CN1837361A - Preparation and application of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane - Google Patents
Preparation and application of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane Download PDFInfo
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- CN1837361A CN1837361A CNA2006100426851A CN200610042685A CN1837361A CN 1837361 A CN1837361 A CN 1837361A CN A2006100426851 A CNA2006100426851 A CN A2006100426851A CN 200610042685 A CN200610042685 A CN 200610042685A CN 1837361 A CN1837361 A CN 1837361A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Abstract
The invention discloses a biological active carrier preparation and appliance of carbon fiber composite polyurethane, which is characterized by the following: basing on adding modified active carbon fiber and microbe culture medium in the polyurethane foam foaming course; integrating super strong adsorbability and biological affinity to be easy fixed and increasing and metabolism for microbe on the carrier; improving the moulding of superior microbe group; shortening the fixing and exercising period.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the technology of field of waste water treatment, relate to a kind of carrier of immobilized microorganism water treatment---bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane, also relate to the preparation and the application of this carrier simultaneously.
Background technology
In recent years, immobilized microorganism technique has obtained very fast development at aspects such as wastewater treatments, and fixation support plays keying action in its development.Current fixation support is at aspects or not enough in a certain respect such as biocompatibility, stability, mechanical property, treatment effects, restricted the development of immobilized microorganism technique, therefore the more excellent fixed microorganism carrier of exploitation has become one of immobilized microorganism wastewater treatment sixty-four dollar question.
Polyurethane foam carrier is because machine-shaping is simple, being used for fixing microorganism and bioenvironmental engineering thereof, but exist biocompatibility, adsorptivity poor, the immobilization cycle is grown and the facile hydrolysis problem, has limited large-scale application to a certain extent.
Carbon material and microorganism have good consistency, and granular carbon is used to the processing of organic wastewater with difficult degradation thereby as fixed microorganism carrier, stop up, easily run off and cause drawback such as secondary pollution but exist easily.U.S. Pat 4983299 and Chinese patent CN1105649A are filled in urethane foam with the one-component activity charcoal powder and have prepared gac composite polyurethane foam microorganisms fixation support, substantially got rid of the drawback of granular carbon as fixed microorganism carrier, but its bioaffinity is relatively poor, be unfavorable for microbial immobilization and domestication process, simultaneously, the gac that is filled in urethane foam does not improve its chemical structure, so that the degradation with aging that has carrier long-play process in high concentrated organic wastewater, and still having gac to run off in the long-time operation process, everything all can influence the wastewater treatment efficiency of gained immobilized microorganism.
Activated carbon fiber (ACF) is the new and effective sorbing material that grows up 1970's end.Compare with traditional sorbing materials such as granular activated charcoal; specific surface area is big, micropore is abundant, pore size distribution is narrow, adsorptive capacity is big; adsorption rate is fast, and acidproof, alkaline-resisting, high temperature resistant and chemical stability that ACF has is widely used in every field such as environment protection, chemical industry.Aspect environment protection, ACF has goodish detergent power to airborne organic gas, inorganic acidity, alkaline gas and ozone etc.; To the organic substance in waste water absorption, drink water purification and also present distinctive high efficiency.Compare gac, being used for fixing of activated carbon fiber microorganism effect has more superiority.But do not see relevant activated carbon fiber so far as yet and directly strengthen the research report that polyurethane foam carrier and immobilized microorganism thereof are used for wastewater treatment process as microbial fixed carrier and activated carbon fiber.
Summary of the invention
It is composite modified to traditional polyurethane foam carrier to the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of efficient adsorptivity of activated carbon fiber and enhancement utilized, and adds microbiological culture media to improve the bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane of its biocompatibility in carbon fiber composite polyurethane foam carrier preparation process;
Another object of the present invention provides a kind of method for preparing bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane;
A further object of the invention, i.e. the application of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane in wastewater treatment.
A kind of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane is modified activated carbon fiber and microbiological culture media evenly to be filled in the polyurethane foam be prepared from.
The content of described modified activated carbon fiber is 3～5% of polyurethane foam raw material weight; The content of described microbiological culture media is 1～1.5% of polyurethane foam raw material weight.
Described microbiological culture media is made up of following raw materials by weight percent: flour 55～65%, and blood meal 25～30%, bone meal 10～15% mixes.
Described modified activated carbon fiber is the 2～5mm palpus shape carbon fiber that soaks through salpeter solution.
A kind of preparation method of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane may further comprise the steps:
1. the preparation of microbiological culture media: the flour that drying is crossed, blood meal, bone meal are with flour 55～65%, blood meal 25～30%, the weight ratio of bone meal 10～15% is mixed, sieve, below the granularity control 0.1mm, be beneficial to dispersion and the minimizing substratum of substratum in polyether glycol and in the polyurethane foam process, produce detrimentally affect;
2. the surface modification of activated carbon fiber: activated carbon fiber is machined to 2～5mm short hairs shape, and after in 60～68% salpeter solution, soaking 2～4h, is washed till neutrality, oven dry with distilled water;
3. the preparation of carbon fiber composite bio-active functional polyurethane carrier: earlier by weight 70～75 parts polyethers 330 microbiological culture media with 1.0～2.0 parts is mixed, must component 1 in 20～24 ℃ of following mechanical stirring 5～10 minutes; , stir and got component 2 in 3～5 minutes 25～30 parts of tolylene diisocyanates, 2.0～5.0 parts of mixing of modified activated carbon fiber with weight ratio part; With weight ratio part with 0.3～0.5 part of silicone oil, 0.5～1.5 part in water, 0.15～0.25 part of whipping agent, 0.2～0.3 part of mixing of catalyzer, stir component 3;
4. said components 1, component 2, component 3 mixed, high-speed stirring to foaming back stopped to stir in 5～15 seconds, at room temperature foamed again 25～35 minutes, then promptly 55～65 ℃ of following slakings 1.5～2.5 hours.
The whiteruss that also can add 2.0～3.0 parts in described component 3 is as pore-creating agent.
Described catalyzer is stannous octoate and triethylene diamine, the mass ratio of the two 1: 1～1: 2.
Described whipping agent is a methylene dichloride.
Described pore-creating agent is a whiteruss.
Bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane is applied in the wastewater treatment of immobilized microorganism.
The technology of utilizing bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane to carry out sewage disposal may further comprise the steps:
1. the fixedly domestication of microorganism: in aeration reactor, the carbon fiber composite bio-active urethane carrier that adds reactor volume 30%, the trade effluent of feeding pH=7～8 soaked the carrier in the reactor, added the microbe inoculation flora, carried out immobilized reactant under the vexed condition of exposing to the sun; Changed an amount of waste water in the reactor every 24 hours, and suitably replenish the microbe inoculation flora and tame health, when the load of microorganisms amount reached 20～35g/L, the fixedly domestication of microorganism was finished;
2. sewage disposal: the domestication liquid in the venting reactor, feed waste water to be processed, carry out aeration biochemical and handled 4～8 hours, measure treatment effect.
The present invention compares in prior art and has the following advantages:
During being used for fixing of novel active bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane microorganism that the present invention proposes, microbiological culture media is evenly dispersed in the carbon fiber composite polyurethane foam.In the microbiological culture media by flour, blood meal, bone meal mixed preparing, flour provides carbon source, blood meal to provide nitrogenous source, bone meal that the phosphorus source is provided, and meets the nutritional need of microorganism substantially.Each nutritive ingredient is then because of the immobilization role of carrier slowly-releasing progressively, for immobilization and the microorganism at domestication initial stage provide the sufficient nutrition source, help metabolism and the propagation of microorganism.Simultaneously, activated carbon fiber by chemical conversion treatment has a large amount of reactive functional groups, it is in compound with the original position of polyurethane foam, hydroxylly can form cross-linked network with the isocyanic ester radical reaction of polyurethane foam raw material, not only played chemical enhancement but also stable foam and microvoid structure was provided, and made the gained complex carrier present good shock strength, stability and longer work-ing life; Give bigger specific surface of gained complex carrier and superpower adsorptive power, strengthened it the microbial immobilization effect.Therefore, gained novel active bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane of the present invention has immobilization and characteristics such as domestication speed is fast, the load of microorganisms amount is big, long service life.Gained immobilized microorganism sewage disposal technology can be used for the advanced treatment of sanitary sewage, the field of environment engineering such as biochemical treatment of high concentrated organic wastewater, and present start fast, impact resistance is good, processing efficiency is high.
Embodiment
The preparation of embodiment 1, bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane
1. the preparation of microbiological culture media: the flour that drying is crossed, blood meal, bone meal is with flour 55%, blood meal 30%, and the weight ratio of bone meal 15% is mixed, and sieves, below the granularity control 0.1mm;
2. the surface modification of activated carbon fiber: activated carbon fiber is machined to 2～5mm short hairs shape, and after in 60～68% salpeter solution, soaking 2h, is washed till neutrality, oven dry with distilled water;
3. the preparation of carbon fiber composite bio-active functional polyurethane carrier: earlier by weight 70 parts polyethers 330 microbiological culture media with 2.0 parts is mixed, must component 1 in 20～24 ℃ of following mechanical stirring 5～10 minutes; , stir and got component 2 in 3～5 minutes 30 parts of tolylene diisocyanates, 2.0 parts of mixing of modified activated carbon fiber with weight ratio part; With weight ratio part with 0.4 part of silicone oil, 1.0 parts in water, 0.20 part, 2.0 parts whiterusss of methylene dichloride, 1 part of stannous octoate, 1 part of mixing of triethylene diamine, stir component 3;
4. said components 1, component 2, component 3 mixing, high-speed stirring were stopped to foaming stirring in back 15 seconds, at room temperature foamed again 25 minutes, 65 ℃ of following slakings 1.5 hours, cut into bulk (5 * 5 * 5mm) then then.
The preparation of embodiment 2, bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane:
1. the preparation of microbiological culture media: the flour that drying is crossed, blood meal, bone meal is with flour 65%, blood meal 25%, and the weight ratio of bone meal 10% is mixed, and sieves, below the granularity control 0.1mm;
2. the surface modification of activated carbon fiber: activated carbon fiber is machined to 2～5mm short hairs shape, and after in 60～68% salpeter solution, soaking 3h, is washed till neutrality, oven dry with distilled water;
3. the preparation of carbon fiber composite bio-active functional polyurethane carrier: earlier by weight 75 parts polyethers 330 microbiological culture media with 1.0 parts is mixed, must component 1 in 20～24 ℃ of following mechanical stirring 5～10 minutes; , stir and got component 2 in 3～5 minutes 25 parts of tolylene diisocyanates, 5.0 parts of mixing of modified activated carbon fiber with weight ratio part; With weight ratio part with 0.3 part of silicone oil, 1.5 parts in water, 0.15 part, 3.0 parts whiterusss of methylene dichloride, 1 part of stannous octoate, 2 parts of mixing of triethylene diamine, stir component 3;
4. said components 1, component 2, component 3 mixing, high-speed stirring were stopped to foaming stirring in back 5 seconds, at room temperature foamed again 35 minutes, 55 ℃ of following slakings 2.5 hours, cut into bulk then then.
The preparation of embodiment 3, bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane
1. the preparation of microbiological culture media: the flour that drying is crossed, blood meal, bone meal is with flour 60%, blood meal 28%, and the weight ratio of bone meal 12% is mixed, and sieves, below the granularity control 0.1mm;
2. the surface modification of activated carbon fiber: activated carbon fiber is machined to 2～5mm short hairs shape, and after in 60～68% salpeter solution, soaking 3h, is washed till neutrality, oven dry with distilled water;
3. the preparation of carbon fiber composite bio-active functional polyurethane carrier: earlier by weight 70～75 parts polyethers 330 microbiological culture media with 1.5 parts is mixed, must component 1 in 20～24 ℃ of following mechanical stirring 5～10 minutes; , stir and got component 2 in 3～5 minutes 28 parts of tolylene diisocyanates, 3.5 parts of mixing of modified activated carbon fiber with weight ratio part; With weight ratio part with 0.5 part of silicone oil, 0.5 part in water, 0.25 part, 2.5 parts whiterusss of methylene dichloride, 1 part of stannous octoate, 1.5 parts of mixing of triethylene diamine, stir component 3;
4. said components 1, component 2, component 3 mixing, high-speed stirring were stopped to foaming stirring in back 10 seconds, at room temperature foamed again 30 minutes, 60 ℃ of following slakings 2 hours, cut into bulk then then.
Embodiment 4, bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane are used for the processing of dyeing waste water, its technology is: in aeration reactor, add the complex carrier that occupies reactor 30% volume, the trade effluent of feeding pH=7～8 soaked the carrier in the reactor, add microbe inoculation flora such as B350, B500 etc. again, under the vexed condition of exposing to the sun, carry out immobilized reactant by strong adsorptivity and valence link bonded synergy.Rose in second day and change every 24 hours that waste water enters the domestication health stage in certain measuring tank, between the domestication preserving period, can suitably add the special microorganism flora,, get foam carrier every day to guarantee special microorganism group, the pinch spalling fixation of microbe, survey its volatile organic matter amount, and calculate the corresponding microorganism charge capacity, after the load of microorganisms amount reaches 20-35g/L, (be generally 15-20 days), can think and the end of domestication stage can begin to carry out sewage disposal.Bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane constitutes immobilized microorganism acidication one aerobic series connection Sewage treatment systems after finishing the domestication health.When carrying out wastewater treatment running of certain printing and dyeing mill, the domestication liquid in the venting reactor feeds waste water to be processed, carries out the aeration biochemical processing.For containing a large amount of polyvinyl alcohol COD is that 1227mg/L, SS are the desized wastewater of 400mg/L, the acidication reaction stops 8-10h, the COD clearance can reach 40%, the SS clearance is 50%, after the hydrolysis reactor water outlet enters aerobic reactor process 6-8h processing, water outlet COD is that 30mg/L, SS are 50mg/L, the COD clearance amount to can reach 98%, SS is 87.5%, last water outlet reaches national grade one discharge standard fully.
Embodiment 5, bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane are used to handle the urban domestic wastewater, its technology is: in aeration reactor, add the complex carrier that occupies reactor 30% volume, the trade effluent of feeding pH=7～8 soaked the carrier in the reactor, the active sludge that adds nitrification tank again carries out immobilized reactant by strong adsorptivity and valence link bonded synergy under the vexed condition of exposing to the sun.Rose in second day and change every 24 hours that waste water enters the domestication health stage in certain measuring tank, between the domestication preserving period, can suitably add the special microorganism flora,, get foam carrier every day to guarantee special microorganism group, the pinch spalling fixation of microbe, survey its volatile organic matter amount, and calculate the corresponding microorganism charge capacity, after the load of microorganisms amount reaches 20-35g/L, (be generally 15-20 days), can think and the end of domestication stage can begin to carry out sewage disposal.Domestication liquid in the venting reactor, progressively feeding COD is 400mg/L, NH
4 +-N is 45mg/L, the SS campus sewage waste water to be processed by 200mg/L and pH=7-8, carries out aeration biochemical and handles.After the biochemical treatment in 4-6 hour of sewage process, water outlet COD≤50.0mg/L, NH
4 +-N≤1.0mg/L, SS≤30.0mg/L can reach the reuse water standard through filtration and sterilization process again.
Claims (10)
1, a kind of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane is modified activated carbon fiber and microbiological culture media evenly to be filled in the polyurethane foam be prepared from.
2, bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the content of described modified activated carbon fiber is 3～5% of polyurethane foam raw material weight; The content of described microbiological culture media is 1～1.5% of polyurethane foam raw material weight.
3, bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described microbiological culture media is made up of following raw materials by weight percent: flour 55～65%, blood meal 25～30%, bone meal 10～15%.
4, bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described modified activated carbon fiber must the shape carbon fiber for the 2～5mm that soaks through salpeter solution.
5, a kind of preparation method of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane may further comprise the steps:
1. the preparation of microbiological culture media: the flour that drying is crossed, blood meal, bone meal is with flour 55～65%, blood meal 25～30%, and the weight ratio of bone meal 10～15% is mixed, and sieves, below the granularity control 0.1mm;
2. the surface modification of activated carbon fiber: activated carbon fiber is machined to 2～5mm short hairs shape, and after in 60～68% salpeter solution, soaking 2～4h, is washed till neutrality, oven dry with distilled water;
3. the preparation of carbon fiber composite bio-active functional polyurethane carrier: earlier by weight 70～75 parts polyethers 330 microbiological culture media with 1.0～2.0 parts is mixed, must component 1 in 20～24 ℃ of following mechanical stirring 5～10 minutes; , stir and got component 2 in 3～5 minutes 25～30 parts of tolylene diisocyanates, 2.0～5.0 parts of mixing of modified activated carbon fiber with weight ratio part; With weight ratio part with 0.3～0.5 part of silicone oil, 0.5～1.5 part in water, 0.15～0.25 part of whipping agent, 0.2～0.3 part of mixing of catalyzer, stir component 3;
4. said components 1, component 2, component 3 mixed, high-speed stirring to foaming back stopped to stir in 5～15 seconds, at room temperature foamed again 25～35 minutes, then promptly 55～65 ℃ of following slakings 1.5～2.5 hours.
6, as the preparation method of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane as described in the claim 5, it is characterized in that: the pore-creating agent that in described component 3, adds 2.0～3.0 parts.
7, as the preparation method of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane as described in the claim 5, it is characterized in that: described catalyzer is stannous octoate and triethylene diamine, the mass ratio of the two 1: 1～1: 2.
8, as the preparation method of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane as described in the claim 5, it is characterized in that: described whipping agent is a methylene dichloride.
9, as the preparation method of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane as described in the claim 6, it is characterized in that: described pore-creating agent is a whiteruss.
10, a kind of bioactive carrier of carbon fiber composite polyurethane is applied in the immobilized microorganism sewage disposal, and its sewage treatment process may further comprise the steps:
1. the fixedly domestication of microorganism: in aeration reactor, the carbon fiber composite bio-active urethane carrier that adds reactor volume 30%, the trade effluent of feeding pH=7～8 soaked the carrier in the reactor, added the microbe inoculation flora, carried out immobilized reactant under the vexed condition of exposing to the sun; Changed an amount of waste water in the reactor every 24 hours, and suitably replenish the microbe inoculation flora and tame health, when the load of microorganisms amount reached 20～35g/L, the fixedly domestication of microorganism was finished;
2. sewage disposal: the domestication liquid in the venting reactor, feed waste water to be processed, carry out aeration biochemical and handled 4～8 hours, measure treatment effect.
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102190377A (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-21 | 复旦大学 | Floating water surface oil stain processor |
| CN103130336A (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-05 | 新奥科技发展有限公司 | Reinforced biological stuffing and preparation method thereof |
| CN105461879A (en) * | 2015-11-11 | 2016-04-06 | 浙江省林业科学研究院 | Multipurpose polyurethane effective microorganism solidification carrier |
| CN107055785A (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2017-08-18 | 浙江永续环境工程有限公司 | Flow microorganism bed biomembrance process |
| CN107140789A (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2017-09-08 | 浙江永续环境工程有限公司 | Utilize the sewage water treatment method for flowing microorganism bed and filter membrane |
| CN108083553A (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2018-05-29 | 兰州大学白银产业技术研究院 | A kind of method for handling organic chemical waste water |
| CN109266640A (en) * | 2018-09-18 | 2019-01-25 | 河南工业大学 | The method for preparing complex carrier as raw material using modified carbon fiber and polyurethane |
| CN114182436A (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2022-03-15 | 江阴健发特种纺织品有限公司 | Antibacterial non-woven fabric for medical mask and preparation method thereof |
| US20230249999A1 (en) * | 2021-10-09 | 2023-08-10 | Hunan Sanyou Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD | Sewage treatment biological agent and preparation method and application thereof |
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2006
- 2006-04-12 CN CN2006100426851A patent/CN1837361B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102190377A (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-21 | 复旦大学 | Floating water surface oil stain processor |
| CN102190377B (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2012-12-12 | 复旦大学 | Floating water surface oil stain processor |
| CN103130336A (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-05 | 新奥科技发展有限公司 | Reinforced biological stuffing and preparation method thereof |
| CN103130336B (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2016-03-23 | 新奥科技发展有限公司 | A kind of enhancing biologic packing material and preparation method thereof |
| CN105461879A (en) * | 2015-11-11 | 2016-04-06 | 浙江省林业科学研究院 | Multipurpose polyurethane effective microorganism solidification carrier |
| CN105461879B (en) * | 2015-11-11 | 2018-01-19 | 浙江省林业科学研究院 | A kind of multipurpose urethane effective microbe solidified carrier |
| CN107140789A (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2017-09-08 | 浙江永续环境工程有限公司 | Utilize the sewage water treatment method for flowing microorganism bed and filter membrane |
| CN107055785A (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2017-08-18 | 浙江永续环境工程有限公司 | Flow microorganism bed biomembrance process |
| CN108083553A (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2018-05-29 | 兰州大学白银产业技术研究院 | A kind of method for handling organic chemical waste water |
| CN108083553B (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2021-12-10 | 兰州大学白银产业技术研究院 | Method for treating organic chemical wastewater |
| CN109266640A (en) * | 2018-09-18 | 2019-01-25 | 河南工业大学 | The method for preparing complex carrier as raw material using modified carbon fiber and polyurethane |
| CN109266640B (en) * | 2018-09-18 | 2021-09-24 | 河南工业大学 | Method for preparing composite carrier by using modified carbon fiber and polyurethane as raw materials |
| US20230249999A1 (en) * | 2021-10-09 | 2023-08-10 | Hunan Sanyou Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD | Sewage treatment biological agent and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN114182436A (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2022-03-15 | 江阴健发特种纺织品有限公司 | Antibacterial non-woven fabric for medical mask and preparation method thereof |
| CN114182436B (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2022-12-13 | 江阴健发特种纺织品有限公司 | Antibacterial non-woven fabric for medical mask and preparation method thereof |
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| CN1837361B (en) | 2010-07-14 |
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