CN1809728A - 量子隧道效应传感装置 - Google Patents

量子隧道效应传感装置 Download PDF

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CN1809728A
CN1809728A CNA2004800110472A CN200480011047A CN1809728A CN 1809728 A CN1809728 A CN 1809728A CN A2004800110472 A CNA2004800110472 A CN A2004800110472A CN 200480011047 A CN200480011047 A CN 200480011047A CN 1809728 A CN1809728 A CN 1809728A
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马克雷·塔德乌什·米哈利维卡兹
齐格蒙特·雷穆察
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Abstract

一种单块的微米或纳米的机电传感装置,包括一对分别安装一个或多个伸长的导电体(40)的基片(20,25);和弹性固态铰链装置(30,32),该装置与基片结合并连接基片以相对地定位基片,以致于基片的各伸长的导电体(40)以一定的间隔被对置,该间隔在跨过导体应用合适的电位差时允许导体之间可探测的量子隧道效应电流。固态铰链装置允许基片相对于伸长的导电体基片横向平行移动。

Description

量子隧道效应传感装置
技术领域
本发明涉及细微的相对运动或位移,例如线性或角度分离或者平移,的精确测量和监测。本发明在微米或纳米级位移的检测方面有特别的效用。特别,但非排他的,感兴趣的是对振动和位置转换产生的量的测量。
背景技术
已经有许多应用可检测的量子隧道效应电流的变化测量微米或纳米级的位移或运动的公开的提议。例如,Kobayashi et al,已经提出用于微观结构的位移探测器,如依赖于隧道效应电流对试样和尖锐的金属尖之间的1纳米级间隙长度的极度敏感性的原子力显微镜探针。由Kobayashi et al所作的早期相关的公开“集成的隧道效应装置”出现在1992年的MEMS刊(Proceedings of MEMS),Travemünde(德国),2月4-7,1992。在《设计工程(Design Engineering)》(Morgan Grampian有限公司,伦敦,英国),1997年11月1日,的名为“微传感器得到隧道效应(Microsensors get tunnelling)”的摘录中,公开了制造成绝缘硅(S.O.L.)片的依赖于隧道电流效应的加速度计。这个装置和在欧洲专利公开号262253中公开的微型-机械原子力传感器头均依赖于检测的量子隧道效应电流对间隙,通常是在尖端和相对的表面之间,的可变宽度的敏感性。也就是说,该尖端和该表面彼此相向和相背运动。
利用尖端和相对的表面之间的量子隧道效应的装置的其他公开可在美国专利号4,806,755和国际专利公开号WO 97/20189中找到。
本申请人的先前的国际专利公开WO 00/14476号公开了用于测量或监测两个元件相对位置或位移的微机械装置,其中一对伸长的导电体被相互分离布置,以致在跨该导电体施加电位差时,在导电体间存在可探测的量子隧道效应电流。这种装置对在对置导电体之间的横向或角度的对中度是敏感的。在该装置的一种形式中,各基片以在2至100埃范围的间隔安装导体的相对阵列。所公开的用于精确保持此间隙的装置包括C60纳米支架或有机介质,如环已烷,的分隔膜的使用。
在公开号WO 00/14476中公开的概念和结构对微米或纳米级别的各种各样的申请具有重大的启示。本发明的目的是提供体现这些概念的一类的实用的装置。
发明内容
本发明实际主要涉及应用在国际专利公开号WO 00/14476中公开的概念的单块MEMS或NEMS,该结构允许一对对置的基片的平行移动。
因此本发明提供单块的微米或纳米的机电传感装置,包括:
一对分别安装一个或多个伸长的导电体的基片;以及
弹性固态铰链装置,其与上述基片结合成一体并连接上述基片以相对地定位基片,以使上述基片各自伸长的导电体以一定的间隔被对置,该间隔允许在跨该导体应用合适的电位差时导体之间可探测的量子隧道效应电流;
其中上述固态铰链装置允许上述基片与上述伸长的导电体横向地基片相对平行移动。
优选地,安装在各基片上的对置的伸长的导电体基本上是平行的。
较佳地,上述的弹性固态铰链装置的外形形成为在选择的方向上相对于与之正交的方向具有充分低的硬度。
在一种实施方式中,上述的固态铰链装置至少包括一个从上述基片中之一突出的支柱或柱子,和将支柱与另一个基片的边缘区域整体连接的连接板。为了检测线性位移,上述的铰链装置将适宜地包括一对固态铰链,而旋转的或角度的平移运动的检测通常需要一个或四个固态铰链。
在较佳的装置中,通常各个基片都是平的板或片,各个都是均匀厚度的且一个叠加在另一个的上面。矩形或正方形的板或片是较佳的,虽然在四个以角度间隔固态铰链的情况下,基片中的之一为圆盘形状是适宜的。
附图说明
现在本发明将参照附图,仅通过例子进一步描述,其中:
图1是按照本发明实施例的单块传感装置的立体图,该装置具有一对整体形成的固态铰链并特别适合测量线性振动;
图2和图3分别为图1所示装置的俯视图和侧面视图;
图4是与图1相似的但以不同角度观察的视图,是图1所描绘的装置的变型,具有四个整体形成的固态铰链;
图5描绘了图1所示装置的变型,具有一个铰链以致对旋转位移或振动是敏感的;以及
图6是具有等角度间隔布置在圆盘基片周围的四个固态铰链的装置的近似图。
具体实施方式
图1至3描绘的传感装置10是典型地适合于制造微米或纳米结构的类型的材料,例如硅或砷化镓,形成的集成的单块结构。该装置包括一对矩形的板或片20、25,一个20比另一个大并形成结构的基底,另一个25由一对弹性固态铰链结构30、32被悬置在基底板20上方。在这个特定的实施例中,各个板或片20、25都是均匀厚度的,板25中心对称地定位在基底板20之上。
铰链结构30、32与基片板20、25是一体的。各包括从基底板20直立的壁状的支柱34。在这个特定的实施例中,各支柱34在基底板20的边缘,支柱的外表面35与基底板的端面21齐平,当然其他的配置也是可能的。悬置的板25通过各伸长的铰链连接板36、38连接到支柱34,该铰链连接板以相互共面对齐的方式把板25的相对的侧面与支柱34的内表面接合在一起。在这个特定的构造中,铰链连接板36具有与板25的厚度相等的宽度,并布置成其上、下缘37分别与板25的上、下表面24齐平,并使连接板的上缘37与支柱34的上缘33齐平且相对于支柱34的上缘33正交地排列。
可以理解,因为铰链连接板36在平行于板20、25的方向上比较薄,但是在与板垂直的方向上具有相对大的尺寸,所以铰链是可高度弯曲的,即在平行方向上具有非常低的运动抗性但在垂直方向上具有高的硬度和对运动的抗性。
板20、25的相对面23、24是以高精确度平行的,并且以均匀的间隔或间隙50设置,以该间隔或间隙上述表面中可能存在相对的导体之间的可检测的量子隧道效应电流。为用作微米或纳米机电装置,这些表面23、24已经嵌入与铰链连接板36的平面平行排列的直接对置的对的形式的伸长的导电体40。适宜的电触点42设置在金属板20、25上以跨过对置的导体对施加适当的电位差而产生穿过问隙50的可检测的量子隧道效应电流。在触点42和导体40之间的电连接能够通过铰链连接板36被整合。
正如在前述的国际专利公开号WO 00/14476中阐述的一样,此量子隧道效应电流极度地依赖于导体之间的间隔,因为在导体表面之外量子波作用以指数衰减,并且检测到的电流也是一对对置的导体之间的任何横向重叠或相对角度的函数。该装置利用了隧道效应电流的检测值随着对置的导体的失对准而变化的线性关系,在铰链连接板36弯曲时,板20、25横向于导体的任何相对平行移动造成对置的导体的失对准。
在图1至3所示的传感装置10的特别合适的应用中,在基底板20固定到表面上并且该表面中的振动引起铰链连接板36上的板25的相对振动的情况下,横向于铰链36的平面的线性振动可被检测。所示种类的微米或纳米尺寸的传感器能够通过在对置的导体在对准和失对准状态间振荡时检测量子隧道效应电流的峰值以高频发挥作用,因此可作为高频振动的传感器。
图1至3中描绘的传感装置的另一个应用是作为流量计,其中板25伸入到流量中并响应流量。应该理解,此装置通常可被应用于测量源自位置转换的量。
图4至6进一步图示说明具有其它特性或应用的单块微米或纳米装置的实施例。图4所示的结构与图1所示的结构相似,除了在悬置的板125的任一侧具有两个铰链连接板130a、130b,132a、132b外。这种设计允许悬置的板125在板的尺寸大于图1所示的情况下相对于基底板120作线性运动。
相反地,图5所示的结构仅有一个连接板铰链230以致较小的板225从单一的支柱234以悬臂形式伸出。这种设计允许悬臂板相对于基底板的角位移。图6所示的结构也适用于板的相对角位移。此处,悬置板有四个等角度间隔、沿径向延伸的铰链连接板336以确保板更好、更精确的定位并提供完全不同的响应。
图示结构表明的示例性的尺寸范围将使悬置板尺寸(边长或直径)在100μm至100nm的范围内。典型的铰链尺寸将包括100μm至100nm的长度、50μm至50nm的宽度及50μm至10nm的厚度。
许多已知的加工方法中的任何一种都可被应用于本发明装置的制造。适宜的这类方法可能包括:
(1)用于大约15nm甚至更小的板间的间隙50的聚焦离子束(FIB)。
(2)用于5nm甚至更小的板间的间隙的绝缘体上硅结构(SOI)。
(3)使用活性离子腐蚀(RIE)的间隙材料的蚀除法。
(4)STM/AFM电化学腐蚀。
另一种选择是分别制造两块板,例如通过在底面上沉积自对准分子(SAM)层,然后,例如,通过FIB,焊接两块板形成铰链。之后蒸发该SAM层。在这种情况下,板间的间隙将与SAM材料的厚度有关。
对于1nm或更小的间隙,当前已知的加工方法是不适宜的。因此,在这种情况下板可以被分别加工,使其彼此适宜地相隔,并使用致动器使其接近。
使用植入或纳米印刻技术或任何合适的方法可应用伸长的导电体和触点。
固态的整合的铰链40是非常精确的,并具有非常高的耐受性。由弹性常数或连接板结构细节和材料的变化引起的误差能够被控制和减小到极低的值。图示说明的传感器能够在真空中、在极度侵蚀性的空气中、在强磁场和电场的情况下、在强放射性或宇宙辐射中和在极度低或高的温度下起作用。
在前述范围中从微米到纳米尺度减小传感装置的外形尺寸(即从MEMS到NEMS)将改善铰链的性能和可靠性,因此,正如通过许多研究所确立的一样,减小尺寸相应的伴随着减小许多缺陷。随着减小尺寸许多物理参数可以以更高的精度被控制。这样的参数包括弹性模量和数个其他的物理性质,特别是对于硅。固态的连接板铰链的可靠性是非常高的,具有通常超过10年的预计寿命或连续操作超过3×1011次的循环。
各种可选择构造的数值和结构分析,例如使用有限元方法,能够为特殊的应用提供最佳的解决方案。尤其对于板的最佳平移,在所选的运动范围和需要的频率下,选择传感器或固态的连接板铰链的几何结构、材料和尺寸是可能的。
该装置的应用包括测力计、流量计、陀螺仪、测振计和加速计。特别重要的一个应用是对测量环境的最低限度的干扰都是至关紧要的表面的应用,例如在飞机或轮船的设计中测量空气动力面和测试,或计算机磁盘驱动器测试。

Claims (9)

1、一种单块的微米或纳米机电传感装置,包括:
一对分别安装一个或多个伸长的导电体的基片;以及
弹性固态铰链装置,该装置与上述基片结合并连接上述基片以相对地定位基片,以致于上述基片的各伸长导电体以一定的间隔被对置,该间隔在跨过导体应用合适的电位差时基片允许导体之间可探测的量子隧道效应电流;
其中上述固态铰链装置允许所述基片相对于上述伸长的导电体基片横向平行移动。
2、按照权利要求2所述的机电传感装置,其特征在于,安装在各基片上的对置的伸长导电体基本上是平行的。
3、按照权利要求1或2所述的机电传感装置,其特征在于,上述的弹性固态铰链装置形成为在选定的方向上相对于与之正交的方向具有基本较低的硬度。
4、按照权利要求1、2或3所述的机电传感装置,其特征在于,上述的固态铰链装置至少包括一个由上述基片之一突出的支柱或柱子,和将支柱整体地连接到另一个基片的边缘区域的连接板。
5、按照前述的任何一项权利要求所述的机电传感装置,其特征在于,为了检测线性位移,上述的铰链装置包括一对上述的弹性固态铰链。
6、按照权利要求5所述的机电传感装置,其特征在于,上述的铰链包括相互共面对准的铰链连接板。
7、按照权利要求1至4中的任何一项所述的机电传感装置,其特征在于,为检测旋转的或角度的平移运动,上述的铰链装置包括一个或多个以角度间隔的固态铰链。
8、按照权利要求1至7中的任何一项所述的机电传感装置,其特征在于,各基片是平的板或片,一个叠置在另一个的上面。
9、按照权利要求8所述的机电传感装置,其特征在于,上述的板或片是矩形的。
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