CN1842822A - 在频域对胶片颗粒图案进行建模的方法和设备 - Google Patents

在频域对胶片颗粒图案进行建模的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN1842822A
CN1842822A CNA200480024480XA CN200480024480A CN1842822A CN 1842822 A CN1842822 A CN 1842822A CN A200480024480X A CNA200480024480X A CN A200480024480XA CN 200480024480 A CN200480024480 A CN 200480024480A CN 1842822 A CN1842822 A CN 1842822A
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克里斯蒂娜·戈米拉
吉恩·拉什
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Abstract

通过估计定义了2D带通滤波器的截止频率,能够在频域对胶片颗粒图案进行建模。根据ITU-T H.264 1 MPEG-4 AVC标准,可以在SEI消息中传递所述胶片颗粒参数,以便在解码器处能够进行胶片颗粒重新插入。

Description

在频域对胶片颗粒图案进行建模的方法和设备
本申请基于35U.S.C.119(e),要求2003年8月29日提交的美国临时专利申请60/498,945的优先权,其教益在此一并作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在频域对胶片颗粒图案进行建模的技术。
背景技术
电影胶片通常包括源自摄影胶片的曝光和显影工艺的信号相关噪声,经常将其称作胶片颗粒。这种噪声产生了由于摄影感光乳剂的物理粒度引起的特征准随机图案或纹理。或者,作为图像的后续编辑的结果,会出现信号相关噪声。出于视频压缩的目的,可以仿真该颗粒图案。
ITU-T H.264 1 MPEG-4 AVC视频压缩标准已经在其“FidelityRange Extensions Amendment”中接受了胶片颗粒SEI(补充增强信息)消息的内容。胶片颗粒SEI消息传递了允许在接收机处进行胶片颗粒仿真的一系列参数。对于ITU-T H.264 1 MPEG-4 AVC压缩标准,可以根据两种不同模型来指定SEI消息中的参数:自动回归模型和频率滤波模型。对于不同的亮度电平,这两种模型通过不同的参数集合,表示出胶片颗粒图案(尺寸和形状)、强度和颜色相关特征。具体地,频率滤波模型通过指定在频域中定义2D带通滤波器的截止频率集合,表示出胶片颗粒图案的特征。注意,ITU-T H.264 1 MPEG-4 AVC只标准化了传输截止频率所需的语法,但没有提供用于针对具有胶片颗粒的视频序列来计算截止频率的方法。
因此,存在对于以下技术的需要:如ITU-T H.264 1 MPEG-4 AVC压缩标准中的频域滤波模型所指定的,允许在频域对胶片颗粒图案进行自动建模。可以将该技术的成果用于自动胶片颗粒建模应用,或作为初始化步骤用于胶片颗粒辅助建模处理。
发明内容
简要地,根据优选实施例,提供了一种用于在频域中对胶片颗粒图案进行建模(即,表示其特征)的方法。该方法包括步骤(1)将作为处理的输入接收到的同类胶片颗粒采样集合变换到频域,从而产生一组具有特定图案的变换系数;(2)分析由变换系数创建的图案;以及(3)通过对随机噪声进行滤波,估计2D频率滤波器的截止频率,所述截止频率能够有效地仿真变换系数的图案。根据ITU-T H.264 1MPEG-4 AVC标准,可以在SEI消息中传递利用该方法建立的截止频率,以便在解码器处能够进行胶片颗粒仿真和重新插入。
附图说明
图1以流程图形式示出了根据本原理用于表示胶片颗粒图案的方法的步骤;以及
图2以流程图形式示出了图1中胶片颗粒特征化方法的变体。
具体实施方式
图1以流程图形式示出了根据本原理的方法的步骤,用于当接收到表示同类胶片颗粒图案的一系列胶片颗粒采样时,在频域对胶片颗粒图案进行建模。如随后更详细的描述,本原理的方法通过分析形成颗粒的结构的尺寸和形状,对输入采样的图案进行参数化。由于根据胶片曝光能够不同地形成颗粒,这些同类胶片颗粒采样通常与在胶片图像上测量的相似亮度数值相关联。处理输入处的胶片颗粒采样可以是保留有关胶片颗粒尺寸和形状的信息的任意组(或多组)相邻像素。在演示的实施例中,为了简化,假设以N×N像素的方形块排列胶片颗粒采样,其中基于N×N像素的方形块的DCT来实现特定变换,尽管例如快速傅立叶变换的其它变换也能够同样地适用。
本原理的方法假设根据以下关系对出现在Igrain[x,y,c]中的胶片颗粒进行建模:
Igrain[x,y,c]=Iwithout grain[x,y,c]+G[x,y,c]   (1)
其中G[x,y,c]表示对于颜色分量c,像素坐标(x,y)处仿真的颗粒。将G[x,y,c]计算为:
G[x,y,c]=p*Q[x,y,c]+u*G[x,y,c-1]       (2)
其中参数p是随机噪声的标准差,参数u对不同颜色分量之间的颜色互相关进行建模。更具体地,项Q[c]包括通过对N×M随机值的块b进行滤波所产生的二维随机场,利用归一化高斯分布N(0,1)产生所述块b。在特定的实施例中,可以在频域中通过以下三个步骤来执行对块b的带通滤波:
步骤1:变换
B=DCT_N×M(b)
步骤2:频率滤波
for(y=0;y<N;y++)
     for(x=0;x<M;x++)
        if((x<LOW_HF && y<LOW_VF)||
            x>HIGH_HF||y>HIGH_VF)
B[x,y]=0;
其中,LOW_HF和LOW_VF分别是低水平和垂直截止频率,HIGH_HF和HIGH_VF分别是高水平和垂直截止频率。当在频域中映射胶片颗粒图像时,截止频率定义了所保留和所滤除的系数之间的边界,并用于表示颗粒的尺寸特征。
步骤3:逆变换
b’=IDCT_N×M(B)
最后,通过将已滤波块b’结合到合成图像中来形成Q[c]。块转变的低通滤波会减小可能的“块状性(blockiness)”。尽管M和N可以取任意值,实际中16×16、8×8或4×4的方形块最为适用。还应注意,在步骤1和3中,例如快速傅立叶变换(FFT)的其它变换可以代替DCT处理。
通过这些原理,对胶片颗粒图案进行建模等效于提取在频域中表示带通滤波器的特征的截止频率LOW_HF、LOW_VF、HIGH_HF和HIGH_VF。
当执行步骤101时,开始本方法的原理,其中对每一个N×N像素的块进行离散余弦变换,随后在步骤102期间,存储结果的N×N系数阵列。在步骤103期间,进行检查,以确定是否存在对于具有胶片颗粒采样的更多块的需要,以便得到更多系数用于存储。通常,对输入处可用的所有胶片颗粒采样块进行变换。然而,为了减小存储器需要或计算载荷,可以在已经对一定数目的块进行变换之后停止处理。在存储了足够数目的已变换块之后,进行步骤104,其中通过对来自所存储的所有块的系数进行平均来计算均值块(Bmean)。设K是所存储的块的数目,如下公式进行位置[x,y]处用于系数的平均处理:
B mean [ x , y ] = 1 K Σ i = 0 K - 1 B i [ x , y ] · · · ( 3 )
接下来,通常并行进行步骤105和106。在步骤105期间,通过根据以下关系对Bmean每一行的N个频率系数进行平均,计算水平均值向量BH
B H [ y ] = 1 N Σ n = 0 N - 1 B mean [ n , y ] · · · ( 4 )
在特定实施例中,当按照以下关系对第一行进行平均时,可以避免DC系数的影响:
B H [ 0 ] = 1 N - 1 Σ n = 0 N - 1 B mean [ n , 0 ]
在步骤106期间,通过根据以下关系对Bmean每一列的N个频率系数进行平均,计算垂直均值向量:
B V [ x ] = 1 N Σ n = 0 N - 1 B mean [ x , n ] · · · ( 5 )
在特定实施例中,当按照以下关系对第一列进行平均时,可以避免DC系数的影响:
B V [ 0 ] = 1 N - 1 Σ n = 0 N - 1 B mean [ 0 , n ]
根据频率矢量,在步骤107和108期间分别选择水平和垂直截止频率,以估计胶片颗粒尺寸。如图1所示,步骤107和108通常并行进行。按照以下方式在步骤107期间进行水平截止频率选择。首先,对水平均值矢量中的分量进行低通滤波以避免伪波峰。在演示的实施例中,通过根据以下关系对均值矢量与冲激响应h[n]进行卷积来进行水平均值矢量的这种低通滤波:
B ′ H [ n ] = Σ i = 1 n B H [ i ] h [ n - i ] = ( B H * h ) [ n ] · · · ( 6 )
例如,可以根据以下关系将具有系数w0、w1和w2的3抽头线性滤波器应用于每一个系数:
B’H[n]=w0·BH[n-1]+w1·BH[n]+w2·BH[n+1],0≤n≤N-1    (7)
可以观察到,为了对于均值矢量B的边缘应用滤波,有必要填充(pad)原始均值矢量,以便针对n<0和n>1来定义采样。
接下来,通过根据以下关系对其分量进行平均来计算B’H的平均值:
B ′ H ‾ = 1 N Σ n = 0 N - 1 B ′ H [ n ] · · · ( 8 )
之后,将矢量B’H表示为曲线,并计算具有平均值
Figure A20048002448000083
的交叉点。如果得到单个交叉点,则选择B’H中最接近的分量的指数n作为水平高截止频率的数值;假设水平低截止频率是0。如果得到两个交叉点,针对每一个交叉点得到最接近分量的指数。最低的数值与低水平截止频率相对应,而最高的数值与高水平截止频率相对应。如果得到多于两个交叉点,检测到无空间相关。假设水平低截止频率是0,并且假设水平高截止频率是N-1,这指示了需要无频率滤波的胶片颗粒仿真函数来模仿原始颗粒。
在步骤108期间,进行与所述用于选择水平截止频率相同的过程,以便利用垂直频率矢量Bv来选择垂直截止频率。在完成步骤107和108时,图1的方法产生了表示颗粒的尺寸和伸长特征的四个截止频率(LOW_HF、LOW_VF、HIGH_HF和HIGH_VF)。当LOW_HF≠LOW_VF和/或HIGH_HF≠HIGH_VF时出现伸长的颗粒。
图2示出了一种可选的颗粒建模方法,其中可以将颗粒限制为圆形。这暗示水平和垂直截止频率保持相同。图2的方法包括与图1的方法相同的多个步骤。因此,在图2中使用与图1中相似的参考数字来描述相似步骤。图2的方法与图1的方法的不同之处在于,在图2的步骤109期间对垂直和水平频率矢量(BH和Bv)进行平均,以便创建单个频率矢量(B)。然后,与在图1的步骤107和108中执行的相同,在图2的步骤107和108期间执行相同的过程,以估计低和高截止频率。
以上描述了一种用于在频域对胶片颗粒图案进行建模的技术。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于自动地对胶片颗粒图案进行建模的方法,包括步骤:
将胶片颗粒采样集合变换到频域;
存储通过这种变换获得的每一个系数集合,所述系数形成了图案;
分析由变换系数创建的图案;以及
通过在频域对随机噪声进行滤波,估计能够有效地仿真变换系数的图案的2D带通滤波器的截止频率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括步骤:在补充增强信息消息中传输至少一个截止频率。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中以N×N的像素块来处理所述胶片颗粒采样。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述分析由变换系数创建的图案的步骤还包括步骤:
通过对来自所存储的所有块的变换系数进行平均,计算N×N变换系数的均值块;
通过分别沿每一个已变换块的行和列对N×N系数的均值块进行平均,定义N个分量中每一个的水平和垂直均值矢量;
将所述水平和垂直均值矢量表示为分离的曲线;以及
根据由水平和垂直均值矢量表示的曲线,分别产生水平和垂直截止频率。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,还包括步骤:对至少一个均值矢量进行低通滤波。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中根据表示均值矢量的曲线中的交叉点来产生至少一个截止频率。
7.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中根据表示均值矢量的曲线中的第一和第二交叉点来产生低和高截止频率中的每一个。
8.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述分析由变换系数创建的图案的步骤还包括步骤:
通过对来自所存储的所有块的变换系数进行平均,计算N×N变换系数的均值块;
通过分别沿每一个已变换块的行和列对N×N变换系数的均值块进行平均,定义N个分量中每一个的水平和垂直均值矢量;
将所述水平和垂直均值矢量平均为单个均值矢量;
将所述均值矢量表示为曲线;以及
根据由均值矢量表示的曲线来产生水平和垂直截止频率。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,还包括步骤:对所述均值矢量进行低通滤波。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中根据表示均值矢量的曲线中的交叉点来产生至少一个截止频率。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中根据表示均值矢量的曲线中的第一和第二交叉点来产生低和高截止频率中的每一个。
12.一种用于自动地对胶片颗粒图案进行建模的方法,包括步骤:
接收胶片颗粒采样集合
对胶片颗粒采样集合执行到频域的变换;
存储通过这种变换获得的每一个系数集合,所述系数形成了图案;
分析由变换系数创建的图案;以及
通过在频域对随机噪声进行滤波,估计能够有效地仿真变换系数的图案的2D带通滤波器的截止频率。
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BRPI0413904A (pt) 2006-10-24
MXPA06002339A (es) 2006-05-19
KR20060121832A (ko) 2006-11-29
WO2005027045A1 (en) 2005-03-24
CA2537000A1 (en) 2005-03-24
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RU2006110037A (ru) 2007-10-20
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AU2004273405B2 (en) 2009-12-17
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US7738721B2 (en) 2010-06-15
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CA2537000C (en) 2011-11-15
ATE381076T1 (de) 2007-12-15
CN100389437C (zh) 2008-05-21
HK1094071A1 (en) 2007-03-16
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