CN1929796A - 用于髋关节置换术的关节窝 - Google Patents

用于髋关节置换术的关节窝 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1929796A
CN1929796A CNA2004800385808A CN200480038580A CN1929796A CN 1929796 A CN1929796 A CN 1929796A CN A2004800385808 A CNA2004800385808 A CN A2004800385808A CN 200480038580 A CN200480038580 A CN 200480038580A CN 1929796 A CN1929796 A CN 1929796A
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China
Prior art keywords
mortar
lining
cavity
cover
glenoid fossa
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Granted
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CNA2004800385808A
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CN100542504C (zh
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马丁·伊姆霍夫
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Smith and Nephew Orthopaedics AG
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Plus Orthopedics AG
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    • A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
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    • A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于髋关节置换术的关节窝，它由一个可植入髋骨(10)的臼罩(18)和一个用于给关节头(16)提供支撑的臼衬(20)组成。臼罩(18)的内表面提供了圆锥形的调节空腔，把带有球形外表面的臼衬(20)放置其中。由此，臼衬(20)在臼罩的调节空腔内可以自锁方式在任意旋转位置和倾斜方向被嵌夹。

Description

用于髋关节置换术的关节窝
本发明涉及权利要求1前序描述的用于髋关节置换术的关节窝。
在全髋关节置换术中，一个带有关节头的假体被置入股骨中。在髋骨中植入一个关节窝，作为关节头的支撑罩。已经知道的是，关节窝是由臼罩和臼衬组成的。只有臼罩以最合适状态植入髋骨中，那么臼衬才能作为关节头的嵌入位置发挥有效的作用。在此，臼罩的制造和在髋骨中的植入，都需要考虑尽可能稳固牢靠的把臼罩嵌入在髋骨中。臼衬可以在臼罩内进行调整方向，使得植入病人股骨的假体的关节头尽可能与正确的矫形位置相适应。
从EP 0663193 A1中得知一种关节窝，其中的臼衬有一个球形的外表面，带有这种球形外表面的臼衬被置入一个球形调节空腔-有相同球半径-臼罩中。因此，在臼衬植入臼罩内时，臼衬就可以沿转轴做任何方向的运动，借助这个转轴还可以任意在调节空腔内倾侧(屈旋)。当然，首先要做到的是臼罩在髋骨内与相应的髋骨结构的固定。臼衬可相应的对股骨中植入的假体矫形位置进行调整。为了把臼衬在臼罩内的位置固定住，臼罩空腔的球形内表面呈向外突出的齿状，这样可以有效的和臼衬的外表面嵌接。因为这些齿状面必须压合到臼衬的外表面中，这就对臼衬材质选择提出要求。而臼衬在被压入到臼罩内的齿状时，也会使臼衬精确置入产生一定困难。
本发明的目的是，得到一种使用于髋关节置换术的关节窝，它容许臼衬在臼罩内可以高精确度的自由调整以及感觉更加灵敏。
本发明中，这一目的是由具有权利要求1中特征的关节窝来实现。
本发明的有益实施例在下面的论述中将予以介绍。
本发明中，这种关节窝有具有圆形的外表面臼衬，可以在臼罩内做自由的旋转和倾侧运动。而臼罩是依照相应的解剖学和髋骨的结构被植入的，这样可得到最佳的内生长。当植入的假体在股骨中获得最佳的整形位置时，臼衬在臼罩内可以旋转运动并且其转轴对于臼罩的转轴可以倾侧运动，使得臼衬的转轴可以与假体股骨颈轴相对准。臼衬的球形外表面沿着一条圆周线接触调节空腔的内表面，该圆周线与调节空腔的转轴同心。基于这种线型的触碰，臼衬可以在调节空腔内进行容易的转动和倾侧，使得臼衬在其位置调整到最佳的方向。当把臼衬调整到最佳位置，只需要轻微的压力，就可以把臼衬压入收缩变窄的调节空腔内，这样臼衬在调节空腔内以自锁方式被嵌夹。通过这种自锁嵌夹可以使臼衬在臼罩内被固定住，并具有高度的稳定性。关节的受力也产生额外挤压臼衬到臼罩的作用，这样还额外的加强了对臼罩的固定。
因为对调整到最佳位置的臼衬的固定只是通过简单的挤压置入调节空腔内的，所以这种固定作用具有推广简便性，不要求额外的器械或者固定材料。自锁嵌夹还适用于在调节空腔内，臼衬做微小距离的移动，这样当臼衬调整时，对臼衬的固定上就不会出现意外的失调。
在已置入的假体上，假体股骨颈可以在一些不利的情况下靠着关节窝的边缘固定住(所谓的撞击)。通过这种方式使得假体在关节窝上施加了杠杆作用。在传统的关节窝部件，臼衬固定在臼罩中的是通过互锁固定，使得杠杆力作用可以使整体关节窝从髋骨中被支起或者在髋骨中至少松动。与此相对照，本发明中，因为臼衬只是被压入臼罩的调节空腔，而臼罩是固定的，所以杠杆作用对本发明的关节窝只起到臼罩内臼衬移动的作用。接着，当关节受到正常的承载力时，臼衬又被压入调节空腔内并且重新被嵌夹和固定。
在一个最佳实施例中，在臼罩调节空腔的内表面，至少在接触线的范围里，是向着调节空腔中心点呈收缩状的锥形。因此，容易制造。圆锥形的面额外保证了有效的自锁嵌夹。锥角，就是在锥体中轴和锥体侧面线之间的夹角，根据成对的臼衬和臼罩的材料的选择的自锁角。一般来说，这个锥角的角度按照不同的材料大约在4°-10°。
为了使臼衬在臼罩中是想有效的嵌夹，臼衬和臼罩需要用质地很硬的材料制造。尤其是臼罩需要用具有生物兼容性的材料制造，例如钛合金。臼衬可选用与臼罩和关节头相应的滑动特性材料，例如某种金属或陶瓷材料或者人工合成材料。
下面将更进一步借助于附图中给出的实施例阐述此项发明，其中：
图1全髋关节置换；和
图2对假体关节窝做的一个轴向剖面。
全髋关节置换由一个植入髋骨10的关节窝和一个置入股骨中的假体12组成。假体12带有关节头16的股骨颈14，这个关节头将被置入关节窝中。
在图2中，显示关节窝由一个臼罩18和一个臼衬20组成。臼罩18用已知的方法置入到髋骨10中。为此，臼罩(18)利用旋转螺纹固定在髋臼10。臼罩(18)可以是螺纹式臼窝，外表面带螺纹；可是压入式臼窝，其外部面形成合适的结构(22)，如图2中所示；或者是可二次手术的臼窝，如同在EP 0663193 A1中所描述的一样。
基本上半球形的臼罩18有一个调节空腔24，它在半球面是开放的。臼罩的调节空腔24对应于臼罩18的中轴26是对称旋转的。臼罩的调节空腔24具有直圆锥的内表面28，该直圆锥自位于半球面的开口到臼罩18的中心点逐渐变窄。在调节空间24的底面30的中心区域逐渐拉平。圆锥形内表面28的锥角，也就是在转轴26和内表面28边之间的夹角，是按照配对的臼罩18和臼衬20材料的情况来选定，使得产生自锁的效果。首先这个角度在最好在4°至10°之间。在金属材质的臼罩18的情况下，例如对于金属材质的臼衬20，出现自锁的锥角大约为4.5°，对于陶瓷材质的臼衬20，出现自锁的锥角大约为9.5°。
臼衬20也同样被做成大致的半圆形。臼衬(20)的外表面(32)至少在臼衬20外表面32与调节空腔24的内表面28接触的范围内为球形，它处。外表面32的直径在接触线(34)处对应于内表面28的直径，它从半球的出口面起在一定距离内(大约5毫米至15毫米)在调节空腔24内与旋转轴26同心地延伸。
臼衬20有一个凹入的球形支撑面36，是用于调节和给关节头16提供支撑。球形外表面32和球形支撑面36都是与臼衬20的转轴38对称旋转的。
当臼罩18置入髋骨中10，如图1所示，臼罩18在髋骨中10的置放要符合解剖学和髋骨结构特征。然后臼衬20才可容易地置入臼罩18的调节空腔24内。臼衬20的外表面32沿着接触线34与调节空腔24的圆锥形内表面接触。这样臼衬20就可以沿着转轴38做任何方向的运动，而臼衬20的转轴38对应臼罩18的转轴26可任意倾斜。
假体12在钉入股骨40的骨髓腔后，假体12还需要非常细微的根据其旋转位置与股骨的股结构进行调整。这样，与关节头16连接的股骨颈14的位置和方向才可以在股骨中确定下来。然后，关节头16可以置入臼衬20的置入面36，带有假体12的股骨40也调到理想的矫形位置。臼衬20可以对应着这个位置调整方向。当臼衬20被调整好方向后，臼衬20才可以轴向压入调节空腔24中，使得然后它在这个调较位置被自锁方式嵌夹。
附图标记列表
10  髋骨
12  假体
14  股骨颈
16  关节头
18  臼罩
20  臼衬
22  组合结构
24  调节空腔
26  臼罩中轴
28  内表面
30  中心区底面
32  外表面
34  接触线
36  球形支撑面
38  臼衬转轴
40  股骨

Claims (4)

1.一种用于髋关节置换术的关节窝，带有一个可植入髋骨中的臼罩(18)和一个用于给关节头(16)提供支撑的臼衬(20)，臼衬(20)的球形外表面(32)置入臼罩(18)的臼罩(18)的调节空腔中(24)，
其特征是，在对于调节空腔(24)的转轴(26)同心的接触线(34)上，臼衬(20)的外表面(32)接触调节空腔(24)的内表面(28)；调节空腔(24)的内表面(28)在接触线(34)的范围内向着调节空腔(24)的中心点收缩，使得在这个范围内曲率半径始终大于臼衬(20)外表面(32)的球形半径；臼衬(20)在调节空腔(24)内可以自锁方式嵌夹。
2.根据权利要求1所述的关节窝，其特征是，调节空腔(24)的内表面(28)在接触线(34)的范围内是圆锥形状(曲率半径无限)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的关节窝，其特征是，调节空腔(24)的圆锥形收缩的内表面(28)的锥角是根据配对的臼罩(18)和臼衬(20)材料的自锁角。
4.根据权利要求3所述的关节窝，其特征是，圆锥形内表面(28)的锥角的角度介于4°至10°之间。
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