CN1774617A - Apparatus and method using an array of ultrasonic sensors for determining the velocity of a fluid within a pipe - Google Patents
Apparatus and method using an array of ultrasonic sensors for determining the velocity of a fluid within a pipe Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
An apparatus and method for measuring the flow velocity of a fluid flowing through a pipe that includes an array of at least two ultrasonic sensor units (with as many as 16 sensor units) disposed at predetermined locations along the pipe. Each sensor unit includes an ultrasonic transmitter and an ultrasonic receiver. Each sensor unit provides a respective signal indicative of a parameter of the transit time or amplitude of the ultrasonic signal propagating between each respective ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver. A signal processor defines a convective ridge in the k-omega plane in response to the ultrasonic signals using an adaptive beamforming algorithm, such as Capon and Music. The signal processor further determines the slope of at least a portion of the convective ridge to determine the flow velocity of the fluid.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT
The U.S. Provisional Patent Application sequence number No.60/439 that on January 13rd, 2003 submitted to, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application sequence number No.60/524 that 715 (CiDRA ' s Docket No.CC-0530), on November 21st, 2003 submit to, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application sequence number No.60/531 that 066 (CiDRA ' s Docket No.CC-0680) and on Dec 19th, 2003 submit to, 065 (CiDRA ' s Docket No.CC-0691) all be hereby incorporated by reference.
Invention field
The present invention relates to handle ultrasonic signal field (such as the sonar field), relate in particular to when the known fluid flow direction fields of measurement of the fluid velocity of (when defining fluid when pipeline and flow).
Background of invention
Current, there are three classes to use the flowmeter of ultrasonic sensor, comprise travel-time ultrasonic flow meter (TTUF), Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeter (DUF) and simple crosscorrelation ultrasonic flow meter (CCUF).
CCUF measures ultrasonic propagation by in the required time of flow path along the position of two axial dislocations of pipeline.In this measuring principle, suppose that the variation in travel-time is relevant with the convection properties that flows, such as the unevenness in spiral structure, the flowable component, temperature variation or the like.
More low-frequency, the characteristic that the time changes of the structure during CCUF utilizes high frequency sounds signal (being ultrasound wave) to measure to flow.As all other flowmeter, cause that physical perturbation that the travel-time changes will keep continuity to a certain degree on the distance between two sensors based on simple crosscorrelation.
Since the sixties in 19th century was early stage, the simple crosscorrelation ultrasonic flow meter emerged.About the variation of fluid components, CCUF is typically compared with more stable based on other hyperacoustic flow-measuring method (such as the method based on travel-time and Doppler).
Although more stable than other ultrasonic analysis technology in the CCFU operation, they have met with the shortcoming relevant with most of cross correlation flowmeters, and promptly they have low renewal rate and relative inexactness.
Use axially aligned ultrasonic transmitter and receiver energy measurement travel-time, this travel-time is defined as ultrasonic beam and propagates to the required time of set a distance.For there not being lateral velocity component mobile homogeneity fluid in unlimited hard pipe, the travel-time provides by following relational expression:
t＝D/Amix
T is the travel-time, and D is that pipe diameter and Amix are the speed of sound of propagating via this fluid.
In this flowing, the variation of the variation in travel-time and the speed of sound of fluid is similar.Yet, in real fluid, many mechanism that cause the little variation in travel-time being arranged, this travel-time keeps spatial coherence for several pipe diameters.Flow for single-phase, the variation in the lateral velocity component will cause the variation in travel-time.The variation of the thermophysical property of fluid (such as temperature or component) also will cause variation.Many these influences and the convection current of flowing.Therefore, the fluid cross speed relevant with relevant spiral structure makes the mobile simple crosscorrelation flow measurement that is suitable for having even component characteristic based on the measurement in travel-time for the influence in travel-time.Make the travel-time measurement be well suited for single-phase and heterogeneous application to the velocity field disturbance with to the combination of the sensitivity of change of component.
Although CCUF works for multiple flowable component, standard propagation time ultrasonic flow meter (TTUF) uses more extensive.TTUF often needs good fluid of relative performance (being monophasic fluid) and the clearly coupling of definition between transducer and fluid itself.TTUF relies on and transmits and receives its a certain propagation component and the ultrasonic signal that flows and conform to.Though this demand does not constitute major issue for coaxial wet transducer TTUF, by likening to important operating parameter of the velocity of sound in the ducted velocity of sound and the fluid introduced, it forms challenge for jaw type equipment.The influence of this parameter causes reliability and the precision problem of jaw type TTUF.
CCFU uses the ultrasound wave that ultrasonic transducer starts and detection of vertical is propagated in flow path.In the refraction of the ultrasound wave of pipeline/fluid intersection is not problem, and the ratio of the velocity of sound in pipeline and the fluid does not directly influence operability.
The subject matter of CCFU is that they are slow and coarse.CCFU relies on the simple crosscorrelation of two measurements that utilize the time domain simple crosscorrelation.
Realize that flowmeter of the present invention utilizes ultrasonic transmitter and receiver array to observe at axial location separately the measurement characteristics (being travel-time and/or amplitude) of the pipeline of flowing through, it combines with array beams formation technology, producing a kind of novel ultrasonic flow meter, thereby overcome the shortcoming of current ultrasonoscope based on sonar.
Use explains that based on the array processing method of sonar a plurality of travel-times transmit and receive the performance that the right output of sensor will be improved on current CCFU.This augmented performance will comprise more high precision, renewal rate and more stable operation faster.
Brief summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention comprises provides a kind of equipment with the ultrasonic sensor cell array that is used for fluid velocity mobile in the measuring channel, wherein uses beam-forming technology that firm flowmeter is provided.
According to the present invention, a kind of method is provided, this method is used to measure basically along the flow through flow rate of fluid of ennation of the major axis of ennation.This method comprises at least two ultrasonic sensor cellular arraies that are provided at along the precalculated position installation of ennation.Each sensor unit comprises ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver.Each sensor unit provides signal separately, the parameter of the ultrasonic signal that this signal indication is propagated between each corresponding ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver.This method also comprises handles these travel-time signals to define convective ridge in k-ω plane; And the slope of definite at least a portion convective ridge is to determine rate of flow of fluid.
According to still another embodiment of the invention, provide a kind of equipment, it is used to measure basically along the flow through flow rate of fluid of this ennation of the major axis of ennation.This equipment is included at least two ultrasonic sensor cellular arraies installing along the pre-position of this ennation.Each sensor unit comprises ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver.Each sensor unit provides signal separately, the parameter of the ultrasonic signal that this signal indication is propagated between each corresponding ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver.In response to these ultrasonic signals, processor defines convective ridge in k-ω plane, and the slope of definite at least a portion convective ridge is so that determine rate of flow of fluid.
According to still another embodiment of the invention, provide a kind of equipment, it is used to measure basically along the flow through flow rate of fluid of this ennation of the major axis of ennation.This equipment is included at least two ultrasonic sensor cellular arraies installing along the pre-position of this ennation.Each sensor unit comprises ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver.Each sensor unit provides signal separately, the parameter of the ultrasonic signal that this signal indication is propagated between each corresponding ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver.Provide a kind of device being used to handle these ultrasonic signals, thereby in k-ω plane, define convective ridge.The slope that provides a kind of device to be used for determining at least a portion convective ridge is so that determine rate of flow of fluid.
According to following detailed description to exemplary embodiment, aforementioned and other purpose, feature and advantage of the present invention will become more obvious.
The accompanying drawing summary
In conjunction with the accompanying drawings, become in the detailed description that above and other purpose of the present invention, feature and advantage will provide from behind obviously, wherein:
Fig. 1 is according to the flowmeter block diagram volumetric flow rate that is used for measuring the fluid that flows at pipeline of the present invention, that have the ultrasonic sensor cell array of arranging along pipeline axial.
Fig. 2 is the cross-section of pipeline figure that has the pipe stream of turbulent flow according to of the present invention, and the pipe stream of this turbulent flow has coherent structure.
Fig. 3 is the process chart/synoptic diagram according to flowmeter of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a k-ω curve map constructed according to the invention, and it represents convective ridge, and wherein the fluid that flows in the pipeline is a water.
Fig. 5 is the curve map of dB power function according to the present invention to the fluid velocity on k-ω plane, is used for determining the slope with peak power corresponding to the convective ridge slope of the k-ω curve map of Fig. 4.
Fig. 6 is the replacement that is similar to the sensing equipment of the specific flowmeter of the present invention shown in Fig. 1
The block diagram of embodiment.
Fig. 7 is the replacement that is similar to the sensing equipment of the specific flowmeter of the present invention shown in Fig. 1
The block diagram of embodiment.
Fig. 8 is the replacement that is similar to the sensing equipment of the specific flowmeter of the present invention shown in Fig. 1
The block diagram of embodiment.
Fig. 9 is the replacement that is similar to the sensing equipment of the specific flowmeter of the present invention shown in Fig. 1
The block diagram of embodiment.
Figure 10 is a k-ω curve map constructed according to the invention, and it represents convective ridge, and wherein the fluid that flows in the pipeline is the water of low flow velocity.
Figure 11 is the curve map of dB power function according to the present invention to the fluid velocity on k-ω plane, is used for determining the slope with peak power corresponding to the convective ridge slope of the k-ω curve map of Figure 10.
Figure 12 is a k-ω curve map constructed according to the invention, and it represents convective ridge, and wherein the fluid that flows in the pipeline is the water of entrapped air.
Figure 13 is the curve map of dB power function according to the present invention to the fluid velocity on k-ω plane, is used for determining the slope with peak power corresponding to the convective ridge slope of the k-ω curve map of Figure 12.
Figure 14 is the k-ω curve map of the time construction of stroke measurment used according to the invention (flightmeasurement), and it represents convective ridge, and wherein the fluid that flows in the pipeline is the pulp liquor (pulp slurry) with 4.3% concentration.
Figure 15 is the curve map of dB power function according to the present invention to the fluid velocity on k-ω plane, is used for determining the slope with peak power corresponding to the convective ridge slope of the k-ω curve map of Figure 14.
Figure 16 is the k-ω curve map of amplitude measurement structure used according to the invention, and it represents convective ridge, and wherein the fluid that flows in the pipeline is the pulp liquor with 4.3% concentration.
Figure 17 is the curve map of dB power function according to the present invention to the fluid velocity on k-ω plane, is used for determining the slope with peak power corresponding to the convective ridge slope of the k-ω curve map of Figure 16.
Figure 18 is the standard deviation curves figure that specializes the output measurement of flowmeter of the present invention during low vibration condition, and described standard deviation is as the quantity of sensor unit in the array and the function of window multiplier.
Figure 19 is the standard deviation curves figure that specializes the output measurement of flowmeter of the present invention during high vibration condition, and described standard deviation is as the quantity of sensor unit in the array and the function of window multiplier.
Realize best mode of the present invention
With reference to figure 1, provide generally to be expressed as 10 flowmeter to measure the monophasic fluid 12 (for example gas, liquid or liquid/liquid mixture) that flows via pipeline and/or the speed and/or the volumetric flow rate of multiphase mixture 12 (for example process fluid).This multiphase mixture can be two-phase liquid/gas mixture, solid/gas mixture or solid/liquid mixture, gas-entrained liquid or three-phase mixture.
This flowmeter 10 comprises the sensing equipment of being made up of the array of ultrasonic sensor unit 18-21 16.Each sensor unit comprises a pair of ultrasonic sensor 40,42, and one of them is as transmitter (Tx) 40, and another is as receiver (Rx) 42.Sensor unit 18-21 is along outside surface 22 axially spaced-aparts of pipeline 14, and pipeline 14 has the process fluid of propagating therein 12.Along pipeline on the precalculated position of pipeline, radially install this to sensor 40,42 to provide by transmission structure, make sensor emission and receive basically with pipeline in fluid flow direction vertically propagate ultrasonic signal by fluid.
As shown in fig. 1, each measures ultrasonic signal propagates into receiving sensor 42 from emission sensor 40 via fluid 12 travel-time (being stroke time (TOF) or phase modulation (PM)) to ultrasonic sensor 40,42.Travel-time measures or variation is represented and the coherence of the mobile convection current that pipeline is interior (for example vortex disturbance, flow interior unevenness, temperature variation, bubble, particle, pressure disturbance), and it represents the speed of process fluid 12.Yet ultrasonic sensor can be operated under any frequency, found that the sensor of higher frequency is more suitable in monophasic fluid, and more low-frequency sensor is more suitable in heterogeneous fluid.The optimum frequency of ultrasonic sensor depends on the particle of fluid 12 propagation or the size or the type of material.For example, the bubble in the aerated fluid is big more, and the ideal frequency of ultrasonic signal is just low more.The exemplary frequency example that is used for specific flowmeter of the present invention is 1MHz and 5MHz.Equally, ultrasonic sensor can provide pulse, chirp or continuous signal via fluid mobile 12.An example of operable sensor 40,42 is no.113-241-591 models that Krautkramer produces.
The output signal T of ultrasonic signal processor 37 is provided
1(t)-T
N(t) give processor 24, it handles the travel-time measurement data to determine volume flow rate.Propagate into time that corresponding receiving sensor 42 spent via duct wall and fluid 12 from emission sensor 40 by ultrasonic signal and define travel-time or stroke measurment time.Vortex disturbance (and/or fluid in other unevenness) is to postpone or accelerated to the influence in the travel-time of ultrasonic signal should the travel-time.Therefore, each sensing unit 18-21 provides the output signal T separately of variation in the ultrasonic signal travel-time of expression and fluid 12 direction vertical transmissions
1(t)-T
N(t).Explain that by using at least two sensor units 18,19 coherence of the convection current in process pipeline and/or feature draw this measurement.Ultrasonic sensor 18-21 can maybe can (promptly contact its pincers or non-contact sensor) on the outside surface 22 of pipeline 14 for " wet (wetted) ".
In an example, flowmeter 10 is determined with 12 vortex disturbances of propagating or the speed of " vortex (eddy) " 45 (see figure 2)s of flowing by using array of ultrasonic sensors 18-21, thus the measurement volumes flow.Flowmeter 10 is measured and the instability that is produced by vortex disturbance or " vortex " 45 and other a unevenness relevant speed that flows, so that definite speed of mobile 12.Ultrasonic sensor unit 18-21 measures the travel-time T of the corresponding ultrasonic signal between each corresponding sensor is to 40,42
1(t)-T
N(t), when convection current was being flowed in 12 in the vortex disturbance in known manner via pipeline 14, the described travel-time changed with these disturbances.Therefore, the speed of these vortex disturbances with flow 12 velocity correlation, thereby can determine volumetric flow rate, this will hereafter be described in more detail.Determine volumetric flow rate by multiply by fluid velocity with the cross-section of pipeline area.
For the measurement volumes flow, the speed when flowmeter 10 characterizes relevant spiral structure convection current through axial sensor cell array 18-21.Should relevant structure 45 be inherent features of the turbulent boundary layer that in all turbulent flows, exists.Unlike traditional ededy current gauge, do not need interior geometry to produce these structures.
The overwhelming majority of the process fluid 12 of industry comprises turbulent flow.The flow characteristicss that many reality are concerned about are being dominated in turbulent fluctuation in process fluid, comprise that pressure descends, heat is transmitted and mixing.Use for engineering, usually just enough in order to design characteristic averaging time of only considering turbulent flow.For the ARRAY PROCESSING flow measurement technology based on sonar, the time averaging rate variation figure that understands in the turbulent flow 12 provides a kind of means to explain in the speed of coherent structure 45 convection current and the relation between the volume averaging flow.
The pipe stream 12 of turbulent flow is the high complexity fluid.The details of estimating any turbulent flow all is debatable, yet, be known about this The statistical properties major part that flows.For example, turbulent flow comprises relevant spiral structure spontaneous, that often be called " turbulent eddy ".The maximum length yardstick of these vortexs is set by the diameter of pipeline 14.These structures keep relevant for several pipe diameters in downstream, are decomposed into littler gradually vortex at last and dissipate by viscous effect up to energy.
Experimental study is definite, and the vortex that produces in turbulent boundary layer is with about 80% convection current of Peak Flow Rate.For pipe stream, this means that turbulent eddy will be with the convection current of approximate volumes mean flow rate in pipeline 14.As described below can experience be aligned in exact relationship between the flow of the convection velocity of turbulent eddy and each class flowmeter.
Fig. 2 has illustrated that each sensor unit has transmitter unit 40 and acceptor unit 42 along the relevant flow performance of ultrasonic sensor unit shaft to the turbulent pipe flows 12 of array 18-21.What go out as shown is such, and time averaging axial velocity is the function of radial position, from 0 maximal value to pipe centerline of wall.Flow to characterize by precipitous velocity gradient and near pipeline 14 centers relative core uniformly and flow 12 near described wall.The spiral structure that is commonly called turbulent eddy is superimposed upon on the time averaging velocity diagram.These relevant structures have typically the random fluctuation less than 10% size of mean flow rate with comprising time ground and space, and are carried along with this average flow.Experimental study is definite, and the vortex that produces in turbulent boundary layer keeps relevant for several pipe diameters, and with about 80% convection current (Schlichting, 1979) of Peak Flow Rate.
From the angle that volume flow is measured, the volume averaging flow velocity be concerned about.Is useful by total volumetric flow rate Q divided by the volume averaging flow velocity that the cross-sectional area A of pipeline defines, but is the attribute that flows of definition arbitrarily also.In fact, provided the velocity diagram in the pipeline after, have only seldom mobile to be actually to move with this speed.Determine in the convection velocity of turbulent eddy and the exact relationship between the flow by calibrating experience ground each time.
Reynolds number (Re) based on pipe diameter (D) characterizes the many engineering attributes that flow.Reynolds number is a nondimensional ratio, and the inertial force of representative in flowing is to the relative importance of viscous force:
Wherein ρ is a fluid density, and μ is a dynamic viscosity, and U is that (=μ/ρ) is a kinematic viscosity for volume averaging flow velocity and v.
For pipe stream critical Reynolds number be～2300, surpass the mobile turbulent flow that just is considered to of this value.The border, this Reynolds number is a similarity parameter for pipe stream, that is to say between division mobile fluidised form stratiform and turbulent flow, and what have identical Reynolds number is dynamic similarities how much dissimilar ducted flowing.(Schlichting?p.12)。
As shown in Figure 1, embody flowmeter 10 of the present invention and have an array that comprises two ultrasonic sensor unit 18-19 at least, described sensor unit axially is positioned at position x along pipeline 14
1, x
2As respectively at position x
3, x
NShown in the ultrasonic sensor unit 20,21 at place, those skilled in the art will appreciate that this sensor array can comprise 3 or more ultrasonic sensor unit.The present invention's imagination, array 16 can comprise the sensing unit 18-21 of any amount (or more), it comprises the array that can have the sensor unit between 2 to 16.Each ultrasonic sensor is respectively with travel-time variable signal T
1(t), T
2(t), T
3(t), T
N(t) offer signal processor 24 and known fast Fourier transform (FFT) logical circuit 30-33.FFT logical circuit 30-33 calculates time-based input signal T
1(t)-T
N(t) Fourier transform, and complex frequency domain (or based on frequency) the signal T of the frequency content of expression input signal is provided
1(ω), T
2(ω), T
3(ω), T
N(ω).Replace FFT, can use to be used for picked up signal T
1(t)-T
N(t) any other technology of frequency domain characteristic.
With frequency signal T
1(ω)-T
N(ω) present to array processor 36, it provides the flow signals 40 and the rate signal 42 of representing the speed that technology flows of the volumetric flow rate of expression technology mobile 12.
In the flow technology of convection velocity of 12 li definite vortex disturbances of technology is by using a unsettled array of ultrasonic sensors or other beam-forming technology to characterize the convective ridge of vortex disturbance, described beam-forming technology is similar to the U.S. Patent Application Serial Number No.09/729 that the title of submitting on Dec 4th, 2000 is " Method andApparatus for Determinmg the Flow Velocity Within a Pipe (being used for determining the method and apparatus of flow velocity in the pipeline) ", technology shown in 994 is quoted this application with for referencial use at this.The technology of the convection velocity of determining the vortex disturbance hereinafter will be described in further detail.
Flow-measuring method uses the convection velocity of the coherent structure of turbulent pipe flows 12 to determine volumetric flow rate.Be similar to radar and sonar field, determine the speed of vortex convection current process by using the ARRAY PROCESSING technology, thereby determine the convection velocity of these vortexs 45 along the axial ultrasonic wave sensor array of pipeline 14 distributions.
By characterizing the time and the spatial frequency characteristic of field of flow, the ARRAY PROCESSING algorithm is determined the speed of vortex 45.For a series of relevant vortex of convection current, come the time and the spatial frequency content of related pressure surge by following relational expression through the fixedly array of a ultrasonic sensor unit 18-21:
Here k is wave number or spatial frequency, is defined as k=2 π/λ, and unit is l/ length, and ω is temporal frequency rad/sec, and U
ConvectIt is convection velocity.Therefore, temporal frequency ω and spatial frequency k are by the convection velocity linear dependence.
In ARRAY PROCESSING, often use " k-ω curve map " to come the space/temporal frequency content of static sound field of demonstration time.K-ω curve map comes down to three-dimensional power spectrum, and power that wherein will this field resolves into the little frequency range (bin) corresponding to concrete space wave number and temporal frequency.On k-ω curve map, with the distribute power relevant with the pressure field of mobile convection current in each zone, the dissipation relation of launching is above satisfied in described distribution.This zone is called as " convective ridge " (Beranek, 1992), and the slope of this ridge is represented by measuring the convection velocity that TOF changes determined pressure field by each ultrasonic sensor unit 18-21 on k-ω curve map.This shows: such as will be hereinafter described in greater detail, by making up k-ω curve map from the output of sensor array and discerning the slope of convective ridge, can determine the convection velocity of turbulent eddy, thus and the interior flow of definite pipeline.
As previously mentioned, the equipment 10 of Fig. 1 is based on the observation that the vortex disturbance in the mobile fluid (and/or other characteristic as indicated above and fluid mobile convection current) is changed the travel-time of ultrasonic signal, it can sense by ultrasonic sensor 40,42, the equipment 10 of Fig. 1 also based on to described vortex disturbance with speed identical or observation moving with the speed of the velocity correlation of mobile fluid with mobile fluid.By utilizing and can carrying out ARRAY PROCESSING to the relevant dissipation relation (be ω=uk, wherein ω is the angular frequency of vortex disturbing signal, and u is the speed of this disturbance, and k is the wave number of this signal) of flow disturbance.Can will see the disturbance that is fixed to fluid as to flow disturbance in the streaming flow.These disturbances have the spatial variations relevant with them.Owing to this disturbance can be seen as and be fixed to fluid fine particle, when being sensed by static sensor, spatial variations causes the time to change.Therefore the time that will be associated with by static sensor observation with the space wavelength of the mobile disturbance of fluid changes.The present invention relies on and utilizes the ARRAY PROCESSING technology to discern this relation, thus and the convection velocity of definite fluid.
With reference now to Fig. 3,, wherein the specific implementation equipment 50 that is used for the volumetric flow rate of definite fluid 12 in pipe (pipeline 14) of the present invention is expressed as an array that comprises ultrasonic sensor unit 52,54, wherein each unit has pair of sensors 40,42 (being respectively transmitter and receiver), it is described to be similar to preamble, described sensor is installed along pipeline axial, is used for the travel-time of the ultrasonic signal of propagation between their sensor 40,42 of the sensing of position separately in pipeline.Each ultrasonic sensor unit 18-21 each in the sensor unit position, in a series of sampling instants provides a signal constantly, and this signal indication is vertically propagated the travel-time of passing the mobile ultrasonic signal of fluid.Data accumulator 56 is from these ultrasonic sensor unit cumulative signal T1 (t) and T2 (t), and be provided in the sampling interval data accumulated and give processor 58, this processor calculates as the power in the represented K-ω plane of k-ω curve map then to space-time (two dimension) conversion of sensing data execution from the xt territory to k-ω territory.
In order to calculate the power (its k-ω curve map (see figure 4) by ultrasonic signal or difference ultrasonic signal is represented) in the k-ω plane, processor 58 determines to also have (time) frequency and angle frequencies omega by wavelength and (space) wave number k of hyperacoustic various spectrum components of vortex disturbance generation.Space/the time that has many algorithms to can be used for carrying out sensor unit 52,54 arrays in PD decomposes.
Under the situation that suitable vortex disturbance exists, so the power of determining in the k-ω plane shown in the k-of Fig. 4 ω curve map will represent the structure that is called as convective ridge 61.The perturbing concentration of this convective ridge representative and the convection current of flowing, and this convective ridge is the mathematics form of expression of relation between above-mentioned spatial variations and the time variation.As hereinafter in more detail as described in, this graphical representation k-ω is to more or trend still less occurring along the straight line 63 with a certain slope, wherein this slope is represented flow velocity.Power in the k-ω plane that will so determine then offers convective ridge identifier 60, and it uses certain feature extracting method to determine the position and the sensing (slope) of any convective ridge of existing in k-ω plane.Finally, analyzer 62 uses the information that comprises convective ridge sensing (slope) to determine flow velocity.
Prior art has been instructed many algorithms that use in the process of room and time ground decomposition from the signal of phased sensor array, and the present invention is not limited to any concrete algorithm.A concrete adaptive array Processing Algorithm is Capon method/algorithm.Though the Capon method is described as a kind of method, the present invention's imagination can be used other adaptive array Processing Algorithm, such as the MUSIC algorithm.The present invention recognizes can be used for this technology determining flow, promptly the signal that is caused by the vortex disturbance with mobile convection current is that the time is static, and it has coherent length, this coherent length long enough makes that with the sensor unit location (still also in this coherent length) that is separated from each other be actual.
What comprise the disturbance of convection current vortex has and can concern by the approximate dissipation of straight line equation flow disturbance:
k＝ω/u，
Wherein u is convection velocity (flow velocity).Describe from the right curve map of k-ω that the spectrum analysis of the relevant sensor samples of flow disturbance is obtained, make can on the frequency spectrum corresponding to the energy of described right disturbance be described as basically linearly ridge, promptly in the turbulent boundary shelf theory, be known as the ridge of convective ridge.What sensed is not discrete event to flow disturbance, but continuous possible overlapping incident, thus on the frequency range of being concerned about formation time static, white process basically.In other words, to flow disturbance (such as produce by turbulent boundary layer those to flow disturbance) be distributed on certain length dimension scope, thereby be distributed on the regular hour frequency range.
By processor 58 will be converted to convective ridge through the disturbance of the fluid convection of sensor array 52,54 and other characteristic with these attributes, because k-curve ω figure indicates the right energy of k-ω in the k-ω plane (i.e. the energy that is transmitted by k-ω spectrum component) by certain symbolism, so term " ridge " is suitable.Therefore, the identification convective ridge provides a kind of means to determine convection velocity in k-ω plane.For flowing in pipeline, the convection velocity of the vortex disturbance closely average external volume fluid velocity with 14 li in pipeline is relevant, and therefore relevant with volumetric flow rate (flow velocity).Though equipment 50 comprises two sensor units 52,54, the present invention's imagination can have more than two sensing units, and 3-16 sensing unit for example arranged in array.
In case determined the power in the k-ω plane, convective ridge identifier 60 uses certain feature extracting method to distinguish convective ridge 61 and its sensing in k-ω plane.Except automatic technology, even can use artificial visual observation location convective ridge.In a preferred embodiment, use so-called inclination to pile up (slantstacking) method, in the method, along the right frequency that adds up of the k-ω of different ray comparisons k-ω curve map from the original point emission, the test convection velocity relevant (slope of wherein supposing ray in known manner is a flow velocity or relevant with flow velocity) that each different ray is different with.Convective ridge identifier 60 provides the information that about the information of different test convection velocities, promptly is commonly called convective ridge information.The straight line relation of dissipating that analyzer 62 adopts equation (1) to provide is checked convective ridge information, and definite flow velocity and its uncertainty.
For turbulent boundary layer, the intensity of turbulent fluctuation is concentrated roughly and is centered around:
ωδ
*≈1，
δ wherein
*Be the displacement thickness in boundary layer, it is a kind of known parameter in BOUNDARY LAYER ANALYSIS.For three inches pipelines, the displacement thickness of hypothetical boundary layer is 0.15 times of pipeline radius, and then the centre frequency of representing with Hz of turbulence energy is approximately～10.u (u is ft/sec).Therefore, for flowing under the 1-30ft/sec state, the energy of convection current is positioned under the temporal frequency that is lower than 10-300Hz.For three inches (typical case) ducted flowing of launching fully, the space wave number of this peak value activity is to have 60ft roughly
-1The constant of wave number perhaps, is 0.1ft aspect wavelength roughly.Use these arrays of estimating to design sensor unit 52,54,, thereby and obtain flow rate measurements so that it is arranged suitably discerning convective ridge.
Come in the process of room and time characteristic of the wavy phenomenon of sensing at the array that uses sensor unit 52,54, the space length yardstick of this phenomenon and coherent length have limited the length dimension of this array.Therefore, coming under the situation of measurement flow rate by the disturbance of sensing vortex, must be in limited axial region with positioned at intervals sensor closely; For at the ducted flow velocity less than 30ft/sec of three inch diameters, the interval of these sensor units usually should be less than 1 ".Described axial region is approximately 0.3 times of diameter of pipeline 14.
A specific embodiment of the present invention uses along the array of pipeline 14 axial eight (8) the individual sensor units of installing.Fig. 4 represents to flow through one 8 from measurement " the k-ω curve map that produces of the output of eight (8) individual sensor units of the water of pipeline.Described ultrasonic sensor is operated under the interval of the frequency of 5MHz and 1.2 inches.Wherein describing wave number (spatial character) on the ordinate and on horizontal ordinate, describing frequency (time response).Use profile to represent the intensity that each k-ω is right.The disturbance that propagates into the right side (on the flow direction) from a left side is mapped to the RHP.
The span of this array not only is subjected to the coherent length restriction of vortex disturbance, and is restricted because avoiding (or identification at least) space aliasing, and described space aliasing and time aliasing are similar.If distance, delta x are crossed in pair of sensors unit 52,54, so this can not to distinguish disturbance and the wavelength that wavelength equals 2 Δ x to sensor unit be the disturbance of the integral multiple of 2 Δ x.Therefore, the minimum wavelength that can clearly differentiate by two sensors of interval delta x is:
λ＝2Δx，
The distinguishable wave number of its pairing maximum is:
For the foregoing description, maximum distinguishable wave number is k=21ft
-1Be higher than the disturbance of Nyquist (Nyquist) wave number for the space wave number, this information rollback is in k-ω plane.Yet if correct decipher, this information of obscuring still can provide Useful Information so.
As mentioned above, although can use automatic technology to discern convective ridge and definite its sensing (slope), even artificial best straight line match still provides acceptable result.These automatic modes also can solve the problem of obscuring data.For the previous embodiment of k-ω curve map shown in Figure 4, figure 4 illustrates the straight line 63 that produces from artificial fitting a straight line.This straight line has the slope (by multiply by this frequency with 2 π after will being transformed to corresponding angular frequency v as the frequency δ of ordinate) of Δ ω/Δ k=1.142ft/sec, and as mentioned above, it equals flow velocity or relevant with flow velocity in deterministic mode.
Be noted that convective ridge is only approximate by straight line.In fact, the spiral structure of variation length is with slightly different speed convection current, thereby causes the convective ridge bending, and this bending can be found out in k-ω curve map.Yet, being similar to although be not limited to straight line, straight line is approximate estimates it is useful for extracting significant flow velocity.Equally, what be worth emphasizing is: actual determined by the inventive method is the average convection velocity of vortex disturbance, so its representative approximate to the average external volume speed in the pipeline.Actual flow is complicated, and the relation between measured (the vortex disturbance) convection velocity and the average volumetric velocity may need calibration.
It is the power of unit with dB along a slope or convective ridge that Fig. 5 shows under the speed of predetermined number.The result who analyzes each related power under each speed (or slope 61) in k-ω plane is provided in Fig. 5.The slope of convective ridge 61 is represented the flow through speed of pipeline 14 of fluid.Therefore, determine convective ridge by determine these power sums down in each speed (or slope) with peak power, thus and definite speed.The energy summation that this algorithm is right to each the k-ω on the straight line relevant with the test convection velocity in fact.Carry out this summation for the test speed of certain limit, and convective ridge has a sensing, this sensing is to have the add up slope of straight line 63 of energy of maximum.In Fig. 5, the peak value of this curve map is represented the speed of convective ridge and 1.142ft/s.Use a plurality of peak detection algorithms to determine the peak value of this curve map, described algorithm is such as being maximization algorithm and/or centroid algorithm.
Above the present invention of Miao Shuing is similar to the interim U.S. Patent application sequence Nos.60/439 that submits on January 13rd, 2003,715 (CiDRA case CC-0530), 60/524 of submission on November 12nd, 2003,066 (CiDRA case CC-0680), the U.S. Patent No. 6 that on August 19th, 2003 published, 609,069 (CiDRA case CC-0297), the U.S. Patent application sequence No.10/007 that submit to November 8 calendar year 2001,736 (CiDRA case CC-0122A), the U.S. Patent application sequence No.10/636 that on August 7th, 2003 submitted to, 095 (CiDRA case CC-0645), the U.S. Patent application sequence No.10/712 that on November 12nd, 2002 submitted to, 818 (CiDRA case CC-0675), the U.S. Patent application sequence No.10/712 that on November 12nd, 2002 submitted to, invention described in 833 (the CiDRA case CC-0676), these patented claims are being hereby incorporated by reference.
As shown in Figure 6, though comprising along the relative a pair of ultrasonic sensor of diameter (transmitter and receiver) 40,42, each the ultrasonic sensor unit 18-21 in Fig. 1 and the sensor unit 52,54 among Fig. 2,3 penetrate propagation to provide, but the present invention imagination can each sensor unit 18-21 of axial dipole field one of them of ultrasonic sensor 40,42 so that on its direction of propagation, have axial component from the ultrasonic signal of emitter transducer.
As shown in Figure 7, also imagine can be with the sensor unit 18-21 of pulse/echo structural arrangements sensing equipment 16 in the present invention.In this embodiment, each sensing unit 18-21 comprises a ultrasonic sensor, this ultrasonic sensor is launched a ultrasonic signal that passes duct wall and fluid to be substantially perpendicular to mobile direction, and receives the reflection that reflects back into the ultrasonic signal of this ultrasonic sensor from duct wall.
With reference to figure 8, sensing equipment 16 can be configured to work in the mode of " throwing-catch (pitch and catch) ".In this embodiment, each sensor unit 18-19 comprises a pair of ultrasonic sensor (transmitter, receiver) 40,42 that is installed in the pipeline same side with preset distance at interval along pipeline axial.Each emission sensor 40 is provided to ultrasonic signal in mobile 12 at a predetermined angle.Ultrasonic signal is propagated and to be passed fluid 12 and in the inside surface reflection of pipeline 14, this ultrasonic signal that reflects passes fluid and arrives corresponding receiver sensor 42.
Fig. 9 shows the another kind of the sensing equipment 16 that is used for the present invention's imagination and throws-catch structure.Except these sensors that are installed between the tip sensor not only are used as transmitter but also are used as the receiver, this similar is in the structure shown in Fig. 8.This throws-and catch structure decrease and needed the number of sensors of operation.
Figure 10 shows the k-ω curve map of determining from specific implementation flowmeter of the present invention, the pure water stream that this flowmeter survey flows in 8 inches pipelines.Be configured to penetrate transmission structure with being similar to the flowmeter shown in Fig. 1, and this flowmeter survey ultrasonic signal journey time of passing fluid.This sensing equipment comprises the sensing unit 18-21 of 1.2 inches of eight (8) individual axially spaced- aparts.Sensor 40,42 comprises the 5MHz transducer.Figure 11 has illustrated the dB power function on k-ω curve map shown in Figure 10 or plane, and it shows the flow of 1.183ft/sec.
Figure 12 shows the k-ω curve map of determining from specific implementation flowmeter of the present invention, the flowing of pure water that this flowmeter survey flows in 2 inches pipelines and entrapped air.Be configured to penetrate transmission structure with being similar to the flowmeter shown in Fig. 1, and this flowmeter survey ultrasonic signal journey time of passing fluid.This sensing equipment comprises the sensing unit 18-21 of 1.2 inches of eight (8) individual axially spaced- aparts.Sensor 40,42 comprises the 5MHz transducer.Figure 13 has illustrated the dB power function on k-ω curve map shown in Figure 12 or plane, and it shows the flow of 25.46ft/sec.
Figure 14 shows the k-ω curve map of determining from specific implementation flowmeter of the present invention, the flowing of the paper pulp/pulp liquor (pulp/paper slurry) of 4.3% concentration that this flowmeter survey flows in 8 inches pipelines.Be configured to penetrate transmission structure with being similar to the flowmeter shown in Fig. 1, and this flowmeter survey ultrasonic signal journey time of passing fluid.This sensing equipment comprises the sensing unit 18-21 of 1.2 inches of two (2) individual axially spaced- aparts.Sensor 40,42 comprises the 1MHz transducer.Figure 15 has illustrated the dB power function on k-ω curve map shown in Figure 14 or plane, and it shows the flow of 12.95ft/sec.
Figure 16 shows the k-ω curve map of determining from specific implementation flowmeter of the present invention, the flowing of the pulp liquor of 4.3% concentration that this flowmeter survey flows in 8 inches pipelines.Be configured to penetrate transmission structure with being similar to the flowmeter shown in Fig. 1, and this flowmeter survey passes the amplitude (for example amplitude fading) of the ultrasonic signal of fluid.This sensing equipment comprises the sensing unit 18-21 of 1.2 inches of two (2) individual axially spaced- aparts.Sensor 40,42 comprises the 1MHz transducer.Figure 17 has illustrated the dB power function on k-ω curve map shown in Figure 16 or plane, and it shows the flow of 1249ft/sec.
Figure 18 is the standard deviation curves figure that is similar to the outputting measurement value of the flowmeter of the present invention of the specific implementation shown in Fig. 1 during low vibration condition, and it is as the quantity of sensor unit 18-21 in the array 16 and the function of window multiplier (window multiplier).The flowmeter survey water 8 inches pipelines, that have the 3ft/sec flow of flowing through.Spacing between the sensor unit 18-21 of sensing equipment 16 is 1.2 inches.The abiogenous random vibration of pipeline has the acceleration of 103dB.
Each sensing unit 18-21 collected the time quantum of data before the window multiplier table was shown in process information.This time cycle equals the update cycle of flowmeter.Define the T.T. of sampling by following relational expression:
Sampling T.T.=(window multiplier) t
T=Δ x/u wherein, Δ x is the spacing of sensing unit, u is a flow velocity.
Figure 19 is the standard deviation curves figure that is similar to the outputting measurement value of the flowmeter of the present invention of the specific implementation shown in Fig. 1 during high (hi) vibration condition, and it is as the quantity of sensor unit 18-21 in the array 16 and the function of window multiplier.The flowmeter survey water 8 inches pipelines, that have the 3ft/sec flow of flowing through.Spacing between the sensor unit 18-21 of sensing equipment 16 is 1.2 inches.Vib. is with the acceleration vibrating conduit of 132dB with random vibration frequency spectrum measured in the rig-site utilization of being similar to.
As can be seen, this data declaration under high vibration condition ultrasonic flow meter 10 of the present invention are unusual robusts.Sensing unit 18-21 by using bigger quantity and provide the longer sampling time as sensing equipment can realize the high precision of flowmeter.
Though shown ultrasonic sensor 40,42 with each the sensor unit 18-21 that describes is relative installation the on diametric(al), but the present invention imagine each corresponding sensor 40,42 can be simply on pipeline toward each other, and be not limited to install at the pipe diameter place.In addition, relative sensor 40,42 (relative on the non-diametric(al)) can also be located such that the ultrasonic signal of propagating is vertical with flow direction between them.
Although the specific embodiments of the invention of describing in preamble show array of ultrasonic sensors is installed in same level, the present invention imagines the axial positions that differs from one another that sensor unit 18-21 can be on pipeline.
Developed the flow measurement method of utilizing based on the sensor of strain based on sonar, with provide to the measurement of the attribute of mobile convection current.For the turbulent flow Newtonian fluid, as the result of the pressure interference that is produced by relevant vortex disturbance, pipeline can deflect.Have many other mechanism, they can cause as by jaw type strain transducer array observation and coherent disturbance mobile convection current.By directly analogizing, the ultrasonic sensor of measuring the travel-time in given axial positions will provide to the tolerance of many attributes of mobile convection current.
Though use is good based on the flow measurement method operation in concrete application the based on sonar of the sensor of strain, this measuring method is not so good as to use the method robust of ultrasonic sensor under certain condition.Use the ultrasonic sensor 40,42 that utilizes based on the flow measurement of sonar, provide accurately and the flowmeter of robust, this flowmeter can be operated under higher temperature, higher vibration rank and Geng Gao acoustic noise.Therefore as mentioned above, this ultrasonoscope can more measured under the low discharge, and the processing time faster is provided.This ultrasonoscope also has higher signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) for the fluid of most of type.
Although the invention describes flowmeter with ultrasonoscope array measuring the speed of the vortex disturbance in 12 of flowing, the present invention imagines ultrasonic sensor 18-21 can measure flow 12 and any attribute this mobile convection current and/or characteristic (sound wave variation, bubble, particulate, the pressure disturbance of propagating in for example vortex disturbance, the unevenness in flowing, temperature variation, the pipeline).
Although the present invention uses a pair of ultrasonic sensor 40,42 to measure betwixt the travel-time or the journey time of the ultrasonic signal of propagating, the present invention imagines this also provides the power that is illustrated in the ultrasonic signal of propagating therebetween or the signal of amplitude to ultrasonic sensor.In other words, for changes in amplitude, the variation of the ultrasonic signal that the material during output signal is represented to be flowed by fluid (such as bubble, particulate and/or will change other material of ultrasonic signal amplitude) causes decay (or amplitude).
Although the ultrasonic sensor unit of Fig. 1 52,54 and 18-21 comprise a pair of ultrasonic sensor 40,42 (transmitter and receiver), but imagining sensing unit, the present invention also can comprise a ultrasonic sensor, this ultrasonic sensor is basically perpendicular to flow direction emission ultrasonic signal and passes duct wall and fluid, and receives the reflection of the ultrasonic signal that reflects back into this ultrasonic sensor.
In addition, the present invention has imagined other sensor of energy measurement and the parameter of 12 convection current of flowing, such as temperature sensor, Magnetic Sensor, capacitive sensor, inductive sensor, optical sensor with based on the sensor of laser.
Although the present invention has imagined the sensor 40,42 (comprising the not ultrasonic sensor of contacting with fluid) that is clipped in pipeline external surface, the present invention imagines these sensors and can or contact with fluid for " wet ".In addition, these sensors can be integrated or be not easy to remove from pipeline, such as reel (spoolpicec) or be different from the separative element of process pipeline.
Should be appreciated that, can also use, use or merge any feature, characteristic, alternative or the modification of describing about specific embodiment here with any other embodiment described herein.
Although describe and the present invention has been described, under the situation that does not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention, can make aforesaid and various other increase and abreviation in conjunction with each exemplary embodiment.
Be appreciated that such scheme only is the application of the principles of the present invention explanation.Those of ordinary skills can design many other modifications and alternative under the situation that does not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and appended claims is intended to cover these modifications and scheme.
Claims (21)
1, a kind of being used to measure basically along the flow through method of flow rate of fluid of ennation of the major axis of ennation, this method comprises:
Provide one at least two ultrasonic sensor cellular arraies installing along the pre-position of this ennation, wherein each sensor unit comprises a ultrasonic transmitter and a ultrasonic receiver, each sensor unit provides signal separately, a parameter of the ultrasonic signal that this signal indication is propagated between each corresponding ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver;
Handle described travel-time signal with convective ridge of definition in k-ω plane; With
The slope of at least a portion of determining this convective ridge is to determine this flow rate of fluid.
2, the method for claim 1 wherein comprises described travel-time Signal Processing:
Described travel-time signal is sampled in the cycle at a preset time;
In a predetermined sampling period, the travel-time signal of being sampled is added up; With
The travel-time signal that processing is sampled is with the described convective ridge of definition in k-ω plane.
3, the method for claim 1 also comprises:
In k-ω plane, determine the sensing of described convective ridge.
4, the method for claim 1, the vortex disturbance of wherein said travel-time signal indication in fluid.
5, the method for claim 1 wherein comprises described travel-time Signal Processing:
Carry out beamforming algorithm.
6, method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said beamforming algorithm comprise one of them of Capon algorithm and MUSIC algorithm.
7, the method for claim 1, determine that wherein the slope of at least a portion of described convective ridge comprises:
Described convective ridge is approximately straight line.
8, the method for claim 1 wherein provides one at least two ultrasonic sensor cellular arraies to comprise:
The ultrasonic transmitter of sensor unit is vertical with fluid flow direction with the ultrasonic signal that ultrasonic receiver is mounted to feasible propagation betwixt.
9, the method for claim 1 also comprises:
Determine the cross-sectional area of described ennation; With
Determine the volumetric flow rate of described fluid.
10, the method for claim 1, the parameter of wherein said ultrasonic signal are one of them of amplitude and travel-time at least.
11, a kind of being used to measure basically along the flow through equipment of flow rate of fluid of this ennation of the major axis of ennation, this equipment comprises:
One has two ultrasonic sensor cellular arraies at least, described ultrasonic sensor unit is installed in the pre-position along this ennation, wherein each sensor unit comprises a ultrasonic transmitter and a ultrasonic receiver, each sensor unit provides signal separately, a parameter of the ultrasonic signal that this signal indication is propagated between each corresponding ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver; With
A processor, it defines a convective ridge in k-ω plane in response to described ultrasonic signal, and the slope of at least a portion of definite this convective ridge is to determine flow rate of fluid.
12, equipment as claimed in claim 11, wherein ultrasonic signal that the ultrasonic signal of being sampled and processing sample is sampled, added up to this processor with the described convective ridge of definition in k-ω plane in a predetermined sampling period to described ultrasonic signal in the cycle at a preset time.
13, equipment as claimed in claim 11, wherein this processor is also determined the sensing of described convective ridge in k-ω plane.
14, equipment as claimed in claim 11, wherein said ultrasonic signal are illustrated in the vortex disturbance in the fluid.
15, equipment as claimed in claim 11, wherein this processor uses beamforming algorithm to define described convective ridge in k-ω plane.
16, equipment as claimed in claim 15, wherein said beamforming algorithm comprise one of them of Capon algorithm and MUSIC algorithm.
17, equipment as claimed in claim 11, wherein this processor is by being approximately described convective ridge the slope that straight line is determined at least a portion of this convective ridge.
18, equipment as claimed in claim 11, wherein the ultrasonic transmitter with sensor unit is vertical with fluid flow direction with the ultrasonic signal that ultrasonic receiver is mounted to feasible propagation betwixt.
19, equipment as claimed in claim 11, wherein this processor is also determined the cross-sectional area of described ennation, and the volumetric flow rate of definite fluid.
20, equipment as claimed in claim 11, the parameter of wherein said ultrasonic signal are one of them of amplitude and travel-time at least.
21, a kind of being used to measure basically along the flow through equipment of flow rate of fluid of this ennation of the major axis of ennation, this equipment comprises:
One has two ultrasonic sensor cellular arraies at least, described ultrasonic sensor unit is installed in the pre-position along this ennation, wherein each sensor unit comprises a ultrasonic transmitter and a ultrasonic receiver, each sensor unit provides signal separately, a parameter of the ultrasonic signal that this signal indication is propagated between each corresponding ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver;
Be used to handle the device of described ultrasonic signal with a convective ridge of definition in k-ω plane; And
The slope of at least a portion that is used for determining this convective ridge is to determine the device of flow rate of fluid.
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| US43971503P | 2003-01-13 | 2003-01-13 | |
| US60/439,715 | 2003-01-13 | ||
| US60/440,014 | 2003-01-14 | ||
| US60/447,498 | 2003-02-14 | ||
| US60/524,066 | 2003-11-21 | ||
| US60/531,065 | 2003-12-19 |
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