CN1846802A - 用于人工呼吸的加湿器系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于加热和加湿呼吸气体的加湿器系统,其包括具有内腔的壳体、在第一端部处用于连接到呼吸机呼吸回路的第一端口和在第二端部处用于连接到病人以将呼吸气体供应到病人并从病人接收呼出气体的第二端口。热湿交换(HME)材料主体位于所述腔内,且透水设备也位于所述腔内。壳体具有与透水设备连通的补水入口。壳体外部的供水设备连接到补水入口以将水供应到透水设备。安装在壳体外部的加热器将热量供应到壳体并将壳体维持在选定的温度。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于为需要人工呼吸支持的病人加湿和加热呼吸气体的加湿器系统。
背景技术
当人正常呼吸时,其上气道的粘膜可以将吸入的气体在该气体进入肺部之前加热和加湿到体温(约37℃)和100%相对湿度。当病人处于机械呼吸状态下时,其上气道由于人工气道(诸如气管插管或气管造口术)被绕过。因为来自机械呼吸机的气体通常较干冷,所以为了不损失身体的热量和水分,病人需要在气体进入其肺部之前将吸入的气体加热和加湿。
传统地,有两种技术来帮助病人实现将来自机械呼吸机的吸入气体加热和加湿的目的。其中之一是使用称作主动式加热加湿器的设备。此种设备的一个示例是由新西兰的公司Fisher&Paykel开发和制造的加热加湿器。此设备包括加热器、由加热器加热的水腔、有时还包括放置在机械呼吸机的呼吸回路中的加热导线。来自机械呼吸机的干冷气体在进入病人的肺部之前将首先流经水腔,并通过接触水腔中的热水被加热和加湿。在一些情况下,为了避免水冷凝在长的呼吸回路中,将加热导线放置在呼吸回路中以维持稳定的高温。
另一种传统技术是使用被动式热湿交换器或吸湿冷凝加湿器(HME)。一种这样的HME由Hudson RCI有限公司(特曼库拉,美国加利福尼亚州)制造。此HME由塑料壳体和放置在壳体内部的HME材料制成。HME材料通常由吸湿泡沫或纸张制成,其通常也可以用盐处理过。当HME放置在人工气道的出口端时,在病人呼气时其将从呼出的气体中留存热量和水分。在下一次吸气中,来自机械呼吸机的干冷气体将由在前一次呼吸中留存在HME中的热量和水分来加热和加湿。
从病人的生理学角度看,主动式加热加湿器提供较好的加热和加湿能力。但是使用这种加湿器非常麻烦,其需要以特别方式组装呼吸回路。其也具有较低的功率效率,因为热量通过与室内空气进行热交换的呼吸回路而被浪费。在呼吸回路中加热导线的使用也可能带来电气事故和火灾的安全问题。在另一方面,被动式HME非常方便使用并从电气事故和火灾角度看不会带来任何安全问题。HME的限制在于其不充分的加热和加湿能力。但是为了在37℃达到100%的相对湿度,吸入气体需要包含44mg/L的水分,而HME通常仅能提供30mg/L。因此,HME由于其不充分的能力,不能在长期的机械呼吸中使用。
为了避免主动式加热加湿器和被动式HME的缺点,一些发明人已经构思了将被动式HME与主动式加热加湿元件组合的设计方案。一些组合的HME和主动式加热加湿器非常复杂并具有大量部件,导致高成本。这意味着它们不能以一次性方式使用,且重复使用产生交叉感染的危险。
在一些组合设计方案中,HME材料、加热元件和蒸水元件全部容纳在壳体内。蒸水元件连接到外部水管以补充水。加热元件连接到外部电源。全部这些设计方案具有电气事故和火灾的危险。如果由于控制错误或者空水管而加热元件被过度加热,则壳体中的加热元件可能使得壳体中的材料燃烧。这是很危险的,尤其是如果病人正在使用高浓度的氧气。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种新的改良的加湿器系统,以对提供给正在进行人工呼吸的病人的气体进行加湿和加温。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种用于加热和加湿呼吸气体的加湿器装置,其包括具有内腔的壳体,所述壳体具有用于连接到呼吸机输出的入口和用于连接到病人以将呼吸气体供应到病人的出口,所述腔包含热湿交换(HME)材料和透水元件,所述壳体具有与透水材料连通的补水入口,所述装置还包括在壳体外部并连接到补水入口以将水供应到透水元件的供水设备和在壳体外部用于加热壳体并将壳体维持在预定温度的加热元件。
在本发明的示例性实施例中,加热元件绕壳体可拆卸安装,且可以是具有通过铰链沿着一个纵向边缘连接在一起的两个半圆筒形的半部的合瓣式设计。两个半部以自由的纵向边缘通过可松开锁扣固定在一起的方式绕壳体外部闭合在一起。以此布置,由于加热元件完全在壳体外部且不会接触壳体内任何潜在的污染物,所以加热元件可以重复使用,而壳体和容纳物可以在每次使用后丢弃并更换。
热湿交换(HME)材料可以是纸张或吸湿材料,并可以用诸如氯化钙之类的盐预处理。此材料用于在呼吸回路的呼气部分期间从病人呼出的气体中留存热量和水分。留存的热量和水分将在下一次吸气状态期间被从呼吸机进入的干冷气体获取。加热元件帮助减少热湿留存材料的热损失。
在本发明的一个示例中,壳体是细长的并具有沿其长度延伸的热湿留存材料的主体,同时透水元件包括沿着主体的长度的至少一部分绕热湿留存材料以螺旋方式缠绕的线件或细长构件。线件可以包括一束多孔纤维或可以输送水且具有可渗透水的壁的一束管。壁可由诸如Nafion的通过化学反应将水输送通过膜或壁的材料制成。纤维或管连接到壳体外部的供水设备或补水系统。当进入的干燥气体经过或沿着透水线件时,气体将通过渗透膜或管壁将水分从线件吸走。接着补水系统将通过重力自动地为管补充水。
虽然在示例性实施例中透水元件是细长的或线状的构件,但是其可以是其他形状或可以是具有内部中空或空腔的平面构件。热湿留存(HME)材料可以是通常用于被动式热湿交换器(HME)或吸湿冷凝加湿器的任何类型的材料(例如用诸如钙盐或锂盐之类的盐处理过的吸湿泡沫、纸张),或其他热湿交换材料。透水元件可以沿着热湿留存材料延伸腔的整个长度,或可以仅延伸壳体的长度的一部分直到出口而留下壳体的在呼吸机或入口侧上的部分仅包含热湿交换材料。透水元件或线件可以延伸超过热湿留存材料的在壳体的病人端处的端部。
可以控制加热元件以将壳体加热到预定温度,该预定温度可以是固定温度或可以是由用户可调节的。在本发明的示例性实施例中,控制温度传感器或温度计放置在壳体的外表面上,以用于监测温度。控制温度计具有连接到控制系统的输出,所述控制系统用于基于所期望的温度水平来调节加热器功率输出。与控制温度计间隔的第二温度计可以用于监测实际温度,且可以设置所监测的温度的输出显示屏。
此发明的加湿系统将被动式热湿交换器和主动式加热加湿器或透水元件一起组合在壳体内的单个腔中,加热元件放置在壳体外部。透水元件将主动地增加经过其渗透膜的呼吸气体的湿度,同时呼吸气体将从被动式HME主体吸收水分和热量。通过将加热元件放置在壳体外部而不是内部,降低了过度加热、火灾和电气事故的危险。温度控制系统将避免可能潜在地引起气道灼伤的过度加热和可能引起体温过低的加热不足。因为加热元件在壳体外部,而不是在交叉感染或污染成为担心的壳体内部,所以加热元件可以制成重复使用部件。仅有的一次性部件是壳体和其容纳物,使得该设备对一次性使用较便宜。
透水元件包括绕热湿交换元件缠绕的线件或细长构件,从而减少了加湿器壳体中死腔的量。这减少了留存在加湿器中的呼出气体中的将被病人再次吸入的二氧化碳的量,从而降低了病人血液中碳酸盐过高(hypercarbonate)和酸中毒的危险。
此布置提供了在单个、紧凑壳体中具有被动式HME主体的组合的主动式加湿元件,该壳体可以便宜地制造为一次性部件供一个病人使用。同时,加热器在壳体外部且由于加热器未受到潜在的交叉感染或污染,加热器可以重复使用以节省成本。
附图说明
通过结合附图,从本发明示例性实施例的以下详细说明中,将能更好地理解本发明,附图中相似标号表示相似部件,其中:
图1是根据本发明示例性实施例的加湿器系统的示意图;
图2是其外部加热器处于打开位置的加湿器的局部剖开的透视图;
图3是加湿器设备的水平剖视图;
图4是与加湿器壳体分离的外部加热器的透视图,加热器处于打开位置;且
图5是形成加湿器一部分的透水线件的一部分的透视图。
具体实施方式
图1图示了根据本发明示例性实施例的加湿器系统。而图2至5图示了图1的加湿器设备10的细节。该系统基本上包括适于串联连接在呼吸机与病人之间的加湿器设备10、连接到加湿器设备的温度控制和电力供应设备12、和连接到加湿器设备并具有补水管路30的供水设备14。
加湿器设备在图2和3中更详细地图示,并包括细长壳体16,细长壳体16在一个端部处具有用于连接到呼吸机呼吸回路的连接器端口18,并在相反端部处具有连接到病人的第二连接器端口20。壳体可由塑料或导热塑料制成。一段柔性管21将连接器端口20连接到壳体,用于当病人移动他或她的头部时或当医护人员进行气道护理时减小加湿器系统与病人之间的拉力。如图2和3所最佳地图示的,在壳体中的加湿器腔22包含热湿交换(HME)材料的主体24和细长的、线状的透水构件25绕主体24的外部以螺旋方式缠绕。构件25的一个端部延伸进在壳体上的连接器端口26中以连接到补水管路30。
如图3所最佳地图示的,HME材料主体24具有与第一连接器端口18相邻的并基本填充加湿器腔22的大直径部分28,和从部分28延伸到腔22的端部的小直径部分29。透水构件或线件25从与HME主体的大直径部分和小直径部分之间的接合部相邻的端口26绕小直径部分29一直缠绕到部分29的端部。在此实施例中的透水构件沿着腔22长度的约三分之二延伸到腔的病人端。这样留下了在呼吸机侧上的腔的长度的三分之一仅填充有HME材料。如图2所示,透水构件或线件可以延伸越过主体24的端部。线件25的一个端部在连接器端口26处经由补水管路30连接到供水设备14。
如图2至4所最佳地图示的,合瓣式设计的加热器32绕壳体可松开地固定以完全包围壳体并延伸加湿器腔22的整个长度。由于加热器在壳体16的外部并与壳体16分离,所以在壳体内没有电流。图4中加热器32示出与加湿器壳体分离。加热器32具有两个部分即圆筒形加热元件34和外部绝热盖35。为了减少散发到周围室内空气的热损失并防止灼伤病人或医护人员,绝热盖35保护并包围加热元件34。
加热元件可以是电加热元件、微波加热器、或任何其他类型的热发生器。加热元件和外部盖件形成为通过铰链36沿着一个纵向边缘连接在一起的两个半圆筒形的半部。铰链可以是实体铰链或可以是由加热元件和/或盖件材料较薄部分形成的功能性铰链。加热器的两个半部可以以自由的纵向边缘通过可松开的锁扣38固定在一起的方式绕壳体的外部闭合在一起,该锁扣可以是任何传统的设计。外部外壳与加热器元件的半部相对的纵向边缘具有用于绕进水口或连接器端口26装配的匹配凹口或凹槽40。
如图2所示,加热元件34在加湿器的病人侧上以短于绝缘盖35的第一端部而终止。如图3和4最佳地示出的,在与加热元件34间隔的位置处,第一温度传感器或温度计42安装在加热器的外部盖件或外壳35的与第一端部相邻的内表面上。传感器定位为使得当加热器绕壳体固定时,传感器将接触壳体16的外表面并且传感器将监测下游壳体温度。一个或多个附加的温度传感器44可以放置在加热元件34的第一温度传感器上游的内表面上以监测加热器。一个或多个传感器被用于监测温度并将反馈提供到单元12的温度控制系统。
线缆45将加热器和温度传感器连接到控制输出到加热器元件的电力供应并监控温度的控制单元12。显示屏46指示由温度传感器42(监测温度计)检测的实际温度。控制旋钮48设置在单元12上供用户来更改温度设置。为了实现用户选定的壳体温度,控制单元12也布置为基于由传感器42和44检测的温度以实时方式控制输出到加热器的电力。如果检测到的实际温度过高,则将控制电力供应以减小加热器的功率输出。如果温度变得过低,输出到加热器的电力供应将增加直到实现所期望的温度。这种布置提供了壳体16中温度的主动伺服控制,其提供了更稳定的温度。这降低了过度加热和潜在的气道灼伤、或者可以导致体温过低的加热不足的危险。
HME材料可以是纸张、泡沫、或能留存水分和热量的任何其他材料。HME材料的主体可以是足够多孔的,以允许气体流经该材料,使得水分和热量可从该材料中被吸收到吸入的呼吸气体中,且该材料可以从病人呼出的气体中吸收热量和水分。
细长的透水元件或线件25由透水材料制成,并可以包括一束其内部中空的多股纤维,例如由日本三菱人造纤维有限责任公司(MitsubishiRayon Co.Ltd)制造的STERAPORE中空纤维。可选地,如图5所示,透水元件25可以包括具有由渗透膜制成的管壁52的多个中空管50。管如图5所示编织在一起以形成可以绕腔22的内壁或绕HME元件24的外部缠绕的线件或单个细长构件25。管50可以是诸如由美国新泽西州的汤姆斯河的PermaPure LLP制造的Nafion管之类的任何类型的输水管。Nafion管通过水与Nafion材料的化学反应将水输送通过膜或管壁。在重力作用下,管50将被来自供水设备14的水填充。通过重力自动为管补充水可以避免主动式补水系统发生的水分过多的现象。为了检测到空的补水管路,可以在补水管路30中设置可选的水滴传感器,且对系统操作员提供需要更换或补充水瓶或供水设备14的警报。
虽然在图示实施例中透水元件绕HME材料主体的外部缠绕在HME材料与壳体的内壁之间,但是在其他实施例中其可以不同地定位。例如,其可以位于HME材料的主体的病人端与连接到病人的连接器20之间的空间中。
当此发明的加湿器系统组装为如图1所示并串联连接在呼吸机呼吸回路与病人之间,且病人吸气时,来自呼吸机的干冷气体将经由端口18进入加湿器腔22,并接着经由连接器端口20进入病人呼吸系统。进入腔22的干冷气体将首先吸回留存在HME材料24中的热量和水分。干冷气体将被附装到壳体16并包围壳体16的加热器32进一步加热。经过透水管50的干燥气体将通过渗透膜吸收水分,且补水系统通过重力自动地将水补充到管中。这样,呼吸机气体将在其到达病人的肺部之前被加热和加湿。
当病人呼气时,呼出的气体将经由连接器端口20进入加湿器腔,经过透水线件或管50并通过HME元件,然后经由端口18通过呼吸机呼吸回路的呼气分支排出到室内空气中。在呼出的气体中的热量和水分将留存在热湿交换材料24中,并接着将在下一次吸气中被从呼吸机进入的干冷气体吸回。
加湿器系统也可以在合适位置处具有可选的气体取样端口,以用于连接到呼吸气体监测器来监测病人吸入或呼出气体中的气体浓度。
加湿器壳体和容纳物、端口18、20和柔性管21可以制为一次性使用部件,而其他全部部件可重复使用。这是可行的,因为加热器32在壳体外部且完全不与病人呼出的气体接触的可拆卸安装。如果透水线件或管50的渗透膜不允许微生物通过该膜,则水瓶和补水瓶也可以重复使用。不允许微生物通过的合适的膜材料的示例是Nafion。因为在此系统中仅有的一次性部件是HME元件、透水线件和壳体(其可以由塑料材料制成),所以可以便宜地制造该加湿器设备。加热器元件完全在壳体外部的布置降低了过度加热和火灾的危险,也消除了加热器元件被呼吸气体的污染或交叉污染的危险。
透水元件与HME材料定位在相同腔中将减少在加湿器中可以集存二氧化碳的死腔,从而减少了被病人再呼吸的二氧化碳。这反过来将降低病人血液中碳酸盐过高和酸中毒的危险。通过如图5所示编织在一起的多个细中空管而形成的透水元件,在透水元件与呼吸气体之间的接触区域将比包括简单的扁平膜等的透水元件增加。
如果温度维持在较高水平,则热湿交换材料、或可以留存水分和热量并将留存的水分和热量释放到通过其的气体的材料可以表现最有效的性能。在此发明的加湿器中的外部加热器被控制以维持壳体中的最佳温度并降低过度加热或加热不足的危险。
虽然以上仅通过示例已经描述了本发明的示例性实施例,但是本领域的技术人员应该理解的是可以在不脱离由所附权利要求界定的本发明的范围的情况下对所公开的实施例进行各种修改。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于加热和加湿呼吸气体的加湿器系统,包括:
壳体,所述壳体具有为呼吸气体界定了流动路径的相对的第一和第二端部以及在所述端部之间的腔、在所述第一端部处用于连接到呼吸机呼吸回路的第一端口和在所述第二端部处用于连接到病人以将呼吸气体供应到病人并从病人接收呼出气体的的第二端口;
在所述腔内的热湿交换(HME)材料的主体,所述HME材料包括可以留存水分和热量的材料;
在所述腔内的透水设备,所述壳体具有与所述透水设备连通的补水入口;
在所述壳体外部的供水设备,所述供水设备连接到所述补水入口以将水供应到所述透水设备;和
加热器,所述加热器安装在所述壳体外部,以用于加热所述壳体并将所述壳体维持在预定的温度。
2.如权利要求1所述系统,其中所述加热器绕所述壳体可拆卸地安装。
3.如权利要求2所述系统,其中所述加热器具有绕所述壳体紧密装配的圆筒形状和预定尺寸,并包括具有第一和第二对配合的纵向边缘的第一和第二半圆筒形半部,所述半部沿着一对纵向边缘铰接在一起并在所述第二对纵向边缘上具有可松开的锁紧机构,以用于将所述半部在绕所述壳体的闭合位置上可松开地固定在一起。
4.如权利要求3所述系统,其中所述加热器还包括延伸超过所述加热元件的每个所述半部的外部绝热盖。
5.如权利要求1所述系统,其中所述壳体是细长的,且所述HME材料的主体沿着所述腔的长度的至少主要部分延伸并基本填充所述腔,从而流经所述腔的呼吸气体接触所述材料。
6.如权利要求5所述系统,其中所述透水设备是细长的并沿着所述HME材料主体的长度的至少一部分以螺旋方式绕所述热湿留存材料缠绕,从而呼吸气体接触所述透水设备。
7.如权利要求6所述系统,其中所述透水设备包括缠绕在一起以形成细长的编织构件的多个管,每个所述管具有透水的管壁。
8.如权利要求7所述系统,其中所述每个管壁是由通过化学反应将水传输通过所述壁的材料制成。
9.如权利要求1所述系统,其中所述供水设备位于所述壳体上方,以用于通过重力将水供应到所述透水设备。
10.如权利要求1所述系统,包括用于检测所述壳体的温度的至少一个温度传感器,和连接到所述温度传感器和所述加热器的控制单元,所述控制单元用于控制所述加热器输出以将所述壳体维持在选定的温度。
11.如权利要求10所述系统,其中所述温度传感器安装在所述壳体外部。
12.如权利要求11所述系统,其中所述温度传感器安装在所述加热器的内壁上,从而所述传感器接触所述壳体的外表面。
13.如权利要求4所述系统,其中所述绝热盖比所述加热元件长且每个所述加热元件具有端部,所述端部最接近所述壳体的所述第二端部并以短于所述绝热盖的对应端部而终止,以留出所述盖的突出端部分,且温度传感器安装在所述绝热盖的突出端部分的内表面上,从而当所述加热器处于绕所述壳体的闭合位置时,所述温度传感器将接触所述壳体的外表面,且控制单元连接到所述温度传感器和所述加热器,用于控制所述加热器输出以将所述壳体维持在选定的温度。
14.如权利要求13所述系统,包括在所述加热元件的内表面上与所述第一温度传感器间隔的附加温度传感器,所述附加温度传感器连接到所述控制单元,且所述温度传感器的输出都被用来监测壳体温度和控制加热器输出。
15.如权利要求1所述系统,其中所述HME材料主体沿着所述腔的长度的至少主要部分从所述第一端部延伸,且所述透水设备沿着所述HME材料主体的所述长度一部分延伸到所述壳体的所述第二端部。
16.如权利要求1所述系统,其中所述透水设备在所述壳体的病人端处延伸超过所述HME主体的端部。
17.一种加湿器装置,包括:
壳体,所述壳体具有相对的第一和第二端部、在所述壳体的所述第一端部处的第一端口和在所述壳体的所述第二端部处的第二端口以及在所述壳体中与所述第一和第二端口连通的腔;
在所述腔内的热湿交换材料,所述热湿交换材料用于与流经所述端口之间的所述腔的呼吸气体接触;
在所述腔内的透水设备,所述透水设备用于增加所述呼吸气体的湿度,所述透水设备的至少一部分位于所述腔的与所述热湿交换材料相同的区域中;
所述壳体具有连接到所述透水设备的供水端口,以用于供应来自外部供水设备的水来补充所述透水设备;和
加热器,所述加热器安装在所述壳体外部并包围所述腔。
18.如权利要求17所述装置,其中所述热湿交换材料包括基本圆筒形材料主体,且所述透水设备包括绕所述圆筒形主体的至少一部分缠绕的细长构件。
19.如权利要求18所述装置,其中所述细长构件包括缠绕在一起的多个中空管,每个所述管具有由透水材料制成的管壁。
20.如权利要求17所述装置,其中所述加热器绕所述壳体可拆卸地安装。
21.如权利要求17所述装置,包括用于检测所述壳体的温度的温度传感器,和连接到所述加热器和所述温度传感器的控制单元,所述控制单元用于控制所述加热器来将所述壳体加热到预定温度。
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-
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- 2005-11-24 JP JP2005339509A patent/JP2006167447A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-12 EP EP05027081A patent/EP1671668A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-15 CN CN200510131868.6A patent/CN1846802A/zh active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1671668A1 (en) | 2006-06-21 |
US7428902B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 |
US20060124127A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
JP2006167447A (ja) | 2006-06-29 |
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