximum power tracing of known technology easily make the mistake, and the reduction system transfers the whole correctness of maximum power.
(3) in the known technology to inspect and calculate circuit too complicated, for external abominable operating environment, its accuracy is often not enough.
Because above-mentioned disappearance, must seek simpler, more real-time and solar maximum power Tracing Control technology accurately.
A good solar power system assessment is divided into three major parts: first partly is that " maximum power tracing " carried by above-mentioned institute, and second is " intelligent discharge mechanism " for " effectively charging method " with the 3rd partly.Above-mentioned patented technology can't be taken into account for the back both, though obtain considerable electric energy in being stored to storage battery and discharge driving loading process, loses huge electric energy.
Tradition solar energy " disturbance observation " maximum power tracing method, its structure as shown in Figure 3.Simple in structure and measurement parameters is less, be widely used in the solar maximum power system.Basic framework is the size that increases or reduce load 5 by periodic, with terminal voltage and tracking calculation 2 its power outputs that change solar panels 1.Observe relatively both difference, determine next cycle to increase again or minimizing load 5 sizes.If it is big that power output becomes, then load 5 is done the adjustment change of same trend; Otherwise power output diminishes, and then changes the load change direction at next cycle.Vibration disturbance so repeatedly with observe than than, but with the maximum power point of convergence solar cell.
There is following defective in the solar recharging mode of making a general survey of above-mentioned prior art:
(1) solar energy system charging modes generally takes to decide voltage or constant-current charge.Because storage battery (especially lead-acid battery) is chemical energy storage, for chemical reaction changes.Deciding voltage or constant-current charge meeting makes a large amount of wastes of electric energy and damages storage battery.Cross conference damage storage battery as constant-voltage charge at charging initial stage electric current, more constant-current charge then is used for brine electrolysis in charging charging current in latter stage and produces gas.
(2) senior solar energy system charging adopts multistage discharge and arteries and veins to fill the formula discharge, then need increase assembly and controlling mechanism, causes the solar energy system circuit more complicated.
And the solar energy discharge drives load, and following common lacking greatly then arranged:
(1) need be decided the load of electric current, and as solar LED street lamp, usually because of the change in voltage of storage battery, brightness is deepening gradually, can't obtain same brightness.
(2) need be decided the load of electric current, as solar LED street lamp, often are not at the brightest state because of battery tension makes in the design of LED street lamp.
(3) need be decided the load of voltage, and as solar energy machinery, usually because of the change in voltage of storage battery, solar energy machinery needs voltage stabilizing circuit.
(4) often storage battery still has electric power, often because of voltage is too low, can't drive load.
Summary of the invention
One of the object of the invention just provides a kind of maximum power tracing method of new-type solar energy system, and (the solar maximum power back tracking method that claims the observation of Peter energy perturbation again) can be used in all solar energy systems; Another object of the present invention provides a kind of intelligent electrochemical capacitance solar energy power source apparatus that utilizes above-mentioned method for tracing.
For reaching above-mentioned first purpose " the solar maximum power back tracking method of Peter energy perturbation observation ", can realize in the following manner:
One solar panels: be the solar units array
Power type super capacitor in a flash: be the electric energy storage temporary., under stable state, accept solar panels output electric energy and export electric energy in the dynamic equilibrium mode to the DC/DC transducer,
One DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer: can adjust the resistance of load and the output voltage of solar panels is changed.
One logic controller (microprocessor): produce the work period D value that width-modulation pulse removes to increase or reduce DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer.
One load: be LED lamp, various lamp or mechanical load.
The invention is characterized in: this method comprises the following steps:
Step 1: detecting electrochemical capacitance voltage Vc value:
If Vc value≤set point does not start the maximum power system;
If Vc value＞set point, then logic controller starts the maximum power system;
Step 2: set DC/DC transducer work period D1 value, measure new Vc value
Step 3: change DC/DC transducer work period D2 value by logic controller, to change load resistance.
Step 4: measure up-to-date Vc value again,
If up-to-date Vc value＞new Vc value is then adjusted DC/DC transducer work period D value, its change
Change trend direction is towards former change direction;
If up-to-date Vc value＜new Vc value is then adjusted DC/DC transducer work period D value, its change
Change trend direction is towards the anti-change direction;
If up-to-date Vc value=new Vc value is then kept DC/DC transducer work period D value;
Step 5: repeating step 4, until Vc value≤set point, close the maximum power system.
For reaching second purpose of the present invention " a kind of electrochemical capacitance solar energy equipment ", can see through following mode and realize:
One solar panels: be the solar units array;
Power type super capacitor in a flash: as electric energy storage temporary, holder and second accumulator;
One DC-DC (DC/DC) type of voltage step-up: adjust load resistance, adjust charging pulse;
One storage battery: first accumulator;
The one electrochemical capacitance detecting voltage device and first electronic switch: detecting voltage device and switch;
One logic control circuit: control solar panels, storage battery, DC-DC (DC/DC) type of voltage step-up and load;
One second electronic switch: electronic switch;
One electric current and voltage protective circuit: circuit protection;
One current sense device: load current detecting;
One load.
The present invention's intelligent " electrochemical capacitance solar energy equipment " is characterised in that: this method comprises following phases:
(1) the maximum power tracing stage, uses " the solar maximum power back tracking method of Peter energy perturbation observation ".
(2) charging stage, use three stage charging method.With the charging of pulse charging pattern, charge to more than the setting voltage when battery tension is low, solar panels charge to storage battery at the energy that is generated instantly totally, and the arrival charging later stage is filled full storage battery with the pulse charging pattern again.
(3) discharge regime adopts the intelligent adjustable pattern, by the decision discharge mode of logic control circuit, is decided voltage or is decided electric current or the discharge of alternate manner by the control of stream/direct current transducer.The output situation of the convertible battery of DC-DC converter.
Electrochemical capacitance is used at a lot of electron electric powers and is all played the part of the role who replaces battery, as standby memory of RTC and solar LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamp.The far low battery of electrochemical capacitance energy density was restricted in stored energy application in the past.And the electrochemical capacitance energy density promoted rapidly in recent years, and alternative battery everywhere as seen.The direct current electric power storage of solar energy system is all considered to insert electrochemical capacitance gradually, especially at maximum power point tracking.United States Patent (USP) more proposes tool efficient solar energy system maximum power for No. 2006/0312102 and charges to the electrochemical capacitance circuit, designs a circuit and can make maximum power tracing and decide power charging electrochemical capacitance.
Electrochemical capacitance generally is divided into two kinds on energy release type and instantaneous power type, and the former characteristic tends is to battery, based on storage power.Owing to be the physics energy storage, its useful life and reliability are more than the next height of the battery of chemical reaction.The latter then can provide great power based on moment, and property class is like capacitor, the power characteristic of tool instantaneous burst.The present invention is serially connected with between solar panels and DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer with instantaneous power type electrochemical capacitance, utilizes its low internal resistance, fast reaction characteristic, as the turnover of the energy under stable state situation accumulator.Construction is new-type, reach efficient solar maximum power method for tracing in real time.Utilize this maximum power tracing method to design a kind of intelligent cooperative type solar energy equipment system in addition.
Comprehensive its advantage of the invention described above is:
1. maximum power tracing method of the present invention has simply, real-time and efficient characteristic, and the solar energy system energy is obtained far above traditional maximum power tracing method.
2. maximum power tracing method of the present invention only needs detection threshold that electric current and calculation program need not arranged, and significantly improves solar energy system following response speed.
3. the charging of three stages is adopted in solar energy system charging of the present invention, and the useful life and the rechargeable energy loss of not only prolonging the K storage battery minimize.
4. solar energy system of the present invention discharge is intelligent adjustable mode, and the availability of solar energy system load is greatly improved, and promoting the solar energy system quality and avoiding the mistake of storage battery to put influences its life-span.
5. system component is all reusable in each operational phase, and circuit is simple and multi-functional.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is under the different intensity of sunshines, the electric current and voltage figure of solar panels;
Fig. 2 is under the different intensity of sunshines, the power output of solar panels and voltage pattern;
Fig. 3 is that the maximum power tracing method is observed in the disturbance of solar energy tradition;
Fig. 4 is a solar maximum power follow-up mechanism basic comprising block diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the flow chart of solar maximum power method for tracing of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the formation block diagram of an intelligent embodiment of solar energy power source apparatus of the present invention.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 4, the device basic comprising of the invention process " the solar maximum power back tracking method of Peter energy perturbation observation " comprising:
(1) solar panels 6: be the solar units array, according to its required output voltage and electric current connection in series-parallel, under various sunlight strengths, opto-electronic conversion becomes electric energy.
(2) instantaneous power type ultracapacitor 7: mean the capacitor of low internal resistance, high-capacitance, can be used as the electric energy storage temporary.In the dynamic equilibrium mode under stable state, accept solar panels output electric energy and output electric energy to the DC/DC transducer, instantaneous power type ultracapacitor may be the electrochemical capacitance, carbon material electrochemical capacitance, macromolecule electrochemical capacitance, hybrid-type electrochemical capacitance, alminium electrolytic condenser of metal oxide electrode or the capacitor of similar high-capacitance.
(3) logic controller (microprocessor) 9: produce the work period D value that width-modulation pulse removes to increase or reduce DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer.
(4) DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer 8: be a kind of boost converter, can adjust the resistance of load and the output voltage of solar panels is changed.The DC/DC transducer also may be step-down controller, type of voltage step-up or other similar DC/DC transducer.
Ultracapacitor 7 is inserted between solar panels 6 and the DC-DC converter 8, as Fig. 4, temporary container as energy (electric energy), electric energy is generated by solar panels 6, enter ultracapacitor 7, then export DC-DC converter 8, carry out the work period by logic controller 9 and adjust, enter storage battery 10 at last.It is zero that this turnover electric energy (steady state) visual ultracapacitor under stable state does not have clean electric energy, does not promptly have electric energy and accumulates in ultracapacitor, and the energy that solar panels produced all by flowing into DC-DC converter, presents the dynamic equilibrium situation.
Solar energy system energy (electric energy) W=P * t
P: power, t: time
∴W＝I×V×t
Remove time factor;
T=1sec is discussed with 1second
W=P=I * V then
Arbitrary moment, the energy of the energy=outflow electrochemical capacitance of inflow electrochemical capacitance, just solar panels flow into the energy that the energy of electrochemical capacitance should be an electrochemical capacitance inflow DC-DC converter.
The energy of the energy=inflow DC-DC converter of the energy=outflow electrochemical capacitance of energy=inflow electrochemical capacitance that solar panels produce
So solar maximum power back tracking method in the past need be detected the power that solar panels produce, existing energy or the power that also can detect electrochemical capacitance.
And the energy of electrochemical capacitance is relevant with its capacitance:
W＝1/2C×V
2
W: the energy of electrochemical capacitance, C: the capacitance of electrochemical capacitance, V is the voltage of electrochemical capacitance
The capacitance C value of electrochemical capacitance is a definite value, thus the energy of electrochemical capacitance can present by the voltage of electrochemical capacitance, as long as the i.e. electrochemical capacitance energy as can be known of the voltage that electrochemical capacitance arranged, the also power that produces of solar panels as can be known.So it is efficient that this law is only detected the simple justice of the voltage of electrochemical capacitance.Its operational flowchart as shown in Figure 5.
When the change of work period D value, and the voltage of electrochemical capacitance increases, i.e. the energy of solar panels generation is more than the energy that flows into transducer, and this moment, work period D value was carried out towards former change direction, otherwise, carry out towards opposite change direction.Vibration disturbance so repeatedly with observe than than, but with the maximum power point of convergence solar cell.
Referring to Fig. 5, method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
Step 1: detecting electrochemical capacitance voltage Vc value:
If Vc value≤set point does not start the maximum power system;
If Vc value＞set point, then logic controller starts the maximum power system.
Step 2: set DC/DC transducer work period D1 value, measure new Vc value.
Step 3: change DC/DC transducer work period D2 value by logic controller, to change load resistance.
Step 4: measure up-to-date Vc value again,
If up-to-date Vc value＞new Vc value, then adjust DC/DC transducer work period D value, its variation tendency direction is towards former change direction, that is: the D value as increase (D2＞D1), then next D3 then continue increase (D3＞D2) ", D3＞D2＞D1; The D value as reduce (D2＜D1), then next D3 then continue to reduce (D3＜D2) ", D1＞D2＞D3;
If up-to-date Vc value＜new Vc value is then adjusted DC/DC transducer work period D value, its variation tendency direction is towards the anti-change direction;
If up-to-date Vc value=new Vc value is then kept DC/DC transducer work period D value.
Step 5: repeating step 4, until Vc value≤set point, close the maximum power system.
Referring to Fig. 6, another intelligent " electrochemical capacitance solar energy equipment " execution mode of the present invention comprises:
One is connected the electrochemical capacitance detecting voltage device Vc and the first electronic switch SW1 between described solar panel 6 and the DC-DC converter 8;
One is connected the second electronic switch SW2 between described DC-DC converter 8 and the load 10;
One is connected the storage battery 3 between described second electronic switch SW2 and the ground connection;
One is connected the input of described load 10 and the electric current and voltage protective circuit 5 between the described logic controller 9;
One is connected the current sense device 4 between described load 10 and the described logic controller 9.
The workflow of this device is:
(1) adopts above-mentioned " the solar maximum power back tracking method of Peter energy perturbation observation ";
(2) adopt the syllogic mise-a-la-masse method:
Logic control circuit 9 determines charge mode according to the voltage condition of storage battery.Adjust current/voltage through DC-DC converter 8 and charge to storage battery 3.Native system with the charging of pulse charging pattern, charges to more than the setting voltage when the voltage of storage battery 3 hangs down, and solar panels 6 charge to storage battery 3 at the energy that is generated instantly totally, and the arrival charging later stage is filled full storage battery 3 with the pulse charging pattern again.This syllogic mise-a-la-masse method has efficient, quick and low-energy loss characteristic.
(3) intelligent adjustable discharge mode:
The discharge of this solar energy system is adjustable, by the decision discharge mode of logic control circuit 9, is decided voltage or is decided electric current or the discharge of alternate manner by 8 controls of stream/direct current transducer.DC-DC converter 8 convertible output situations, so that keep certain voltage output value when the voltage of storage battery 3 descends, but boosted output voltages value also strengthens the power that outputs to load 10.Native system load 10 can be LED lamp array, Lamp, mechanical device, watch-dog, Detecting device and signal communicator etc.
Load 10 is as then deciding Current Control brightness for LED lamp array, and the load 10 in the solar power supply system mostly is the lead-acid battery of 12V, the energy storage discharge.Can reach 16V when completely filling, the scope of application mostly is between 13.8～11V.By the storage battery driving LED, can cause the change of LED drive current because of the change in voltage of lead-acid battery, so the brightness meeting deepening gradually of LED lamp.This embodiment adopts the Current Control of deciding of intelligent type adjustable, can keep the brightness of LED street lamp certain.Current Control is decided in utilization to be made by LED serial electric current unanimity, can not make the street lamp deepening.
Some load then need be decided voltage, as mechanical device, watch-dog, Detecting device etc.Decide voltage and just can make the mechanically stable running.See through native system and can decide voltage discharge control and have more efficient, even can improve and output to the higher fixed voltage of load.
Native system is simple in structure but can integrate multinomial function, obtains the controlling mechanism of best solar energy system with minimum part.
Claims (11)
1. the maximum power tracing method of a solar power supply system is characterized in that: comprise step under the body:
(1) electric energy that produces with solar panel is the charging of turnover instantaneous power type ultracapacitor, and with the input of electrical energy transfer to DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer;
(2) adjusted the work period D value of DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer by logic controller: the energy that produces when solar panels is when flowing into the energy of transducer, and the voltage of ultracapacitor increases, and adjusts work period D value at this moment and carries out towards former change direction; Otherwise, carry out towards opposite change direction;
(3) repeat above-mentioned steps (2), vibrate so repeatedly disturbance and monitoring rate are adjusted it, get final product the maximum power point of convergence solar cell;
(4) electric energy through the conversion of DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer is a charge in batteries, and is electric.
2. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: also comprise:
For charge in batteries adopts three stage charge modes, that is: the initial stage is a pulse current charge, and be charging at full speed mid-term, and be pulse current charge latter stage; Its discharge mode can be done to decide electric current or decide the voltage discharge through described logic controller and DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer, so that keep certain voltage output value when the voltage of storage battery descends; But and the boosted output voltages value, make to output to the bearing power enhancing.
3. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the method for described logic controller Control work cycle D value comprises the following steps:
Step 1: detecting electrochemical capacitance voltage Vc value:
If Vc value≤set point does not start the maximum power system;
If Vc value＞set point, then logic controller starts the maximum power system;
Step 2: set DC/DC transducer work period D1 value, measure new Vc value;
Step 3: change DC/DC transducer work period D2 value by logic controller, to change load resistance;
Step 4: measure up-to-date Vc value again,
If up-to-date Vc value＞new Vc value is then adjusted DC/DC transducer work period D value, its variation tendency direction is towards former change direction;
If up-to-date Vc value＜new Vc value is then adjusted DC/DC transducer work period D value, its variation tendency direction is towards the anti-change direction.
If up-to-date Vc value=new Vc value is then kept DC/DC transducer work period D value;
Step 5: repeating step 4, until Vc value≤set point, close the maximum power system.
4. a solar energy power source apparatus of implementing the described method of claim 1 is characterized in that: comprise
One solar panels are luminous energy and electric energy transition components, and connection in series-parallel on demand forms;
The power type super capacitor is the accumulator of dynamic equilibrium in a flash, stores solar panels output energy and exports electric energy to DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer;
One DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer can be adjusted the output voltage and the energy of solar panels and ultracapacitor; Output at DC-DC converter is connected to load or storage battery;
One logic controller according to the variation of the output voltage of solar panels and ultracapacitor, increases or reduces the work period D value of DC-DC (DC/DC) transducer.
5. solar energy power source apparatus according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: described instantaneous power type ultracapacitor is the large value capacitor of low internal resistance or high power, and this capacitor is the aluminium electrolytic capacitor of super capacitor, metal oxide electric capacity, gold capacitor and the high capacitance of various high-energy-densities and high power density.
6. solar energy power source apparatus according to claim 4 is characterized in that: also comprise
One is connected the electrochemical capacitance detecting voltage device and first electronic switch between described solar panel and the DC-DC converter;
One is connected second electronic switch between described DC-DC converter and the load;
One is connected the storage battery between described second electronic switch and the ground connection;
One is connected the input of described load and the electric current and voltage protective circuit between the described logic controller;
One is connected the current sense device between described load and the described logic controller.
7. solar energy power source apparatus according to claim 4 is characterized in that: described storage battery comprises rechargeable batteries such as NI-G, ni-mh, lithium ion, lithium macromolecule, lead-acid battery.
8. solar energy power source apparatus according to claim 4 is characterized in that: described instantaneous power type ultracapacitor can be accumulated little electric energy under the low-light (level) at wet weather, winter, dusk in early morning, gain solar energy system photoelectric conversion rate.
9. solar energy power source apparatus according to claim 4 is characterized in that: described instantaneous power type ultracapacitor can be used as second accumulator when energy storage, to reduce the design capacity of storage battery.
10. solar energy power source apparatus according to claim 4 is characterized in that: described instantaneous power type ultracapacitor is when discharge, but the multiple-connected battery discharge, with enhanced discharge power.
11. solar energy power source apparatus according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: described instantaneous power type ultracapacitor is when discharge, if storage battery will reach saturated voltage, but when still solar energy converting being arranged, can serve as second accumulator by instantaneous power type ultracapacitor, bearing power is exported by it, without storage battery, lowers the energy loss of charging.
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