CN1809939A - Flow field plate geometries - Google Patents
Flow field plate geometries Download PDFInfo
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- CN1809939A CN1809939A CNA2004800171300A CN200480017130A CN1809939A CN 1809939 A CN1809939 A CN 1809939A CN A2004800171300 A CNA2004800171300 A CN A2004800171300A CN 200480017130 A CN200480017130 A CN 200480017130A CN 1809939 A CN1809939 A CN 1809939A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
- H01M8/0263—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant having meandering or serpentine paths
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
- H01M8/0265—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant the reactant or coolant channels having varying cross sections
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2483—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0213—Gas-impermeable carbon-containing materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0234—Carbonaceous material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The present invention provides a flow field plate (separator) for a fuel cell or electrolyser, comprising one or more branched primary fluid delivery/removal channels feeding narrower secondary fluid diffusion channels defined by an array of lands forming a network of interconnected fluid diffusion channels therebetween. The fluid delivery/removal channels and the fluid diffusion channels may be gas delivery/removal channels and gas diffusion channels respectively. The branched fluid delivery channels may simply feed the fluid diffusion channels, which themselves lead directly or via a fluid removal channel to a fluid outlet. The present invention additionally provides a flow field plate (separator) for a fuel cell or electrolyser, comprising a tiled array of flow field segments defining a reactant flow field, each segment comprising one or more branched primary fluid delivery/removal channels feeding narrower secondary fluid diffusion channels defined by an array of lands forming a network of interconnected fluid diffusion channels therebetween. The flow field segments may be connected in parallel, in series, or in combinations thereof. Preferably, the segments are connected in series, or in a parallel arrangement of series connected segments.
Description
The present invention relates to fuel cell and electrolytic cell, more specifically, but not exclusively, relate to Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and electrolytic cell.
Fuel cell is that a kind of fuel and oxidant of controllably making mixes the device that directly produces electric energy.Do not have middle burning by direct generation electric energy and generate step, the electric energy efficiency of fuel cell is higher than the efficient of using fuel in traditional generator.This is well-known.Fuel cell sounds very simple and is desirable, but spending a large amount of labours and time to attempt to set up practical fuel cell system in recent years.Electrolytic cell is actually a kind of opposite fuel cell, and wherein to be used to water decomposition be hydrogen and oxygen to electric energy.
Fuel cell and electrolytic cell all may become the pith of so-called " hydrogen economy ".Below, the reference fuel battery is described, but should remember that identical principle also is applicable to electrolytic cell.A kind of commercial fuel cell of making is so-called proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell [being known as polymer dielectric or solid polymer fuel cell (PEFCs) sometimes].Such battery uses hydrogen to act as a fuel, and is included in electric insulation (but ionic conduction) polymer film that its two sides is provided with porous electrode.This film is generally the fluorinated sulfonate polymer and electrode generally comprises the noble metal catalyst that is dispersed on the carbonaceous powder matrix.The assembly of this electrode and film is commonly called membrane electrode assembly (MEA).
Hydrogen fuel is supplied to an electrode (anode), and the oxidation of hydrogen fuel generation here discharges hydrogen ion to electrolyte so that electron pole is discharged to anode.Oxidant (being generally air or oxygen) is supplied to another electrode (negative electrode), and here the electronics from negative electrode combines generation water with oxygen and hydrogen ion.A subclass of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is a direct methanol fuel cell, and methyl alcohol is provided as fuel in this battery.The present invention is intended to cover other battery of such fuel cell and any kind of.
In commercial PEM fuel cell, a plurality of this membrane electrode assemblies stack together mutually and are separated by flow-field plate (also being known as bipolar plates or dividing plate).Flow-field plate is generally made to realize the good electron transmission between the negative electrode of the anode of a film and another adjacent membranes by metal, graphite or carbon fibre composite.On the surface of flow-field plate, has channel patterns fluid (fuel or oxidant) to be provided and to remove the water that acts as a fuel the cell reaction product and generate.
The method of multiple formation groove has been described; can be such as there being the people to propose by machine work, embossing or molding (WO00/41260), and (particularly suitable for the present invention) carries out blasting treatment (WO01/04982) to form such groove by a protective layer.
Application number is the method that the international patent application of WO01/04982 discloses a kind of machine work flow-field plate; promptly apply protective layer or mask onboard; adopt blasting treatment (perhaps other utilizes the engraving method of the momentum abrasive surfaces of mobile particle, such as sprinkler processing) to form and the corresponding feature of pattern that on mask or protective layer, forms then.
Can form the hole of passing flow-field plate by the disclosed this method of WO01/04982, also can on flow-field plate, form the hole or the passage of bottom lock.Quote the method for WO01/04982 in this integral body, as realizing enough background technologies of the present invention.
In practice, up to the present most of plates all are to form by the grinding passage.
WO00/41260 discloses a kind of flow field plate Geometries, and the substantially straight parallel channels of width less than 0.75 millimeter wherein is provided.
WO00/26981 discloses a kind of similar geometry, wherein used by less than the width that boss separated of 800 μ m less than the parallel flow channel of the height of 800 μ m, and wherein inner passage boss area less than 25% of the flow field.The width of preferred boss is narrower.Owing to reduced needs by the horizontal gas dispersion of membrane electrode assembly (be known as DCC[and spread current collector in WO00/26981]), so this geometry shows and can improve distribution of gas.This geometry also shows reduces resistance, and this is because reduced the electrical path length that arrives land area.
In WO00/26981, between electric current and gas property, have contradiction, promptly the boss area reduce show that resistance increases.WO00/26981 shows that the demand of these contradictions can be optimized.WO00/26981 shows that highly parallel microchannel pattern can comprise that interconnecting parts or breakout are such as hacures or lattice.Use an advantage of slype to show that this can impel along passage formation water droplet, can remove effectively like this and anhydrate.But this advantage may be disappeared when using lattice, because may be equal substantially at the pressure of water droplet both sides.
Quoting except WO00/26981 is as follows:
● US3814631, a kind of electrode structure is disclosed, wherein width is arranged on frame edge greater than 0.3 millimeter microchannel and leads to textured electrode, and wherein lip-deep projection of electrode and electrode apparent surface's depression is complementary.
● US5108849, a kind of plate is disclosed, described plate has the serpentine track of 0.76 millimeter (0.03 inch) or above width and the boss of 0.254 millimeter (0.01 inch) or above width.
● WO94/11912, a kind of plate is disclosed, described plate has the discontinuous track of 0.76 millimeter (0.03 inch) width and the degree of depth.These tracks can at an angle to each otherly be arranged.
● WO98/52242 discloses a kind of device that makes the film humidifying.
Known other device that is used for of narrow passage discloses a kind of chemical processing device such as WO94/21372, and it comprises three space tortuous passageway that form by aligning part passage in adjacent disc.Such structure also is not used in the fuel cell.
Not relevant patent disclosure with fuel cell lead to the relative thicker gas delivery passage structure of meticulous gas passage.
Evenly spread on their electrode surfaces separately in order to ensure fluid, so-called gas diffusion layers (GDL) is set between electrode and flow-field plate.Gas diffusion layers is porous material and generally comprises carbon paper or cloth to have the carbon dust tack coat usually on a face and be coated with hydrophobic material to promote the repulsion of water.Have been proposed in and have the flow field that configuration at an angle to each other is provided below the macrovoid material (US-A-5641586) that the pore size scope is 20-100 μ m, to reduce the size of gas diffusion layers.It is moving that this layout can make gas center on inaccessible orifice flow, and this is disadvantageous.In these holes, may react product (such as water) thus accumulation reduce the gas efficiency of transmission.In addition, this structure has increased the thickness of flow-field plate.
Flow-field plate is commonly referred to fuel cell pack with the assembly with the film that is connected fuel and oxidant supply manifold.
Although above-mentioned technology has been proved to be at model and has been successful, reduce its cost thus in order to obtain the present physical size that also needs to reduce fuel cell pack of commercial widely approval in some limited commerce are used.Correspondingly, the quantity of minimizing parts has the size of being beneficial to and cost (aspect material and assembly cost).
Simultaneously, the prior art flow-field plate provides the flow field of the shape of matrix, snakelike, straight line or layout at an angle to each other, but does not notice that also other physical system is to improve gas flow path.Matrix flow field (the boss grid wherein is set with the supporting gas diffusion layers, and gas flowing between boss) can provide good gas flow in theory, but in fact has shortcoming, and promptly water is easy to be caught and stop up by matrix.And then any obstruction can both cause producing the stagnant wake in the flow field.
There is water slug or stagnant wake problem still less in straight line and serpentine flow, still fall for the given pressure that passes through the flow field and have only lower gas flow.The serpentine flow pattern also is easy to because produce gas " short circuit " from a passage to adjacency channel under low-down pressure.
The flow field of configuration at an angle to each other provides gas transmission efficiently, but has shortcoming, promptly needs high pressure to introduce the flow field to force gas, and by gas diffusion layers, to flowing out the flow field, this will cause producing higher supplementary loss.
In addition, the applicant has found under high demand condition (such as 0.6A/cm
2Or above current density), this conventional plate is easy to exhaust oxidant and/or fuel on most of flow-field plate.
Known requirement to the gas stream field plate is:
● enough big boss area is with supporting GDL and keep the cavity of gas flow
● enough narrow passage is to prevent serving as to keep under the battery pile compression pressure together, and the GDL extruding enters and blocking channel
● and according to WO00/26981, enough narrow passage arrives the path of boss to reduce electric current from passage area, and enough narrow boss is to reduce the diffusion length that gas arrives land area.
Except flow-field plate is separated to form the spaced apart regions, WO00/26981 does not solve be narrow passage mean high pressure drop and consequent from passage end to end gas can the acquisition amount remarkable difference.
In the normal flow field plate designs, the pressure of one end (port of export) significantly is lower than the pressure of the other end (entrance point) in the flow field, and this is because consume two kinds of reacting gass in fuel battery operation, also is because there is the gas flow resistance.Along with oxidant or demand for fuel increase, such configuration has weakened to the ability of reaction gas outlet transmission reacting gas effectively.The applicant recognizes need be provided and can especially in the exit region of flow field, can not occur the situation of reactant deficiency so effectively to the air-transmitting device in whole operation of fuel cells surface (those effectively produce the zone of electric current).
US5686199 has described a kind of layout, makes gas can flow to each section fast thereby wherein a plurality of flow field segments is formed slopely whole flow field, reduces integral pressure thus and falls, and improve the flow uniformity in whole flow field.But US5686199 has adopted being arranged in parallel with the lateral flow of restriction gas of passage, only has limited mixing thus in the flow field.
The applicant recognizes, can obtain improved flow field geometry by observing physiological system (lung), better distribute in the flow field owing to have shorter gas flow path and reactant, described improved flow field geometry may have lower supplementary loss.
In WO02/065566, the claimed flow-field plate of applicant with the channel pattern assembly that narrows down gradually, its can connect or with relative at an angle to each other being configured of similar channel components.
In co-applications and among the application WO04/001874 of authorization, the applicant does not disclose a kind of flow field that comprises following geometry, and wherein gas transfers to by gas delivery passage and can see through wall, then by transferring to the gas passing away through wall.There is shown the uniformity that it has improved distribution of gas, but this application does not relate to water management.
The applicant further tests discovery can improve the geometry of WO04/001874 by the layout of transmission of different gas and gas passing away, and the matrix flow field also can be improved by similar fashion.
Therefore, the invention provides a kind of flow-field plate (dividing plate) that is used in fuel cell or the electrolytic cell, comprise one or multiple-limb first fluid transmission/passing away more, the second narrower diffuse fluid passage feed that described passage limits to the boss array by the diffuse fluid channel network that forms interconnection betwixt.
Fluid transmission/passing away and diffuse fluid passage can be respectively gas transmission/passing away and gas diffusion paths, and hereinafter, these terms can mutual alternative referring else in literary composition.
The branch fluid transmission channel can be simply to diffuse fluid passage feed, and they directly or by the fluid passing away arrive fluid issuing.
Flow-field plate preferably includes one or multiple-limb fluid delivery channel more, with one or more multiple-limb fluid passing away configuration at an angle to each other and separate the Tou Guoed wall of the same spline structure that is formed by the boss array.
The geometry of describing among WO02/065566 and the WO04/001874 has identical feature, promptly provides numerous fluid individual paths that passes through the flow field, with the reactant that distributes more equably along the flow field.But the applicant finds that so geometry has problems on scaling, if promptly this simplicity of design is amplified to bigger size, the evolving path is elongated, and the feeding-passage width becomes bigger.
Therefore, the present invention also provides a kind of flow-field plate (dividing plate) that is used for fuel cell or electrolytic cell, the flush system array that comprises the flow field portion section that limits reactant flow-fields therefore, each section comprises one or more branch's first fluid transmission/passing away, the second narrower diffuse fluid passage feed that described passage limits to the boss array by the diffuse fluid channel network that forms interconnection betwixt.Flow field portion section can be in parallel, the mode of series connection or both combinations connects.Preferably, described section connects with series system, perhaps and connect and arrange the portion's section be connected in series.
Described flow field also can comprise the barrier layer of the impermeable of separating flow field regions, and has hole or be limited by it out hole so that the choke point of fluid passage to be provided on the barrier layer of impermeable.
Further feature of the present invention is listed in the claims, and carries out exemplary illustration in conjunction with following accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 shows the plane graph according to the flow field plate design of WO04/001874 invention;
Fig. 2 shows the amplification view of regional A among Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 shows according to the present invention and the selectable flow field plate design of WO04/001874;
Fig. 4 shows the amplification view of area E among Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 shows the localized design that has the array type flow field of hexagonal array passage according to of the present invention;
Fig. 6 shows another design according to invention WO04/001874;
Fig. 7 shows according to a design of the present invention;
Fig. 8 shows the polarization curve of some flow Field Design;
Fig. 9 shows the power curve of some flow Field Design;
Figure 10 shows the improvement of the power output of being measured by design according to the present invention and conventional design with figure;
The another kind of optional channel arrangement of Figure 11 in the design of Fig. 5, using;
Figure 12 shows another design that can be used in combination with the present invention;
Figure 13 shows according to flow field of the present invention;
Figure 14 shows the partial enlarged view in a part of flow field among Figure 13;
Figure 15 shows the another kind of optional embodiment according to the parallel array of flow field of the present invention portion section;
Figure 16 shows another embodiment according to the parallel array of flow field of the present invention portion section;
Figure 17 shows the array that is connected in series according to flow field of the present invention portion section;
Figure 18 shows another array that is connected in series according to flow field of the present invention portion section;
Figure 19 shows the array that is connected in series that comprises the assembly of the flow field portion section that is connected in parallel according to of the present invention;
Figure 20 shows another embodiment according to flow field of the present invention;
Figure 21 is a conventional serpentine flow and according to the voltage in flow field of the present invention and the power polarization curve to current density;
Figure 22 is a conventional serpentine flow and according to the stoichiometric curve chart of voltage target in flow field of the present invention; With
Figure 23 be conventional serpentine flow and according to flow field of the present invention along the pressure in flow field and voltage curve chart to " equivalent flow ".
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the flow-field plate according to invention WO04/001874.Flow-field plate 1 comprises manifold and fastener hole 2 on the peripheral frame 18 that does not form actual flow field component part.Flow-field plate also comprises gas feed path 3, is transferred to this passage by manifold (not shown) reactant gas.Passage 3 is connected with gas delivery passage 4.Gas delivery passage 4 self is connected to gas transmission subchannel 5.In a similar manner, gas discharge channel 6 is connected with gas passing away 7 and gas discharge subchannel 8.
Gas delivery passage and subchannel 4,5 and gas passing away and subchannel 7,8 between them, limit wall 9 with a plurality of diffusion admittances 10, described diffusion admittance provides the flow path from gas delivery passage and subchannel 4,5 to gas passing away and subchannel 7,8.In a representative instance, for a board size is that 10 centimetres of～10 cm x and flow field worksheet area are the small fuel cell of 6.5 centimetres of～6.5 cm x, the width of gas delivery passage is 1.25 millimeter, subchannel is 0.5 millimeter probably, and diffusion admittance is 0.125 millimeter.
Wall coils with two kinds of ratios.
According to first ratio, wall extends to gas discharge channel 6 and comprises along each folding wall portion section 16 of wall with in the end wall section 17 of each turning point of wall from gas feed path 3 in folding or telescopic mode.The folding length of each of wall is about 6 centimetres in the example shown.
According to second ratio, the wall between end wall section 17 self is that fold or telescopic to form gas transmission and gas discharge subchannel 5,8.The length of gas transmission and gas discharge subchannel is about 2.5 millimeters in the example shown.
Can be littler or repeat this pattern in larger scope.
This fractal type in the described flow field of gas by diminishing passage arrange mean that this is arranged in the size that to a certain degree can zoom to flow-field plate (can be by repeating the restriction of the convergent-divergent that the flow field overcomes, as will be described as further below) although may exist.This has further guaranteed to see through the bigger surface area of wall.
This layout has guaranteed that also GDL obtains the better support in flow field, guaranteed simultaneously between part of the MEA on the land area of flow field and passage, only to have very short distance (usually, for the layout shown in the figure, for wall portion section 16, nearest passage 0.5 millimeter or in, for end wall section 17,1.25 millimeters or in).This layout is easy to carry out convergent-divergent so that littler wall portion section 16 is used to make gas better to enter zone on the boss.Preferably, nearest fluid transmission or the diffusion admittance of each part in flow field (especially wall portion section 16) all is no more than 0.25 millimeter.
In order to form gas transmission and gas diffusion paths, can use such as technology such as blasting treatments, wherein have on the model of pattern or the surface that protective layer is placed on plate, model or protective layer have the pattern corresponding to required channel geometries.Such technology is described in WO01/04982 to some extent, and here integral body is quoted the document can put into practice the present invention.Use this technology, plate can use substantially not graphite/resin composite material or other atresia electric conducting material with used reactant reaction to prepare.
Another kind of optional mode is, wall can be deposited onboard (such as adopting technology such as silk screen printing), and wall can be prepared and do not needed the using gases diffusion admittance by the gas permeable material in this case.For a person skilled in the art, it is evident that the method that also exists a lot of productions can see through wall.
These methods can be used for preparing all flow fields described here.
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show another kind of in accordance with the principles of the present invention optionally flow field plate design.Flow-field plate comprises central area 19 (not shown with perimeter frame 18[as shown in fig. 1] use).This flow-field plate has gas feed path 3 and gas discharge channel 6 and end wall section 17 as shown in Figure 1.
Can see through wall is limited by boss 20 arrays that form meticulous gas diffusion paths between them.Although there is shown circular boss, the applicant finds to be provided at therebetween the inconstant relatively hexagon of channel width or other shaped boss also is preferred (such as the polygon boss).The typical sizes of boss is～750 μ m ± 250 μ m, has between boss～spacing of 300 μ m ± 150 μ m.
Fig. 5 shows the part of array type flow Field Design, and it comprises the hexagonal array passage that connects intake channel 29 and exit passageway 30.Array comprises main gas transmission/passing away 31, and described main gas transmission/passing away limits a series of blocks 32, and each block comprises the gas diffusion paths of a plurality of interconnection.In Fig. 5, gas diffusion paths self forms hexagonal array, also is feasible and expection but Figure 11 shows other array of the gas diffusion paths of interconnection.As in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, although used round boss, the applicant finds that it also is preferred that the hexagon of relative constant channel width or other shaped boss are provided.Equally, the typical sizes of boss is～750 μ m ± 250 μ m, has between boss～spacing of 300 μ m ± 150 μ m.
Fig. 6 shows the similar view according to another design of invention WO04/001874, wherein can see through wall and comprise a series of gas diffusion paths that extend to gas delivery passage at a certain angle.The representative width of gas diffusion paths is～400 μ m ± 250 μ m, but may diminish to 10 μ m.
Fig. 7 illustrates in greater detail according to a design of the present invention, and wherein intake channel 21 is connected to branch's gas delivery passage, and described branch gas delivery passage comprises the major trunk roads 22 with branch 23.Branch 23 and major trunk roads 25 at an angle to each other are configured of branch 24 with respect to two branch's gas passing aways that are fed to exit passageway 26.The Tou Guoed wall that is limited by boss separates branch's gas delivery passage and branch's gas passing away.
Accessory channel 27 and 28 extends from intake channel 21 and exit passageway 26 respectively, provides additional gas transmission/discharge in order to the zone that does not extend to branch's gas transmission/passing away.
In Figure 12, the another kind of modification in flow field shows one group of fan-shaped distribution rail 22, and described distribution rail can comprise also can not comprise the pressure balance tapering.Shown in example have the auxiliary track 23 that connects and disperse to help gas.Commutable being to use " discharging " track is such as passage shown in Figure 7 27 and 28.Form zone 29 between the passage by the boss array that limits interconnected gas diffusion admittance network betwixt, and gas is delivered to gas by the diffusion of these passages the remainder of flow-field plate.Gas flow causes the direction of A-B, and gas leaves the flow field by gas passing away 30.
In an example:
● major trunk roads 22 taper to about 0.33 millimeter that locates away from the end of import from the about 1.25 millimeters width at entrance point
● the degree of depth of major trunk roads is from becoming at about 0.5 millimeter away from place, the end of import about 1 millimeter of entrance point
● branch's 23 about 0.45 mm wides
Comparing of the performance of various flow field geometries and air-side geometry (will disclosing the problem of water management), their relative performances are presented among Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, wherein Fig. 8 is the comparison diagram of various design polarization curves, and Fig. 9 is corresponding power curve.
The Screener testing station that comprises the Hydrogenics Corporation that uses Nafion film and Toray gas diffusion media in order to the equipment that obtains these data.This equipment is 80% hydrogen in anode humidity, and humidity also turns round under 80% conditions of air.All tests in monocell constant temperature at 80 ℃.
The geometry of being tested is presented in the table 1.All flow-field plate all are 100 millimeters * 100 millimeters square substantially, and the active region is of a size of 70 millimeters * 70 millimeters.
As can be seen, the Col design is that performance is the poorest in all designs of testing from curve chart.The applicant think this be cross-sectional area owing to gas diffusion paths change (the round dot array causes passage alongst to expand or shrinks as shown in Figure 4) make water by the gap of array catch cause.In order to reduce the captive danger of water, the applicant has prepared hexagon (Hex) matrix, has obtained significant improvement.
Similarly, owing to there is water management, Bio Orig design is compared with serpentine design and is demonstrated worse performance (even good gaseous diffusion is provided).The Bio1000 design is attempted this is improved, but again, uses cylinder to cause existing the captive problem of water.
The Bio2000 design attempts to have the gas diffusion paths of uniform transverse cross-sectional basically by providing, thereby reduces the captive chance of water.Can see that comparing with conventional Serp design in this design under the high voltage/low current density conditions and under low-voltage/high current densities to provide improved performance, but in the intermediate range poor performance.
Leaf (Leaf) design is being low to moderate under medium voltate/current condition with the Serp design and can comparing, but when battery under high current density during degree of depth load, leaf design provides obviously bigger power (above 1.5A.cm
-2Move time＞10% under the condition).The applicant expects that assertorically the leaf design of use hexagonal boss will surmount this performance.
| Table 1 | |
| The identifier of plate | Describe |
| Serp | Serpentine design has 5 750 wide, the dark tracks of 750 μ m of μ m. |
| Col | Matrix design has diameter and is the cylindrical-array of～750 μ m, has between boss～spacing of 300 μ m. |
| Hex | According to design shown in Figure 5, and has a main channel 31 that width is 750 μ m, and wherein boss shape becomes the hexagon cylinder of width for～750 μ m, has the spacing of 300 μ m between boss. |
| Bio Orig | According to design illustrated in figures 1 and 2, having width is approximately～ |
| |
According to Fig. 3 and design shown in Figure 4, has the gas delivery passage that width is 1000 μ m, and have by diameter and be the Tou Guoed wall that the cylinder boss array of～750 μ m limits, between boss, have～spacing of 300 μ m. |
| |
According to design shown in Figure 6, having width is the gas transmission subchannel of 1000 μ m, and width is the gas diffusion paths of～400 μ m. |
| Leaf | According to design shown in Figure 7, having width at its base portion is 2 millimeters |
Can find that by above-mentioned test the gas diffusion paths that self has constant width helps the stability of captive water droplet.Therefore the applicant finds can increase the unsteadiness of water droplet by changing width of channel consumingly.Such as, by using the non-circular boss of not arranging (such as the rhombus that lists at hexagonal array, square or triangle boss) symmetric arrays with boss, the channel width of strong variations can be provided, cause the unsteadiness of water droplet, improve the processing of water thus.[list and provide the passage that does not have the constant width of this advantage] with the hexagonal boss array of hexagonal array column alignment at hexagonal array.
Fuel cell will manage usually so that it can carry out work under the voltage/current density of optimizing, and means for serpentine channel to be lower than 0.6-0.8A.cm
-2Leaf design can be implemented in higher current density (such as 1.6A.cm
-2) under carry out work and high power be provided simultaneously (working surface in the flow field can obtain to surpass 750mW.cm
-2Perhaps even＞800mW.cm
-2Power density).Even if do not optimize fuel cell management system to adapt to this flow field geometry, such high-load performance is a particular importance for the application that stands high intermittent load.
In order to help the balance of pressure along passage, they can be convergents, as describing in International Patent Application WO 02/065565.
For bigger flow-field plate and other not too the simple geometric shape can use repetitive or the element cell method required flow field of tiling such as high-aspect-ratio and other polygon flow-field plate.This part is in order to adapt to shape, but also be a kind of generation more uniform gas stream produce the effective way of electric current thus more equably in whole flow field.Figure 13 and Figure 14 show the example of small-sized flow-field plate, and described small-sized flow-field plate has the flow field that comprises based on the littler flow field of four separations of leaf fuel cell.Littler flow field is provided with in pairs, and each is to being provided with public gas feed and arriving discharge-channel at the periphery place in flow field.
In addition, arterial highway and branched structure can have multiple modification, and described modification comprises branch's example shown in Fig. 7,13,14 and sector structure shown in Figure 12.Battery as Figure 13 and 14 in central feeding or diagonal angle charging as shown in figure 15.Even can use serpentine flow.
In more detail, in Figure 13, Figure 14, flow-field plate 100 comprises four flow field portion sections 101, and each section comprises branch's gas delivery passage 102, and round the Tou Guoed zone 103 of branch's gas delivery passage.
Can see through regional 103 parts is centered on by gas passing away 107.Gas passing away 107 is connected to continuous gas passing away 108, and described continuous air scavenge passage self is connected to main gas passing away 109 and gas is discharged manifold 110.
Impermeable protective layer 111 separates with the gas delivery passage 106 that links to each other main gas delivery passage 105 with gas passing away 108 that links to each other and main gas passing away 109.
Increase auxiliary boss and play multiple effect.Boss 112 is as preventing the gas diffusion layers admission passage.Generally have only when width of channel has reached generation grave danger or gas diffusion layers high deformation just useful.Another effect of boss 112 in the arterial highway, center of charging is as gas conversion plant, and here gas flow is separated, and helps air-flow to spread to lower edge branch thus.
In fact, public gas delivery system (main gas delivery passage 105 and link to each other gas delivery passage 106) is to section 101 chargings of a plurality of flow field portion, section self discharging of described a plurality of flow field portion enters public gas and discharges system's (gas passing away 107, the gas passing away 108 that links to each other, and main gas passing away 109).
The configuration and the lung of fuel cell are similar.Yet the mankind only have two lungs, and this configuration can have many such flow fields in groups or be tiled in together to form wideer flow field.
Have multiple device according to this theory, two main classification are the series connection and the portion's section battery that is connected in parallel.In the device that is connected in parallel, each flow field portion section parallel connection is supplied, and each all discharges and enters public discharge-channel.In tandem arrangement, the fluid of the discharge from a flow field portion section is as the source of another flow field portion section.
Figure 15 shows the example of the battery that is connected in parallel, and it has public feed arrangement, and wherein 114 are gas feed for gas feed 113.5 littler flow fields are provided, comprise major trunk roads 22 as mentioned above, auxiliary charging branch 23 and discharging branch 24 and 25.
Figure 16 shows has the parallel connection design that directly is fed into each battery, and this example has four batteries.It is the single passage 121 of single battery feed that each intake channel 114 is separated to form by major trunk roads 22 by boss 120, and it can branch into single design according to similar mode.The partitioned portion of intake channel 114 can have different cross-sectional areas, thereby the flow velocity of balance is provided in the separating part section.Each section or repetitive are also separated by boss band 111, but and discharge-channel separate by post array and feeding-passage as permeable material.
According to similar mode, Figure 17 shows first modification of series design, and the import of the flow field portion section of flow field array is from the outlet charging of another flow field portion section thus.Single section can be formed by above-mentioned any device.Shown example is applicable to branch's " leaf " shape feed arrangement, but has the major trunk roads 22 that separated by permeable material 103, secondary branch 23 and discharging branch 24.
Flow field portion section protected seam 111 separates, and described protective layer gravel size decision is enough big with the main gas flow between the separating part section, and enough little of to allow the film place on land area to produce electric current.These repetition portion section bands can constitute an array to cover the whole active region of flow-field plate shown in Figure 17.Here the two row portion sections feed of independently connecting, the parallel component in the flow field that whole like this flow field can be counted as being connected in series.
Figure 18 shows another modification of series design, and the above-mentioned identical mode protected seam 111 of the Duan Yiru of portion separates thus, and this inner part is hexagon or can be designed as and the tessellate shape of adjacent section.Each section feeding is to discharge-channel, and this is fed to downstream portion section subsequently.Again the air-flow adjustment being entered directed access has increased gas flow rate, thereby and helps water to be mixed into monophasic fluid to reduce to solidify with track the possibility of blocking takes place.Equally, this layout can be counted as the parallel connection configuration in the flow field that is connected in series.
Clearly, the series component that other optional layout can be flow field in parallel-such as a plurality of assemblies that pass flow field tiling as shown in figure 15, so that the discharge-channel 113 of an assembly becomes the source 114 of adjacent component.Figure 19 shows such layout that flows along the direction of arrow that has.
Using tessellate flow field to show along portion's section surface disperses air-flow to reassemble before transmitting it to next zone then or the layout gathered has main advantage.This reassembling shows the back-pressure that fluid mixes that helps lend some impetus to that certain level is provided.
Figure 21-24 shows conventional serpentine flow field plate and has test comparative result (applicant's the 104R-that quotes is equivalent to Figure 17) between portion's section flow-field plate of same area.
As being seen by Figure 21, the voltage of portion's section flow-field plate and power output are very similar to snakelike system so that they can exchange.
Figure 22 is for being 0.15Acm at battery current
-2" cathode stoichiometry " is to the curve chart of cell voltage down.Cathode stoichiometry provides the ratio to the oxidant content of battery and generation electric current aequum, and is the indicating device that is used for overcoming the diffusion effect and the excess air of other obstruction complete reaction that need provide.As can be seen from Figure 22, portion's section flow-field plate is compared with the serpentine flow field plate greatly for the sensitiveness of the variation of cathode stoichiometry and is reduced.The applicant does not measure the sensitiveness of anode stoichiometry, but imagination has similar situation.
Figure 23 is that the curve chart to " equivalent flow " (for producing the required flow velocity of certain current density, described certain current density is expressed as the current density under the given stoichiometry) falls in the pressure of longshore current field.As can be seen, compare with the serpentine flow field plate, the pressure of portion's section flow-field plate falls and is greatly reduced.
This shows that flow field according to the present invention compares with serpentine flow, for equivalent voltage and power output:
● provide littler output to change, reduced the needs that voltage/current is regulated thus
● need lower reactant stoichiometry and reduced thus to be used for the required power of pumping reactant, fuel draining still less is in air
● fall still less for the required pressure of given electric current, the power that provides reactant required has been provided thus.
These factors are very important, and this is because supplementary load loss and the most of power that used fuel cell to produce by voltage-regulation.
The applicant has set up computer simulation widely, and table 2 has provided serpentine design, 104R portion section flow Field Design and gathered based on the results of 106 designs (seeing Figure 20) of the square flow-field plate on 300 centimetres on every limit.
| Table 2 | |||
| Design | Snakelike | 104R | 106 |
| Total current (A) | 117 | 142 | 133 |
| (Pa) falls in pressure | 10,770 | 9,310 | 4,820 |
| Active region in average current density ± 10% | 19.3％ | 38.4％ | 38.5％ |
| Maximum current density and average current density ratio | 2.19 | 1.98 | 1.88 |
| Minimum electrical current density and average current density ratio | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.49 |
For the battery of under same voltage, operating, higher electric current is provided, has had lower pressure and fall according to the more conventional serpentine design of design of the present invention (it comprises the zero current zone), and the longshore current field produces electric current more equably.
These factors are converted into the lower supplementary load loss in the reactant feedway, and longer film (distributing because more uniform generation electric current can cause more uniform temperature) of duration.
Because do not need cooling agent to have the ability that can handle " heat spot ", so the distribution of even temperature more that designing institute according to the present invention provides has also reduced cooling requirement.
Should be noted that 104R and 106 designs are not equivalent, and design philosophy of the present invention means multiple mechanical characteristics (falling such as pressure), and electrical characteristic (such as voltage and current) can the configuration separately according to application need to a certain extent.In conjunction with factor above-mentioned, according to flow-field plate of the present invention at least dual mode use:
1) directly replace serpentine flow, have similar pressure and fall, but the output of higher power.
2) part as system provides the power that is equivalent to serpentine flow output, but has littler supplementary load loss.
Other advantage of flow Field Design of the present invention will constantly become more and more obvious in the R﹠D process.Such as, the lower stoichiometry under lower current density means bigger gas transmission advantage.
Flow field of the present invention is compared with conventional serpentine flow also has advantage, i.e. their startup responses are faster, carry in the mode of series connection because fluid is carried in parallel by flow-field plate rather than along passage.
In fact, can think that flow field of the present invention comprises the matrix flow field, in described matrix flow field, have many passages,, thereby provide the fluid transmission faster and the matrix velocity of discharge greater than the passage of matrix.
Although top description concentrates on reactant flow-fields therefore, be apparent that to those skilled in the art identical consideration also is applicable to coolant flow field.
Claims (20)
1, a kind of flow-field plate (dividing plate) that is used for fuel cell or electrolytic cell, comprise one or more branch's first fluid transmission/passing away, the second narrower diffuse fluid passage feed that described passage limits to the boss array by the diffuse fluid channel network that forms interconnection betwixt.
2, flow-field plate according to claim 1, wherein said flow field comprises the flush system array of the flow field portion section that limits reactant flow-fields therefore, each section comprises one or more branch's first fluid transmission/passing away, the second narrower diffuse fluid passage feed that described passage limits to the boss array by the diffuse fluid channel network that forms interconnection betwixt.
3, flow-field plate according to claim 2, wherein flow field portion section is arranged with parallel way.
4, flow-field plate according to claim 2, wherein flow field portion section is arranged with series system.
5, flow-field plate according to claim 2, the wherein parallel component of the flow field portion section flow field portion section that is arranged to be connected in series.
6, flow-field plate according to claim 2, the wherein series component of the flow field portion section flow field portion section that is arranged to be connected in parallel.
7, according to each described flow-field plate among the claim 1-6, wherein said branch first fluid transmission/passing away comprises the hexagonal network of passage.
8,, comprise with one or more branch fluid transmission channel of one or more branch fluid passing away configuration at an angle to each other and separate the Tou Guoed wall of the same spline structure that forms by the boss array according to each described flow-field plate among the claim 1-6.
9, flow-field plate according to claim 8, the wherein said wall pressure that sees through is hexagonal configuration, has each the folding wall portion section of extending along wall, and in the end wall section of each turning point of wall.
10, according to each described flow-field plate among the claim 1-9, the shape of wherein setting boss is to limit the diffuse fluid passage that has constant width substantially.
11, according to each described flow-field plate among the claim 1-9, the shape of wherein setting boss is to limit the strong variable diffuse fluid passage of channel width.
12, flow-field plate according to claim 11, wherein boss is non-circular and does not align with the boss symmetrical arrangement.
13, flow-field plate according to claim 12, wherein rhombus, the square or triangle boss of boss for listing at hexagonal array.
14, flow-field plate according to claim 10, wherein boss is a polygonal shape.
15, flow-field plate according to claim 14, wherein boss is a hexagonal shape.
16, according to each described flow-field plate among the claim 1-15, wherein said flow field comprises the barrier layer of the impermeable of separating flow field regions, and has hole or be limited by it out hole so that the choke point of fluid passage to be provided on the barrier layer of impermeable.
17, according to each described flow-field plate among the claim 1-16, wherein said fluid transmission/passing away and diffuse fluid passage are respectively gas transmission/passing away and gas diffusion paths.
18, flow-field plate according to claim 17 wherein is provided with boss and in use enters flow field channel with the barrier gas diffusion layer in gas transmission/passing away.
19, a kind of fuel cell that comprises one or more according to each described flow-field plate among the claim 1-18.
20, fuel cell according to claim 19, wherein the power that can carry of each flow-field plate calculates according to flow-field plate worksheet area and surpasses 750mW.cm
-2
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2003/002621 WO2004001874A2 (en) | 2002-06-24 | 2003-06-18 | Flow field plate geometries |
| GBPCT/GB03/02621 | 2003-06-18 | ||
| GB0316946.3 | 2003-07-18 | ||
| GB0407638.6 | 2004-04-02 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN1809939A true CN1809939A (en) | 2006-07-26 |
| CN100397692C CN100397692C (en) | 2008-06-25 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2004800171300A Expired - Fee Related CN100397692C (en) | 2003-06-18 | 2004-06-17 | Flow field plate geometries |
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|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN100397692C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004114446A1 (en) |
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| WO2004114446A1 (en) | 2004-12-29 |
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