CN1818362B - 燃气轮机燃烧室内部的径向排出文丘里管 - Google Patents

燃气轮机燃烧室内部的径向排出文丘里管 Download PDF

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CN1818362B
CN1818362B CN2006100089858A CN200610008985A CN1818362B CN 1818362 B CN1818362 B CN 1818362B CN 2006100089858 A CN2006100089858 A CN 2006100089858A CN 200610008985 A CN200610008985 A CN 200610008985A CN 1818362 B CN1818362 B CN 1818362B
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venturi tube
chamber
cooled gas
wall
diffuser
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CN1818362A (zh
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D·W·西蒙斯
T·C·阿蒙德三世
A·K·古普塔
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General Electric Co
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23MCASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M5/00Casings; Linings; Walls
    • F23M5/08Cooling thereof; Tube walls
    • F23M5/085Cooling thereof; Tube walls using air or other gas as the cooling medium
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23CMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • F23C6/045Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
    • F23C6/047Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure with fuel supply in stages
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23RGENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/005Combined with pressure or heat exchangers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23RGENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F23R3/34Feeding into different combustion zones
    • F23R3/346Feeding into different combustion zones for staged combustion
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23RGENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R2900/00Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23R2900/03041Effusion cooled combustion chamber walls or domes

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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Abstract

一种燃气轮机燃烧器的文丘里管,包括:双壁文丘里管腔室,其具有内壁,内壁限定收敛段、扩散段和下游的圆柱段,内壁还限定了文丘里管区域,压缩空气、燃料和燃烧产物经过该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段向下游流动,内壁在收敛段没有空气出口;外壁;位于内壁和外壁之间的冷却气体通道,包括该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段;至少一个位于外壁中的冷却气体进口,冷却气体进口处于该收敛段和扩散段中的至少一个上;位于圆柱段外壁上的附加的冷却气体进口;至少一个位于内壁中的冷却气体出口,冷却气体出口处于该扩散段和圆柱段中的至少一个上,该冷却气体出口位于该至少一个冷却气体进口的下游和该腔室轴向端部的上游,腔室的轴向端部没有冷却气体出口。

Description

燃气轮机燃烧室内部的径向排出文丘里管
技术领域
本发明涉及燃气轮机燃烧室特别是具有被文丘里管分开的主副燃烧室的燃烧器。
背景技术
工业用燃气轮机中的燃烧器一般具有双燃烧室。文丘里管通常将燃烧器分成主副燃烧室。在主燃烧室中产生的燃烧气体经过文丘里管流向副燃烧室。传统的文丘里管腔室通常具有双壁,在双壁之间具有冷却气体通道。冷却空气从上游进口进入到文丘里管壁之间的通道中。冷却空气从文丘里管的轴向端部流出。美国专利5,575,146中公开了一种传统的文丘里管腔室。
传统的双壁文丘里管腔室从文丘里管壁之间的环形通道排出冷却空气。从紧挨副燃烧室中的燃烧室衬套壁的文丘里管腔室的轴向端部将来自文丘里管腔室的空气排出。燃烧空气从文丘里管中沿与燃烧室的轴线相平行的轴向被排出。来自文丘里管排放端的空气沿燃烧室的衬套壁流入副燃烧室中并且通常沿与该腔室的轴线平行的方向流动。从文丘里管的轴向端部排出的空气通常沿衬套壁的表面流动并且不会迅速地与燃烧室中的燃烧气体相混合。
对于能充分混合压缩空气和燃烧产物的燃烧室存在长期迫切的需求。在气体流过文丘里管的情况下依然存在这种需求。充分混合空气和燃烧产物会减少排放物,诸如减少氮氧化物(NOx)。
发明内容
本发明可以具体体现为一种燃气轮机燃烧器的文丘里管,包括:双壁文丘里管腔室,其具有内壁,所述内壁限定收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段,所述圆柱段位于所述收敛段和扩散段的下游,且所述内壁还限定了文丘里管区域,在该文丘里管区域中,压缩空气、燃料和燃烧产物经过该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段向下游流动,其中所述内壁在收敛段没有空气出口;双壁文丘里管腔室的外壁;位于该文丘里管腔室内壁和外壁之间的冷却气体通道,包括该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段;至少一个位于该文丘里管腔室的外壁中的冷却气体进口,其中所述冷却气体进口处于该收敛段和扩散段中的至少一个上;位于双壁文丘里管腔室圆柱段外壁上的附加的冷却气体进口;和至少一个位于该文丘里管腔室的内壁中的冷却气体出口,其中所述冷却气体出口处于该扩散段和圆柱段中的至少一个上,并且该冷却气体出口位于该至少一个冷却气体进口的下游和该腔室轴向端部的上游,其中腔室的轴向端部没有冷却气体出口。文丘里管腔室被适当地设置在燃烧器的主燃烧室和副燃烧室之间。冷却气体出口可以包括多个围绕文丘里管腔室内壁周向排列的冷却气体出口,使得冷却气体径向向内地喷射到文丘里管区域或者以与径向线成小于90度的角度穿过文丘里管区域。
本发明还可以具体体现为一种燃气轮机燃烧器的文丘里管,包括:在燃烧器内位于燃料喷射下游的双壁文丘里管腔室,所述腔室具有内壁,所述内壁限定收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段,其中所述内壁在收敛段没有空气出口,且其中所述所述腔室限定了文丘里管区域,在文丘里管区域中,燃烧产物经过该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段向下游流动;双壁文丘里管腔室的外壁;位于该文丘里管腔室内壁和外壁之间的冷却气体通道,包括该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段;位于该文丘里管腔室的外壁中的冷却气体进口,其中所述冷却气体进口处于该收敛段上;位于双壁文丘里管腔室圆柱段外壁上的附加的冷却气体进口;和至少一个位于该文丘里管腔室的内壁中的冷却气体出口,该冷却气体出口位于该冷却气体进口的下游和该腔室轴向端部的上游,其中所述冷却气体出口处于该扩散段和圆柱段中的至少一个上,并且该冷却气体出口将冷却气体径向向内喷射到该文丘里管区域中。
此外,本发明可以具体体现为一种将冷却气体喷射到具有双壁文丘里管腔室的燃烧器中的方法,该双壁文丘里管腔室具有收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段,其中所述腔室限定了位于燃烧器中的文丘里管区域,所述方法包括:向文丘里管腔室的外壁提供冷却气体,使得冷却气体进入外壁中的进口;使用流经位于文丘里管腔室外壁和内壁之间的通道的冷却气体冷却腔室,并且将冷却气体从腔室中排出并通过文丘里管腔室内壁中的出口径向向内喷入燃烧器中,其中所述冷却气体出口位于腔室轴向端部的上游。该冷却气体可以是来自燃气轮机的轴流式压缩机的压缩空气并且压缩空气还直接流入收敛段的燃烧室上游。
附图说明
图1为传统燃烧室的部分侧面剖视图。
图2为燃烧室文丘里管部分的部分侧面剖视图,其中文丘里管腔室具有将冷却空气经文丘里管喷入燃气流中的径向出口。
具体实施方式
图1举例说明了一种传统的燃气轮机12,其包括压缩机14(由压缩机壳体的一部分表示),燃烧器16和由单个叶片18表示的涡轮。涡轮沿公共轴可驱动地连接到压缩机上。压缩机14使进口空气加压,进口空气朝向燃烧器16反向(参见箭头33)回转。压缩空气冷却燃烧器并且提供用于在燃烧器中进行的燃烧过程的空气。燃气轮机包括多个通常为圆柱形的燃烧器16(只显示一个),其被设置在燃气轮机的外周。在一个示意性的燃气轮机模型中,具有14个这样的燃烧器。过渡管道20将燃烧器出口端与涡轮入口端连接起来以将热的燃烧气体作用传递给涡轮。
每个燃烧器16包括被文丘里管区域28隔开的主或上游燃烧室24和副或下游燃烧室26。燃烧器16被燃烧室流体套筒30所包围,该套筒将压缩排放空气通向燃烧器。箭头33显示了压缩空气流体沿与燃烧器内的燃烧气流反向的方向流动。燃烧器还被螺栓拧紧在涡轮机壳体32上的外壳31所围绕。
主喷嘴36将燃料喷向上游燃烧室24并且围绕中心副喷嘴38成环形排列。在示例性的燃气轮机中,每个燃烧器可以包括6个主喷嘴36和1个副喷嘴38。每个主喷嘴36从后部燃烧器壁40伸入主燃烧室24。副喷嘴38从后壁40向喉部28伸出以将燃料喷入副燃烧室26中。燃料通过未示出的燃料管被输送给喷嘴36。主燃烧室中的点火由未示出的火花塞和相连的十字火管所引起。
燃烧用空气通过紧邻喷嘴36出口端的空气涡旋式喷嘴42被喷入燃料段。涡旋式喷嘴42将与燃料混合起来的漩涡状的的燃烧用空气从主喷嘴36喷入以提供在启动阶段在主燃烧室24中燃烧用的混合物。用于涡旋式喷嘴42的燃烧用空气来自压缩机14和来自位于燃烧流体套筒30和燃烧器壁44之间的空气路径33。
燃烧器的圆柱形衬套壁44具有位于主燃烧室24中的槽或放热孔48,以及位于副燃烧室26下游的类似的槽或放热孔48。流过槽或放热孔的压缩排放空气冷却衬套并且将渗混空气导入燃烧区域24,26以防止火焰温度的显著提高。副喷嘴38位于中心体50内并且沿具有涡旋式喷嘴54的衬套52的整个长度延伸,压缩排放空气通过涡旋式喷嘴54被导入以与来自副文丘里管的燃料相混合。
图2为燃烧室16的放大横截面视图,其更详细地显示了被改进的文丘里管腔室60所限定的文丘里管区域。文丘里管腔室限定了位于主副燃烧室之间的喉部70。文丘里管腔室60包括上游收敛段56、扩散段58和下游圆柱段59。双壁文丘里管腔室60具有内壁62和平行外壁63,两个壁部通常都沿着文丘里管腔室的收敛段和扩散段的轮廓,但是彼此处于径向分开关系。
位于文丘里管壁62,63之间的冷却通道64冷却文丘里管壁。壁62,63可以分别被纵向内部支柱65的格架支撑。外壁具有多个冷却进气孔72,压缩排放冷却空气穿过进气孔72进入文丘里管通道64。冷却空气为来自压缩机的空气33,其流经套筒30,并流过衬套壁44中的槽和放热孔46,48。冷却空气向下游并且平行于燃烧气体的方向穿过位于文丘里管壁之间的通道64流动。
来自文丘里管通道64的冷却空气从设置在文丘里管内壁62上的环形出口74被排出。环形出口可以被布置在围绕内壁62的一个或多个环形阵列中。出口位于文丘里管中的冷却空气进口72下游和文丘里管腔室轴向端部63的上游。燃烧室26中较低的压力将文丘里管外壁63的外部流动的较高压力的空气33吸入文丘里管空气通道64中。冷却空气出口74将冷却空气沿大致垂直于燃烧室中心线的径向排入燃烧室26中。换句话说,排放冷却空气可以从出口74沿与径向线成锐角(即小于90度)的方向通过文丘里管喷入燃烧室中。
文丘里管腔室60的喉部加速了在主燃区上游预混的反应物的核心燃烧。文丘里管中的气体速度被维持在超过混合物的火焰速度以确保火焰前缘不会从上游蔓延到燃烧室的预混部分24中。用于冷却文丘里管的空气通过文丘里管的内部环形通道向下游流动,并且被排放到位于燃烧室衬套外表面上的沿轴向的燃烧室反应区26中。用于冷却文丘里管的空气流过多个诸如槽、孔和口的喷射部位74被喷入到核心燃烧中。通过形成一系列的穿透射流实现了将冷却空气喷射到核流中,穿透射流沿着与轴向核流相垂直的方向。
来自文丘里管出口74的冷却气体的径向排放被期望改善来自燃烧器的NOx和CO的排放水平。来自文丘里管壁的冷却空气的径向喷射将增强文丘里管冷却空气和核心燃烧器反应气流的混合并从而减少NOx和/或CO排放。
尽管已经结合目前为止被认为是最实际和最佳的实施例对本发明进行了描述,但是应当理解本发明不限于公开的实施例,相反地,本发明欲覆盖包括在附加的权利要求书范围和精神之内的各种变型和等同结构。
  参考数字   描述
  12   燃气轮机
  14   压缩机
  16   燃烧室
  18   涡轮机叶片
  20   过渡管道
  24   上游燃烧室
  26   下游燃烧室
  28   文丘里管喉部
  30   燃烧室流体套筒
  31   外壳
  32   涡轮机壳体
  33   压缩空气流
  34   中心副喷嘴
  36   主喷嘴
  38   中心副喷嘴
  40   后壁
  42   空气涡旋式喷嘴
  44   圆柱形衬套壁
  46   槽或放热孔
  48   槽或放热孔
  参考数字   描述
  50   中心体
  52   燃料喷嘴衬套
  54   涡旋式喷嘴
  56   文丘里管收敛段
  68   文丘里管扩散段
  59   文丘里管圆柱段
  60   双壁文丘里管
  62   文丘里管内壁
  63   文丘里管外壁
  64   冷却通道
  65   纵向内部支柱
  66   收敛段外壁
  68   扩散段外壁
  70   喉部
  72   空气进口
  74   空气出口
  76   文丘里管腔室轴向端部

Claims (10)

1.一种用于燃烧器的文丘里管,包括:
双壁文丘里管腔室(60),其具有内壁,所述内壁限定收敛段(66)、扩散段(68)和圆柱段,所述圆柱段位于所述收敛段和扩散段的下游,且所述内壁还限定了文丘里管区域,在该文丘里管区域中,压缩空气、燃料和燃烧产物经过该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段向下游流动,其中所述内壁在收敛段没有空气出口;
双壁文丘里管腔室(60)的外壁;
位于该文丘里管腔室内壁和外壁之间的冷却气体通道(64),包括该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段;
至少一个位于该文丘里管腔室的外壁(63)中的冷却气体进口(72),其中所述冷却气体进口(72)处于该收敛段和扩散段中的至少一个上;
位于双壁文丘里管腔室圆柱段外壁上的附加的冷却气体进口;和
至少一个位于该文丘里管腔室的内壁(62)中的冷却气体出口(74),其中所述冷却气体出口处于该扩散段和圆柱段中的至少一个上,并且该冷却气体出口位于该至少一个冷却气体进口的下游和该腔室轴向端部(76)的上游,其中腔室的轴向端部没有冷却气体出口。
2.如权利要求1所述的文丘里管,其特征在于,所述文丘里管腔室(60)被适当地设置在该燃烧器的主燃烧室(24)和副燃烧室(26)之间,而该燃烧器为燃气轮机燃烧器。
3.如权利要求1所述的文丘里管,其特征在于,所述文丘里管腔室(60)还包括位于该收敛段和扩散段之间的喉部,且处于扩散段上的所述外壁没有冷却气体进口。
4.如权利要求1所述的文丘里管,其特征在于,该文丘里管腔室(60)的横截面为圆形。
5.如权利要求1所述的文丘里管,其特征在于,该冷却气体出口(74)还包括多个围绕该文丘里管腔室的内壁(62)的圆柱段沿周向设置的多个冷却气体出口。
6.如权利要求1所述的文丘里管,其特征在于,该至少一个冷却气体出口(74)将冷却气体径向向内喷入该文丘里管区域中。
7.如权利要求1所述的文丘里管,其特征在于,该至少一个冷却气体出口(74)包括各自沿周向排列的两列出口。
8.如权利要求1所述的文丘里管,其特征在于,处于扩散段上的所述外壁没有冷却气体进口。
9.如权利要求1所述的文丘里管,其特征在于,所述至少一个冷却气体进口(72)为围绕外壁(63)沿周向排列的一列进口。
10.一种用于燃烧器的文丘里管,包括:
在燃烧器内位于燃料喷射下游的双壁文丘里管腔室(60),所述腔室具有内壁,所述内壁限定收敛段(66)、扩散段(68)和圆柱段,其中所述内壁在收敛段没有空气出口,且其中所述所述腔室限定了文丘里管区域,在文丘里管区域中,燃烧产物经过该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段向下游流动;
双壁文丘里管腔室(60)的外壁;
位于该文丘里管腔室内壁和外壁(62,63)之间的冷却气体通道(64),包括该收敛段、扩散段和圆柱段;
位于该文丘里管腔室的外壁中的冷却气体进口(72),其中所述冷却气体进口(72)处于该收敛段上;
位于双壁文丘里管腔室圆柱段外壁上的附加的冷却气体进口;和
至少一个位于该文丘里管腔室的内壁中的冷却气体出口(74),该冷却气体出口位于该冷却气体进口的下游和该腔室轴向端部(76)的上游,其中所述冷却气体出口处于该扩散段和圆柱段中的至少一个上,并且该冷却气体出口将冷却气体径向向内喷射到该文丘里管区域中。
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