CN1774237A - 前列腺素组合物及其促进血管生成的方法 - Google Patents
前列腺素组合物及其促进血管生成的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1774237A CN1774237A CNA2004800098201A CN200480009820A CN1774237A CN 1774237 A CN1774237 A CN 1774237A CN A2004800098201 A CNA2004800098201 A CN A2004800098201A CN 200480009820 A CN200480009820 A CN 200480009820A CN 1774237 A CN1774237 A CN 1774237A
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种通过施用含有血管活性前列腺素以及生物相容性聚合物的一种组合物来促进与血管疾病有关的勃起功能障碍患者的血管功能恢复的组合物和方法。在优选实施例中,前列腺素组合物是包括前列腺素E1、生物相容性和促渗剂的局部用组合物,该局部用组合物被施用于阴茎顶端的阴茎口。在另一个实施例中,本发明提供了促进靶动脉区上微血管的生长的方法,其包括在相邻靶动脉区处施用前列腺素E1组合物,使前列腺素E1的细胞外浓度保持约1μmol至约10μmol之间达约4天的时间。
Description
相关文献
本申请要求2003年3月21日提交的美国临时申请号60/456,605的申请为优先权,该申请全文包括在本申请中。
背景技术
勃起组织的动脉血来自于由海绵体动脉(阴茎深动脉)和脊动脉(阴茎浅动脉),它们是阴部内动脉的末端分支。阴部内动脉通常起源于下腹部前端或髂内动脉。缠绕在阴茎内的螺旋动脉是阴茎深动脉和阴茎浅动脉的末端分支。副交感神经刺激引起螺旋动脉舒展,从而使血液在动脉压力下填充到勃起组织,导致勃起。正常的勃起功能要求得到功能性动脉血和平滑肌细胞以及阴茎脉管系统和勃起组织的内皮细胞的相应功能。
糖尿病是引起勃起障碍(ED)的常见发病因素,有糖尿病导致的ED发病机理还没有完全弄清楚(Sullivan,M.E.,etal.,Alterations in endothelin Breceptor sites in cavernosal tissue of diabetic rabbits:potential relevance to thepathogenesis of erectile dysfunction.J Urol.1997 158(5):1966-72)。糖尿病患者的ED可能是与糖尿病有关的血管疾病的一个体现(Sairam,K.,etal.,Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in male erectile dysfunction.BJU Int.2001 88(1):68-71;Sullivan,M.E.,et al.Nitric oxide and penile erection:iserectile dysfunction another manifestation of vascular disease?Cardiovasc Res.1999 Aug 15;43(3):658-65)。
微血管疾病是糖尿病的一个特征。目前已经提倡进行糖尿病、勃起障碍和内皮细胞障碍的关系的研究(De Angelis,L.,et al.,Erectile and endothelialdysfunction in TypeII diabetes:a possible link.Diabetologia.2001 44(9):1155-60;Burchardt,T.,et al.,Reduction of endothelial and smooth muscledensity in the corpora cavernosa of the streptozotocin induced diabetic rat.J Urol.20001 64(5):1807-11;Hopfner,R.L.,& Gopalakrishnan,V,Endothelin:emerging role in diabetic vascular complications.Diabetologia.1999 42(12):1383-94)。
已经报道了利用多种体外系统发现的前列腺素E1(PGE1)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)的血管形成活性(BenEzra,D.,Neovasculogenic ability ofprostaglandins,growth factors,and synthetic chemoattractants.Ain JOphtl7aliizoL,1978,86(4):455-61;Form,D.M.,& Auerbach,R.,PGE2andangiogenesis.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.1983,172(2):214-8)。在肿瘤新生血管模型中,PGE1已被报道与血管形成有关(Ziche,M.,etal.,Roleofprostaglandin El and copper inangiogenesis.J Natl Cancer Inst.,1982,69(2):475-82)。
引起勃起作用和促进作用的给药方法在LaTorre的美国专利号4,127,118中已公开导。该专利公开了治疗男性阳萎的方法,通过在阴茎内注射适宜的血管扩张剂,尤其是肾上腺素阻断剂或平滑肌松弛剂以引起并促进勃起。
近来,Voss等的美国专利号4,801,587的专利公开了利用药膏治疗阳萎。该药膏由血管扩张剂罂粟碱、肼酞嗪、硝普钠、苯氧基苯沙明或芬妥胺及促进吸收的载体组成的经皮初级制剂。El-Rashidy的美国专利U.S.Pat.No.5,256,652公开了使用水性局部用血管扩张剂组合物,例如罂粟碱和羟丙基-β-环糊精组成的组合物。
前列腺素E1(PGE1)是前列腺烷酸的衍生物,前列腺烷酸是具有20个碳原子的脂质酸,由通式表示:
该物质可购得,如购自Chinoin Pharmaceutical and Chemical Works Ltd.(匈牙利,布达佩斯),其产品名称为″Alprostadil USP,″;或购自Phannacia &Upjohn,其产品名称为″Caverject″。前列腺素E1与α-环糊精混合可以得到OnoPhannaceuticals(日本)的产品alprostatil alfadex,以及注射形式的SchwarzPharma(德国)的产品″Edex″或″Viradex″。海绵体内注射前列腺素E1或与芬妥胺和/或罂粟碱联合用药是标准的诊断和治疗勃起障碍方法,但是,注射部位的创伤和疼痛使患者减少了将海绵体内注射作为一种常规或长期治疗方法的意愿。
一种商业可购得的产品形式(MUSE,Vivus,Menlo Park CA)alprostadil是以小球形式施用,该小球借助敷药器被沉积在尿道中,该敷药器具有长为3.2em直径为3.5mm的孔洞(Padma-Nathan,H.,et al.,N.Engl.J.Med.,336:1-7(1997),参见图1)。Padma-Nathan et al.对家庭治疗群进行了研究,32.7%的患者(给药的占10.8%)接受MUSE后抱怨阴茎疼痛,5.1%经受轻微尿道损伤,而接受安慰剂作对照组的上述患者比例分别为3.3%和1.0%。这些副作用的报导频率在随后的研究中各有不同:有17-23.6%的患者在接受MUSE后感到阴茎疼痛,而给予安慰剂的对照组有1.7%;有4.8%的患者有轻微尿道出血(Peterson,C.A.,et al.,J.Urol.,159:1523-1528(1998))。在一项对欧洲人种的研究中,31%MUSE的患者感觉阴茎疼痛或灼烧感,4.8%有尿道出血,有2.9%有严重的睾丸疼痛(Porst,H.,Int.J.Impot.Res.,9:187-192(1997))。经受MUSE治疗的患者能够产生至少足以进行性交的勃起的比例是43%(Porst,1997)、65.9%(Padma-Nathan et al.,1997)和70.5%(Peterson et al.,1998),不过公开的评论已暗示:在后两项研究中,患者响应的比例在30-40%之间更准确(Benson,G.,J.Urol.,159:1527-1528(1998)。据报导,尿道内给予溶于1ml的聚氧乙烯乙二醇中的1mg卵磷脂脂质体形式的前列腺素E1比海绵腔体内注射前列腺素E1的效果差(Englehardt,P.F.,et al.,British J.Urology,81:441-444,1998)。
近来,至少包括一种促渗剂的施用于阴茎口内(intrameatal(或meatal))的局部用(topical)PGE1组合物已经显示出将成为治疗勃起障碍的海绵体内注射剂或尿道内栓剂的非侵入型施用的选择制剂(参见美国专利No.6,323,241)。阴茎口内施用是将药物施用于阴茎顶端而进入舟状窝内,用药时将阴茎竖起使阴茎口张开,将药物滴入舟状窝内,而不将药物容器置入阴茎口内。
目前有一种假设,由于海绵体组织氧化不足的缺氧状态引起的缺血损伤是限制勃起功能恢复的一个因素。缺氧状态促使形成病态的纤维化,并促使海绵体平滑肌的退化。有人提出,勃起期间流入氧化的动脉血可弥补缺氧。
参见Novak,T.E.的″Management of Erectile Dysfunction Following RadicalProstatectomy,″pp.109-122 inMulcahy,J.J.,ed.,Male SexualFurzction:A Guideto Clinical Managenzefzt,Humana Press,Totowa,NJ,2001。
关于保留神经的耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术之后海绵体内注射前列腺素E1的作用的研究,有3个简要报道。在一个不受控的研究中,40名患者中有31名完成了治疗过程(Padma-Nathan,H.,et al.,The impact on return ofspontaneous erections of short-term Alprostadil therapy post nerve sparingprostatectomy,J.Urol.,1997,157(Suppl.4):363(abstract 1422))。外科手术300天以内开始治疗的患者比手术后300天以后的患者的阳性结果好。对保留神经的RRP后进行预期的随机试验,海绵体内注射前列地尔(alprostadil),15名患者中有12名完成了治疗过程(海绵体内注射前列地尔3个月,每周注射3次),有3名未进行治疗,接受治疗的12名中有8名被报道恢复了足以进行性交的自主性勃起(Montorsi F等,美国泌尿学协会2002年年会摘要,对保留神经的根治性前列腺切除术患者进行海绵体内施用前列地尔和口服西地那非的治疗比单独服用西地那非的疗效更好)。这种改善归功于通过注射前列地尔的治疗方案使海绵体内的氧化得到改善,限制了发展成缺氧诱导的组织损伤。第3个研究报道,这些患者不仅是接受了3个月的海绵体内注射前列地尔(每周注射3次)有利于恢复自主勃起,他们对口服西地那非治疗也有反应(Montorsi F.,et al.,1997)。
PGE1已表明通过特异性结合膜上受体EP2或EP4亚型能提高细胞内第二信使环腺苷单磷酸(cAMP)的水平(Narumiya,S.,et al.,Prostanoid receptors:Structures,Properties and Functions,Physiological Reviews,1999,79:1193-1226)。有报道,PGE1或内源性配基PGE2与EP2受体的亲合力为约10nM,与EP4受体的亲合力约为2nM(Narumiya,S.,et al.,1999)。EP2和EP4受体与配基结合的活性使平滑肌松弛(Zhang,Y.,et al.,Characterization ofmurine vasopressor andvasodepressor prostaglandin E2 receptors,Hypertension,2000,35:1129-1134)。
cAMP水平的提高是PGE1或内源性配基PGE2与特异性膜上受体亚型EP2或EP4的结合而导致的(Narumiya,S.,et al.,1999)。PGE1或PGE2与EP2受体的亲合力为约10nM,与EP4受体的亲合力约为2nM(Narumiya,S.,et al.,1999)。与配基结合使EP2或EP4受体激活能引起平滑肌松弛(Zhang,Y.,et al.,2000)。在阴茎组织,PGE1刺激cAMP的生成,因此诱导平滑肌松弛而使阴茎勃起。
采用大鼠模型进行研究,与血胆脂醇过多相关的神经性和血管生成性勃起功能障碍经血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和腺病毒相关病毒(AAV)所介导以及大脑衍生神经营养因子(BDNF)的治疗而得到改善(Gholami,S.S.,et al.,The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and adeno-associated virusmediated brain derived neurotrophic factor on neurogenic and vasculogenicerectile dysfunction induced by hyperlipidemia.J Urol.,2003,169(4):1577-1581)。前列腺素能增加VEGF的生成。在体外内皮细胞中,PGE2已表现出在体外的内皮细胞中上调VEGF的活性(Pai,R.,et al.,PGE(2)stimulatesVEGF expression in endothelial cells via ERK2/JNK1 signaling pathways.BiochemBioplays Res Com7nun.,2001,286(5):923-8.)。对患者进行PGE1系统性治疗,也报道了其上调VEGF表达的作用(Mehrabi,M.R.,et al.,Clinical andexperimental evidence of prostaglandin E1-induced angiogenesis in themyocardium of patients with ischemic heart disease,CardiovascRes.,2002,56(2):214-24)。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种用于促进靶动脉区上生长微血管的组合物和方法,该组合物包括血管活性前列腺素和生物相容性聚合物。在另一个方案中,本发明提供了一种改善与血管疾病,如糖尿病性血管疾病有关的勃起功能障碍患者血管功能的组合物和方法。
在一个实施例中,本发明提供了一种便利的非侵入性方法来促进与血管疾病相关的勃起功能障碍患者的血管功能的恢复,该方法通过阴茎口给予一种包括血管活性前列腺素和生物相容性聚合物增稠剂的组合物,所述血管前列腺素选自前列腺素E1(PGE1)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)、它们的药学可接受的盐、它们的低级烷基酯以及上述物质的混合物。在优选实施例中,组合物是一种局部用组合物,其包括选自前列腺素E1(PGE1)、它的药学可接受的盐、它的低级烷基酯以及上述物质的混合物的血管活性前列腺素,以及亲脂性组分、促渗剂和剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂。该局部用组合物用于阴茎顶端的阴茎口。
通常,血管活性前列腺素,优选前列腺素E1的含量为足以对阴茎血管的平滑肌和内皮细胞产生作用,如能有效促使阴茎微循环达到可测量出的增加,可感受到的阴茎肿胀或阴茎勃起的含量。该组合物优选以重复剂量或持续释放的形式施用。
组合物通常包含组合物总重量的0.001%-1wt%的血管活性前列腺素,所述血管前列腺素选自前列腺素E1、前列腺素E2、它们的药学可接受的盐、它们的低级烷基酯及上述物质的混合物;生物相容性聚合物;亲脂性成份,其选自C1-C8脂肪醇、C8-C30脂肪酯、液态多元醇及上述物质的混合物;水;缓冲液,其使组合物的pH值被缓冲在约3至约7.4的范围内。优选的生物相容性聚合物选自硅橡胶弹性体、可生物降解的聚合物、剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂。优选地,血管活性列腺素是组合物总重量的0.05-1wt%的前列腺素E1。
在某些优选实施例中,促渗剂是剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂,其选自剪切变稀的多糖胶和剪切变稀的聚丙烯酸聚合物。当亲脂性组分包括液态多元醇时,该液态多元醇优选为聚乙二醇200、聚乙二醇400和聚乙二醇600。在优选地实施例中,促渗剂选自(N-取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、2-(N,N-二取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、(N-取代的氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯、(N,N-二取代的氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯、它们的药学可接受的盐及这些物质的混合物。
在优选的实施例中,生物相容性聚合物是可生物降解的聚合物,其选自聚交酯、丙交酯乙交酯共聚物、聚原酸酯、聚磷腈、聚酐和聚磷酯、聚乙磷酸二酯。在另外的优选实施例中,可生物降解的聚合物是可降解的三嵌段共聚物,其选自丙交酯乙交酯共聚物-聚乙二醇-丙交酯乙交酯共聚物的共聚物、聚交酯-聚乙二醇-聚交酯的共聚物、聚乙二醇-丙交酯乙交酯共聚物-聚乙二醇的共聚物以及聚乙二醇-聚交酯-聚乙二醇的共聚物。
在其它实施例中,本发明提供了一种恢复患者微血管功能的方法,该方法包括给需要此种恢复的患者施用血管活性前列腺素组合物,使用剂量足以使前列腺素E的浓度在相邻靶动脉区内至少约4天的时间达到约1μmol至约10μmol。在优选的实施例中,血管活性前列腺素组合物以药物储库的形式使用,该药物储库包括选自前列腺素E1、前列腺素E2、它们的药学可接受的盐、它们的低级烷基酯以及它们的混合物的血管活性前列腺素,促渗剂,和生物相容性聚合物,其中血管的恢复可通过客观测量或临床发现进行表征。客观测量包括显微镜测量是否长出微血管或激光多普勒血流仪检测阴茎微循环。血管恢复还可通过临床发现有阴茎肿胀或勃起而表现。优选地,生物相容性聚合物选自硅橡胶弹性体、可生物降解的聚合物和剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂。
在优选的实施例中,包括血管活性前列腺素和生物相容性聚合物的组合物与靶动脉区流动相通。血管活性前列腺素可连续给药或周期性给药。可以将血管活性前类腺素组合物置于相邻于动脉区内表面或外表面的分隔段中,该分隔段与靶动脉区流动相通,从而直接靶向动脉区。在其它实施例中,可以间接靶向动脉区,将组合物置于分隔段中,该分隔段与靶动脉区间接性流动相通。尽管没有具体机理的支持,相信包括将半固体前列腺素组合物置于舟状窝内的本发明的治疗方法可导致前列腺素E1渗透进入阴茎头组织中,并进入海绵体以及成对海绵体内。前列腺素E1在阴茎头中的作用是迅速使血流量增加,从而使阴茎头肿胀,整个阴茎勃起。
在另一个实施例中,本发明提供了一种促进从靶动脉区生长微血管的方法,该方法包括施用前列腺素E1组合物,使用剂量足以使前列腺素E1的浓度在相邻靶动脉区内至少约4天的时间达到约10μmol至约30μmol。
在优选的实施例中,半固体血管活性前列腺素组合物包括约0.05mg-约0.8mg的血管活性前列腺素;促渗剂;剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂,其选自剪切变稀的多糖胶和剪切变稀的聚丙烯酸聚合物;亲脂性成份,其选自C1-C8脂肪醇、C8-C30脂肪酯及它们的混合物;缓冲体系。在优选实施例中,血管活性前列腺素为前列腺素E1。优选地半固体组合物以单位剂量包装,单位剂量中前列腺素E1的适宜剂量为约0.05mg-约0.8mg,优选约0.1mg-约0.5mg。在另一个实施例中,每单位剂量中前列腺素E1的剂量为约0.1mg-约0.3mg。
在优选实施例中,促渗剂为(N-取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、2-(N,N-二取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、(N-取代的氨基)-链烷醇-链烷酸酯、(N,N-二取代的氨基)-链烷醇-链烷酸酯、它们的药学可接受盐、以及上述物质的混合物。
缓冲体系为组合物提供的PH值范围为约3-约7.4。优选的PH值为约3-约6.5,最优选为约3.5-约6。如果需要,还可以包括稳定剂、防腐剂和乳化剂。在一些实施例中,组合物表现出非牛顿流变学特征,适宜地包括剪切变稀的多糖胶或剪切变稀的聚丙烯酸聚合物。在一个实施例中,组合物是触变性的。另一个实施例中,组合物是假塑性的。在优选的实施例中,组合物具有的粘度为约5,000厘泊(cps)-约20,000cps,更优选为约70,00厘泊(cps)-约13,000cps。
在进一步的实施例中,本发明提供了一种用于制备治疗勃起功能障碍患者的药物组合物,勃起功能障碍尤其指与血管疾病如糖尿病性血管疾病相关的勃起功能障碍。这样的组合物还用于制备促进勃起功能障碍患者的血管功能恢复的药物,勃起功能障碍尤其指与血管疾病如糖尿病性血管疾病相关的勃起功能障碍。在另外的实施例中,本发明提供了能用于制备导致靶动脉区内生长微血管的药物组合物。
根据说明书和权利要求书的内容,其它的进一步目的、用途、特征、优点、实施例等对于本领域技术人员是显而易见的。
附图说明
图1为体外髂动脉区与各种浓度的PGE1接触研究微血管生长的结果图。
发明详述
定义
除非另有说明,本申请,包括说明书和权利要求书中所使用的以下术语具有下述定义。必须要指出,本文说明书以及权利要求中,如果没有详细指出例外,单数型的“一个”以及“该(这一)”也包含复数的内容。
“血管生成”是指生长出血管。
“阴茎口内”或“阴茎口”是指将药物用于阴茎顶端,并由此进入舟状窝内。给药时,须将阴茎竖起,并将阴茎口张开,在无需将药物容器置入阴茎口内的情况下将药物滴入舟状窝中。
“阴茎肿胀”是指阴茎勃起组织肿胀,包括至少其中一个阴茎头、海绵体(corpora cavernosa)或海绵体(corpus spongiosa)肿胀。
“烷基”是指单键直链或支链的饱和烃基,其仅含有碳原子和氢原子,具有1-20个碳原子。烷基的实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、戊基、正己基、辛基、十二烷基、十四烷基、二十烷基等。
“低级烷基”是指单键直链或支链的饱和烃基,其仅含有碳原子和氢原子,具有1-6个碳原子。低级烷基的实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、叔丁基、正丁基、正己基等。
“低级烷氧基”是指-O-R,其中,R为如上定义的低级烷基。低级烷氧基的实例包括但不限于甲氧基、乙氧基、异丙氧基等。
“卤素”是指基团氟、溴、氯和/或碘。
“任选”是指以下描述的情况或情形可能但不一定发生,以及包括发生的情况或情形,以及没有发生的情况和情形。例如,“任选的键”是指该键可以存在也可以不存在,该描述包括单键、双键或三键。
“药学可接受的”是指在制备药物组合物中可被利用的,即在生物上安全、无毒、合乎要求的,包括在兽药上和人类药物应用上可接受的。
化合物的“药学可接受的盐”是指一种如上定义的药学上可接受的盐,其具有母体化合物的预期药理活性。这种盐包括:
1.与无机酸形成的酸加成盐,所述无机酸为如盐酸、氢溴酸、氢氟酸、氢碘酸、三氟醋酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸、硼酸等;或与有机酸形成的酸加成盐,所述有机酸如乙酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、樟脑磺酸、对氯苯磺酸、肉桂酸、柠檬酸、环戊烷丙酸、乙磺酸、1,2-乙基二磺酸、甲酸、富马酸、葡庚糖酸、葡糖酸、谷氨酸、羟基乙酸、己酸、庚酸、邻-(羟基苯甲酰基)苯甲酸、羟基萘甲酸(hydroxynaphtoic acid)、2-羟基乙磺酸、乳酸、十二烷基硫酸、马来酸、苹果酸、丙二酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、4-甲基二环[2.2.2]辛-2-烯-1-羧酸、4,4′-亚甲基双(3-羟基-2-烯-1-羧酸)、粘康酸、2-萘磺酸、草酸、3-苯基丙酸、丙酸、丙酮酸、水杨酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、叔丁基乙酸、对-甲苯磺酸、三氟甲磺酸、三甲基乙酸等;或
2.母体化合物中的一个酸性质子被一种金属离子取代所形成的盐,所述金属离子例如为碱金属离子、碱土金属离子或铝离子;或与有机碱或无机碱形成的配合物,可接受的有机碱包括二乙醇胺、乙醇胺、N-甲基葡糖胺、三乙醇胺、氨丁三醇、甲胺、乙胺、羟乙胺、丙胺、二甲胺、二乙胺、三甲胺、三乙胺、乙二胺、羟乙胺、吗啉、哌嗪和胍等。可接受的无机碱包括氢氧化铝、氢氧化铵、氢氧化钙、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、氢氧化钠和肼。优选的药学可接受的盐是与盐酸、三氟醋酸形成的盐。
“患者”是指哺乳动物和非哺乳动物。“哺乳动物”是指哺乳纲的任何动物,其包括但不限于人类、非人类灵长目动物,如黑猩猩以及其它猿类和猴类;畜牧动物,如牛、马、绵羊、山羊和猪;家养动物,如兔、狗和猫;实验室动物,包括啮齿类,如大鼠、小鼠和豚鼠等。非哺乳类的实例包括但不限于鸟类等。术语“患者”并不限定年龄或性别。
“治疗有效量”是指当给患者施用以治疗某种疾病时,能足以治疗该疾病的化合物的量。“治疗有效量”依据化合物、所治疗疾病状况、疾病的严重程度、患者年龄和健康状况、给药途径和给药形式、医生或兽医的判断准确度等各因素所决定。
本发明的术语“药理学作用”包括接受治疗的患者获得预期目的治疗效果。在一个优选实施方式中,药理学作用是指接受治疗的患者的血管痉挛症状得到防止、减轻或减小。例如,药理学作用是指接受治疗的患者的血管痉挛得到防止或减轻。
“病状”是指任何疾病、症状、征兆或适应症。
病状的“治疗”包括:
1.预防疾病,即,使可能发展成或倾向于发展成该疾病的临床症状没有得到发展,从而还没有形成或表现出疾病的症状,
2.抑制疾病,即,抑制疾病或其临床症状的发展,或
3.减轻疾病,即,使疾病或其临床症状暂时或长期得到减轻。
“前体药”是指化合物的药理学非活性形式,其必须在体内代谢后转变成药理学活性形式才能产生所需的药理学作用。给药后,在生物体液或酶的参与下,药理学非活性形式的化合物在体内转变成药理学活性形式。尽管很多化合物最初在肝脏中进行代谢,但在其它组织和器官,尤其是在肺中也能不同程度地被代谢。前体药可改善生物利用度,使不良特性,如苦味得到掩盖,可改善溶解度以适于静脉内使用或使化合物被运送到特定靶位。本发明的化合物包括前体药形式。
在一个优选的实施方式中,药物组合物至少包括血管活性前列腺素,优选为前列腺素E1;烷基(N-取代的氨基)酯;聚合物;亲脂性组分;以及酸缓冲体系。
血管活性前列腺素是指作用同外周血管扩张剂的前列腺素,包括天然的前列腺素,如PGE1、PGA1、PGB1、PGF1a、19-羟基-PGA1、19-羟基-PGB1、PGE2、PGA2、PGB2、19-羟基-PGA2、19-羟基-PGB2、PGE3、PGF3a;天然前列腺素的半合成或合成的衍生物,包括卡波前列缓血酸胺(carboprosttromethamine)、地诺前列缓血酸胺、地诺前列酮、脂前列腺素(lipoprost)、吉美前列素、甲烯前列素(metenoprost)、硫前列酮和噻前列素。前列腺素E1和前列腺素E2是尤其优选的用于本发明方法和组合物的血管活性前列腺素。
另外,两种或多种非内生性荷尔蒙血管活性剂的同时给药是理想的,并且在某些情形下显示出协同作用。已经发现哌唑嗪和前列腺素E1的组合在这点上是特别有益的;后一药物似乎是作为哌唑嗪的增效剂。
适宜的非内生性荷尔蒙血管扩张剂包括但不限于:硝酸盐,例如硝化甘油、硝酸异山梨酯、丁四硝酯、硝酸戊酯、硝普酸钠、吗多明(molsidomine)、林西多明氯化水合物(linsidomine chlorhydrate)(″SIN-1″)和S-亚硝基-N-乙酰基-d,1-青霉胺(″SNAP″);氨基酸,例如L-精氨酸;长效和短效α-肾上腺素阻断剂,例如苯氧基苯沙明、双卞胺(dibenamine)、多沙唑嗪(doxazosin)、特拉唑嗪(terazosin)、酚妥拉明、苯甲唑啉(tolazoline)、哌唑嗪(prazosin)、曲马唑嗪(trimazosin)、阿夫唑嗪(alfuzosin)、坦索罗辛(tamsulosin)和吲哚拉明(indoramin);血管舒张的天然草药组合物和其生物活性提取物,例如gosyajinki-gan,Satureja obovata,白花前胡(bai-hua qian-hu),lipotab,saiboku-to,长春乙酯(vinpocetine),银杏叶(Gingko biloba),虎耳草(bacopa),绞股蓝七叶胆(Gynostemma pentaphyllum),绞股蓝总皂甙(gypenosides),吴茱萸(Evociarutaecarpa),吴茱萸次碱(rutaecarpine),去氢吴茱萸碱(dehydroevodiamine),丹参(dan-shen),丹参根(salviae miltiorrhizae radix),柴胡(shosaikoto),大枣(Zizyphi fructus),人参以及它们的混合物(美国专利6,007,824);麦角生物碱类,如麦角胺和麦角胺类似物,例如,乙酰二氢麦角胺(acetergamine),巴西麦角林(brazergoline),溴麦角脲(bromerguride),氰麦角林(cianergoline),德勒够腈(delorgotrile),地舒勒近(disulergine),麦角新碱马来酸盐(ergonovinemaleate),麦角胺酒石酸盐,乙舒麦角(etisulergine),麦角腈(lergotrile),麦角酸酰二乙胺,美舒麦碱(mesulergine),甲麦角林(metergoline),甲基麦角胺(metergotamine),尼麦角林(nicergoline),培高利特(pergolide),普罗麦角(propisergide),丙麦角脲(proterguride)和特麦角脲(terguride);抗高血压药,如二氮嗪,肼苯哒嗪(hydralazine)和米诺地尔(minoxidil);血管舒张剂,例如尼莫地平(nimodepine),吡那地尔(pinacidil),环扁桃酯,双嘧达莫(dipyridamole)和异克舒令(isoxsuprine);盐酸氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine);氟哌啶醇(haloperidol);育亨宾(yohimbine);氯哌三唑酮(trazodone)和血管活性肠内肽。
前列腺素E1是本领域所熟知的。对于其药理活性、副作用和正常剂量范围在不同的文献中都有引用。例如,Plzysician′s Desk Reference,51 st Ed.(1997),The Merck Index,12th Ed.,Merck & Co.,N.J.(1996),和Martindale The ExtraPharmacopoeia,28th Ed.,London,The Pharmaceutical Press(1982)。前列腺素E1以及其它在此引用的化合物都包括其药学可接受的衍生物以及其生理相容的盐和酯。
本发明药物组合物中血管活性前列腺素如前列腺素E1的含量是治疗有效量,并根据所需剂量、剂型(如栓剂或局部用药剂)和所用的血管活性前列腺素的具体形式进行必要的调整。本发明中所用术语“前列腺素”通常指前列腺素游离酸和其药学可接受的衍生物,例如包括PGE1、其药学可接受衍生物,如PGE1和其药学可接受盐和低级烷基酯(术语低级烷基是指含有1-4个碳原子的直链或支链烷基)。组合物通常包含组合物总重量的0.001%-1%的血管活性前列腺素,如前列腺素E1,尤其是0.05%-1%,优选为0.1%-0.5%。
当与血管活性前列腺素联合使用时,哌嗪基喹唑啉抗高血压药,如哌唑嗪的使用量为每单位剂量约0.1mg至约2.0mg,该使用量依据具体哌嗪基喹唑啉抗高血压药的效力以及所使用血管活性前列腺素的类型和剂量而定。血管活性前列腺素和哌嗪基喹唑啉的剂量和比例可以由本领域普通技术人员根据常规进行确定,而无需试验。
如果只单独起作用,前列腺素制剂所包括的大多数药物都不能足够渗透到皮肤中而达到其它给药途径所达到的药物浓度水平。为了解决该问题,局部用药物制剂通常包含皮肤促渗剂。皮肤促渗剂也称为促吸收剂、促进剂、辅料、增溶剂、促吸附剂等。无论如何称谓,该物质是用于促进药物经皮吸收的。理想的促渗剂不仅能增加药物经皮吸收而且不会刺激皮肤、使皮肤过敏或损伤皮肤。而且,理想的促渗剂在适用剂型(如,霜剂或凝胶剂)上不应该对身体有副作用。
从促进药物经皮渗透的作用角度出发,对大量化合物进行了评价。参见,如,Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers,Maibach h.I.and Smith H.E.(eds.),CRCPress,Inc.,Boca Raton,FL.(1995),该文献研究了各种皮肤促渗剂并进行了试验测试,以及Büyüktimkin,N.,等,Chemical Means of Transdermal DrugPermeation Enhancement in Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Systems,Gosh,T.K.,等,(eds.),Interpharm Press,Inc.,Buffalo Grove,IL.(1997)。前列腺素局部用组合物适用的促渗剂在美国专利号为4,980,378、5,082,866和6,118,020以及国际专利申请WO 95/095590中公开。利用这些促渗剂输送前列腺素的局部用组合物在美国专利号为6,046,244、6,323,241、6,414,028和6,489,207中公开。
本发明的局部用组合物可以包括一种或多种促渗剂。本发明的优选促渗剂为乙醇、丙二醇、甘油、月桂酸乙酯、棕榈酸异丙酯、豆蔻酸异丙酯、月桂氮卓酮(AzoneTM)、二氧戊环(在美国专利号为4,861,764中有描述)、大环酮、HP-101、唑烷酮、可生物降解的促渗剂(在Wong等的美国专利号为4,980,378和5,082,866中有描述,如2-(N,N-二取代的氨基)链烷酸烷基酯(例如,N,N-二甲氨基异丙酸十二烷基酯(DDAIP)),N,N-二取代的氨基烷醇链烷酸酯),及这些物质的混合物。促渗剂的含量足以促进血管活性前列腺素如前列腺素E1的渗透。具体含量根据所需释放速率和具体前列腺素E1的剂型而不同。通常,渗透剂的含量为组合物总重量的约0.5至约20wt%,优选为约1至约10wt%,更优选为约1至约5wt%。
通常,适宜的促渗剂可以是上述所列物质,也可以是亚砜、醇、脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯、多元醇、酰胺、表面活性剂、萜、链烷酮(alkanones)、有机酸及这些物质的混合物。参见Chattaraj,S.C.and Walker,R.B.,PenetrationEnhancer Classification,pp.5-20 in Maibach,H.I.,and Smith,H.E.,(eds.),Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers,CRC Press,Inc.,Boca Raton,FL(1995),以及Buyuktimkin,N.,等,Chemical Means of Transdermal Drug PermeationEnhancement,in Gosh,T.K.,等,(eds.)Transdermal and Topical Drug DeliverySystems,Interpharm Press,Inc.,Buffalo Grove,IL(1997)。适宜的亚砜包括二甲亚砜、癸基甲基亚砜及其混合物。适宜的醇包括乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇、己醇、辛醇、壬醇、正癸醇、2-丁醇、2-戊醇、苄醇、辛醇、癸基醇、月桂醇、2-月桂醇、肉豆蔻醇、十六烷醇、硬脂醇、油醇、亚油醇(linolyl alcohol)、亚麻醇(linolenyl alcohol)及这些物质的混合物。适宜的脂肪酸包括戊酸、庚酸、壬酸、己酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、辛酸、异戊酸、新戊酸、新庚酸、新壬酸、三甲基己酸、新癸酸和异硬脂酸及这些物质的混合物。
适宜的脂肪酸酯包括正丁酸异丙酯、正己酸异丙酯、正癸酸异丙酯、豆蔻酸异丙酯、棕榈酸异丙酯、豆蔻酸辛基十二醇酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸甲酯、戊酸甲酯、丙酸甲酯、癸二酸二乙酯、油酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯及这些物质的混合物。适宜的多元醇包括1,3-丙二醇、聚乙二醇、乙二醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、双丙二醇、甘油、1,2-丙二醇、山梨醇、葡聚糖、丁二醇、戊二醇(pentanediol)、己三醇(hexanetriol)及这些物质的混合物。
适宜的酰胺包括脲、二甲基乙酰胺、二乙基甲苯酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基辛酰胺、二甲基癸酰胺、1-烷基-4-咪唑啉-2-酮、吡咯烷酮衍生物、环酰胺、环六亚甲基月桂酰胺及其衍生物、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺及这些物质的混合物。适宜的吡咯烷酮衍生物包括1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、2-吡咯烷酮、1-月桂基-2-吡咯烷酮、1-甲基-4-羧基-2-吡咯烷酮、1-己基-4-羧基-2-吡咯烷酮、1-月桂基-4-羧基-2-吡咯烷酮、1-癸基-硫乙基-2-吡咯烷酮(HP-101)、1-甲基-4-甲氧羰基-2-吡咯烷酮、1-己基-4-甲氧羰基-2-吡咯烷酮、1-月桂基-4-甲氧羰基-2-吡咯烷酮、N-环己基吡咯烷酮、N-二甲氨基丙基吡咯烷酮、N-椰油烷基吡咯烷酮、N-牛油脂肪烷基吡咯烷酮、N-(2-羟甲基)-2-吡咯烷酮的脂肪酸酯、及这些物质的混合物。适宜的环酰胺包括1-十二烷基氮杂环庚-2-酮(月桂氮卓酮,Azone)、1-香叶基氮杂环庚-2-酮、1-法呢基氮杂环庚-2-酮、1-香叶基香叶基氮杂环庚-2-酮、1-(3,7-二甲基辛基)氮杂环庚-2-酮、1-(3,7,11-三甲基辛基)氮杂环庚-2-酮、1-香叶基氮杂环己-2-酮、1-香叶基氮杂环戊-2,5-二酮、1-法呢基氮杂环戊-2-酮、及这些物质的混合物。
适宜的表面活性剂包括阴离子表面活性剂、阳离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、胆盐和卵磷脂。适宜的阴离子表面活性剂包括月桂酸钠、月桂基硫酸钠及这些物质的混合物。适宜的阳离子表面活性剂包括溴化十六烷基三甲基铵、溴化十四烷基三甲基胺、氯化苄烷铵、氯化十八烷基三甲基铵、氯化十六烷基吡啶、氯化十二烷基三甲基铵、氯化十六烷基三甲基铵、及这些物质的混合物。适宜的非离子表面活性剂包括α-氢-ω-羟基-聚(氧乙烯)-聚(氧丙基)聚(氧乙烯)嵌段共聚物、聚氧乙烯醚、聚氧乙烯山梨醇酯、脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯、及这些物质的混合物。适宜的α-氢-ω-羟基-聚(氧乙烯)-聚(氧丙基)聚(氧乙烯)嵌段共聚物包括泊洛沙姆231、182和184、及这些物质的混合物。适宜的聚氧乙烯醚包括4-月桂醚(Brij 30TM)、(Brij 93TM)、(Brij 96TM)、20-油醚(Brij 99TM)、及这些物质的混合物。适宜的聚氧乙烯山梨醇酯包括单月桂酸酯(Tween 20TM,Span 20TM)、单棕榈酸酯(Tween 40TM)、单硬脂酸酯(Tween60TM)和单油酸酯(Tween 80TM)、及这些物质的混合物。适宜的脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯包括8-氧乙烯硬脂酸酯(8-oxyethylene stearate ester(Myrj 45TM))、(Myrj51TM)、40-氧乙烯硬脂酸酯(Myrj 52TM)及这些物质的混合物。适宜的胆盐包括胆酸钠、月桂胆酸钠、羟基乙酸钠、脱氧胆酸钠及这些物质的混合物。
适宜的萜类包括D-柠檬油精、α-蒎烯、β-enrene、α-松油醇、松油烯-4-醇、香芹醇、香芹酮、蒲勒酮、薄荷酮(piperitone)、孟酮(menthone)、薄荷醇、香叶醇、氧化环己烯、氧化柠檬油精、α-氧化蒎烯、氧化环戊烯、1,8-桉叶油素、依兰油、茴香油、土荆芥油、桉叶油、及这些物质的混合物。适宜的链烷酮(alkanone)包括N-庚烷、N-辛烷、N-壬烷、N-癸烷、N-十一烷、N-十二烷、N-十三烷、N-十四烷、N-十六烷、及这些物质的混合物。适宜的有机酸包括柠檬酸、琥珀酸、水杨酸、水杨酸酯(包括甲基、乙基和丙基二醇衍生物)、酒石酸、及这些物质的混合物。
在一个优选的实施方式中,促渗剂为2-(N-取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、(N-取代的氨基)链烷醇链烷酸酯或其混合物。为便于参考,2-(N-取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯和(N-取代的氨基)链烷醇链烷酸酯可归为一组,标记为烷基(N-取代的氨基)酯。
适于本发明的2-(N-取代的氨基)链烷酸烷基酯如下式所示:
其中n是约4-约18范围内的整数;R选自氢、C1-C7烷基、苄基和苯基;R1和R2选自氢和C1-C7烷基;R3和R4选自氢、甲基和乙基。
优选的是(N,N-二取代的氨基)链烷酸烷基酯,如(N,N-二取代氨基)-乙酸的C4-C18烷基酯和(N,N-二取代氨基)-丙酸的C4-C18烷基酯和其药学上可接受的盐和衍生物。具体的2-(N,N-二取代氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯包括2-(N,N-二甲氨基)-丙酸十二烷基酯(DDAIP);
和2-(N,N-二甲氨基)-乙酸十二烷基酯(DDAA);
2-(N-二取代氨基)链烷酸烷基酯是已知的。例如,2-(N,N-二甲氨基)-丙酸十二烷基酯(DDAIP)得自Steroids,Ltd.(Chicago,IL)。此外,如Wong等的美国专利No.4,980,378中所描述的,2-(N,N-二取代氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯可由更易得到的化合物合成,该文献不同程度地列于此以作参考。如其介绍,2-(N,N-二取代氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯易于经两步合成而制备。在第一步中,氯代乙酸长链烷基酯通常在合适的溶剂(如氯仿)中,通过相应的长链烷醇与氯甲酸氯甲基酯等在存在合适的碱(如三乙胺)的条件下反应制备。反应描述如下:
其中R,R3,R4和n如上定义。反应温度选自约10℃至200℃或者回流温度,优选室温。可使用溶剂,也可不使用溶剂。如果使用溶剂,可以选择宽范围的有机溶剂。碱的选择同样不是很重要。优选的碱包括叔胺,例如三乙胺、吡啶等。反应时间一般为约1小时至3天。
在第二步中,氯代乙酸长链烷基酯与合适的胺根据如下路线缩合:
其中n,R,R1,R2,R3和R4如前定义。过量的胺反应物一般用作碱,反应在合适的溶剂(如醚)中容易进行。尽管温度可以改变,但第二步优选在室温下进行。反应时间通常从约1小时至几天。可以采用常规的纯化技术,很容易得到用于药物化合物的酯。
适宜的(N-取代的氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯通过以下化学式表示:
其中n是约5至约18范围内的整数;y是0至约5范围内的整数;R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,和R7选自氢、C1-C8烷基和C1-C8芳基;R8选自氢、羟基、C1-C8烷基和C1-C8芳基。(N-取代的氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯的制备及其作为促渗剂的应用在已公布的PCT国际申请WO95/09590中公开,其在此被参考引用。
优选的是(N-取代的氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯,如C5-C18羧酸酯和其药学上可接受的盐。示例性具体的(N,N-二取代氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯包括1-(N,N-二甲氨基)-2-丙醇十二烷酸酯(DAIPD);
1-(N,N-二甲氨基)-2-丙醇豆蔻酸酯(DAIPM);
1-(N,N-二甲氨基)-2-丙醇油酸酯(DAIPO);
(N,N-二取代氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯易于通过相应的氨基链烷醇和月桂酰氯在三乙胺存在的条件下反应制备。溶剂,例如氯仿是可有可无的,但是优选有溶剂。例如在氯仿中在三乙胺存在的条件下,1-(N,N-二甲氨基)-2-丙醇可与月桂酰氯反应生成1-(N,N-二甲氨基)-2-丙醇月桂酸酯(DAIPD)。在本发明适宜的促渗剂中,通常优选的是DDAIP。
促渗剂的含量足以促进血管活性前列腺素如前列腺素E1的渗透。具体含量根据所需释放速率和具体前列腺素E1的剂型而不同。通常,渗透剂的含量为组合物总重量的约0.5至约10wt%。在一个实施例中,组合物中血管活性前列腺素是前列腺素E1,促渗剂DDAIP的含量为组合物总重的约0.01至约5wt%。
此外,如果需要,也可添加其它已知的透皮促渗剂,例如,二甲亚砜(DMSO)、二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)、2-吡咯烷酮、N,N-二乙基-间甲苯酰胺(DEET)、1-十二烷基氮杂环庚-2-酮(AzoneTM,Nelson Research的注册商标)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、巯基乙酸钙、噁唑烷酮、二氧戊环衍生物、月桂氮卓酮衍生物和大环类促进剂,如大环酮。
天然的和修饰的多糖胶也是组合物的一种重要成份。适宜的代表性胶属于天然的和修饰的半乳甘露聚糖胶类。半乳甘露聚糖胶是包括D-半乳糖和D-甘露糖单元的碳水化合物聚合物,或这类聚合物的其它衍生物。组合物中的半乳甘露聚糖种类很多,根据其来源而不同。半乳甘露聚糖胶特征为(1→4)连接为直链结构的β-D-甘露吡喃糖单元。和主链发生(1→6)连接的单一成员α-D-甘露吡喃糖基(manopyranosyl)单元作为侧链存在。半乳甘露聚糖胶包括瓜儿豆胶,其是在两种豆科植物(Cyamposis tetragonalobus和psoraloids)的种子胚乳研磨成粉而得,以及刺槐豆胶,其是在carobtree(ceratonia siliqua)的种子胚乳中发现的。适宜的修饰的多糖胶包括天然的或取代的多糖胶的醚,如羧甲基醚、乙二醇醚和丙二醇醚。取代的多糖胶的示例为甲基纤维素。
其它适宜的代表性胶包括瓜儿豆胶、角叉胶、达瓦树胶(ghatti gum)、刺梧桐树胶、鼠李聚糖胶(rhamsan gum)和黄原胶。本发明的组合物可以包括各种胶的混合物或胶和酸性聚合物的混合物。
胶,尤其是半乳甘露聚糖胶是熟知物质。参见,例如,IndustrialGums:Polyaccharides & Their Derivatives,Whistler R.L.and BeMiller J.N.(eds.),3rd Ed.Academic Press(1992)and Davidson R.L.,Handbook of Water-SolubleGums & Resins,McGraw-Hill,Inc.,N.Y.(1980)。大多数的胶是可购得的,其形式多种,通常是粉末状,便于用在食品和局部用组合物中。例如,刺槐豆胶的粉末可购自Tic Gums Inc.(Belcam,MD)。
当组合物中添加多糖胶时,多糖胶的含量是组合物总重量的约0.1%-约5%,优选为0.5%-3%。在一个优选实施方式中,多糖胶的含量为2.5wt%。示例的组合物在下述实施例中给出。
可选择性添加的多糖胶是聚丙烯酸聚合物。通常的聚丙烯酸聚合物通常被称作“卡波姆”(″carbomer″)。卡波姆是与聚链烯基聚醚轻度交联的聚丙烯酸聚合物,可从B.F.Goodrich Company(Akron,Ohio)购得,商品名称为″CARBOPOLTM″。尤其优选的卡波姆是被称作″CARBOPOL 940″的物质。
适用的其它聚丙烯酸聚合物是可购得的名为″PemulenTM″(B.F.GoodrichCompany)和″POLYCARBOPHILTM″(A.H.Robbins,Richmond,VA)的聚合物。PemulenTM聚合物是丙烯酸C10至C30烷基酯和一个或多个丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸单体或者它们与蔗糖烯丙醚或季戊四醇烯丙醚交联的简单酯的共聚物。
POLYCARBOPHILTM促进剂是丙烯酸与联乙烯二醇的交联物。如果组合物中添加聚丙烯酸聚合物,则其含量占组合物总重量的约0.5%-约5wt%。
半固体组合物具有适宜的粘度从而使组合物存留在舟状窝内。半固体组合物能够表现牛顿流变学特征或非牛顿流变学特征。在一些优选实施方式中,本发明的半固体组合物表现出非牛顿流变学特征,即表观粘度由施加到组合物的剪切速率所决定。优选的组合物具有“剪切变稀”的流变学性质。本发明所用“剪切变稀”是指随着剪切速率的提高,表观粘度(剪切应力与剪切速率的比例)明显降低,无论是表观粘度的显著降低不随时间改变(假塑性)、随时间改变(触变性),还是与屈服应力相关,其中屈服应力被定义为在流动开始之前必须超越的应力,(Bingham plastics and generalized Bingham plastics)。参见Harris,J.,& Wilkinson,W.L.,″Non-newtonian Fluid,″pp.856-858 inParker,S.P.,ed.,McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Physics,Second Edition,McGraw-Hill,New York,1993。组合物适宜的粘度范围为约5,000厘泊(cps)至约20,000cps,优选为约7,000厘泊(cps)至约13,000cps。
在某些优选的实施方式中,血管活性前列腺素从药物储库中释放一段时间。应该认为,血管活性前列腺素从经阴茎口施用的半固体组合物中一段时间的释放是从药物储库释放的一种类型。在其它类型中,血管活性前列腺素可以从包括已置入其它部位的其它聚合物载体的组合物中释放出来。
在优选的实施例中,药物储库包括血管活性前列腺素和生物相容性聚合物。生物相容性聚合物在血管活性前列腺素的存在下基本保持均一性,然后释放血管活性前列腺素。生物相容性聚合物可以是亲水性的或疏水性的,其可选自:多羧酸、包括醋酸纤维素和硝酸纤维素的纤维素聚合物、凝胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、交联的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、马来酸酐聚合物的聚酐、聚酰胺、聚乙烯醇、聚烯烃、如EVA的乙烯基单体的共聚物、聚乙烯醚、聚乙烯芳香化物、聚氧乙烯、粘多糖、多糖、聚酯,包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚醚、聚醚砜、聚碳酸酯、包括聚丙烯、聚乙烯和高分子量的聚乙烯的聚烯烃、包括聚四氟乙烯的卤化聚烯烃、聚氨酯、聚原酸酯、蛋白质、多肽、硅树脂、硅氧烷聚合物、聚乳酸、聚羟基乙酸、聚己酸内酯、聚羟基丁酸酯戊酸酯(polyhydroxylbutyrate valerate)以及其混合物和其共聚物,还有其它可生物降解的、可吸收的以及生物稳定的聚合物和共聚物。生物相容性聚合物可以是蛋白质聚合物、纤维蛋白、胶原质以及它们的衍生物、多糖,如纤维素、淀粉、右旋糖苷、藻酸盐以及这些多糖的衍生物、细胞外基质成份,如透明质酸、或其它生物物质或适宜的上述任意物质的混合。将乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA,ELVAX-40 DuPont,Wilmington,DE,USA)和聚-2-羟基乙基-甲基丙烯酸酯聚合物(HYDRONTM)用于前列腺素的药物储库中在本领域是已知的,如参见BenEzra,D.,1978;Form,D.M.,& Auerbach,R.,1983;Ziche,M.,et al.,1982 and Diaz-Flores,L.,et al.,Intense vascular sproutingfrom rat femoral vein induced by prostaglandins E1 and E2,AnatRec.,1994,238(1):68-76。这些聚合物,尽管是生物相容性的,但存在无法被利用的缺陷。
硅树脂弹性体药物储库,如NorplantTM(Wyeth)是本领域所已知的。涉及改变储库表面性质的药物储库的改进在美国专利号6,274,159的专利中披露。这样的药物储库,尽管是生物相容的,仍存在无法被利用的缺陷。
在某些优选实施例中,植入剂是由可吸收或可生物降解的聚合物制得。适宜的可生物降解的聚合物包括聚交酯(PLA)和丙交酯乙交酯共聚物(PLGA)、聚原酸酯、聚磷腈、聚酐以及聚磷酯。在尤其优选的实施例中,可生物降解的聚合物是聚交酯聚合物或丙交酯乙交酯共聚物。水性可生物降解的聚合物通常为约9-30%,优选20-30%的可生物降解共聚物。
包括药物储库的可生物降解的聚合物可以是嵌段共聚物。在某些优选实施例中,聚合物是ABA-或BAB-型嵌段共聚物,其中A-嵌段为相对疏水的丙交酯乙交酯共聚物(PLGA)或疏水的聚交酯(PLA),B-嵌段为相对亲水的聚乙烯二醇(PEG),疏水含量为约51wt至83wt%,整个嵌段共聚物的分子量为约2000-4990,低温下表现水相溶性,在哺乳动物生理体温下,经历可逆的热凝胶化过程。这些嵌段共聚物的制备和使用在美国专利6,117,949和美国公开号为20040001872的申请中有披露。可生物降解的三嵌段聚合物通常用于含约9-30wt%,优选约20-30wt%的共聚物的水溶液中。
在进一步优选的实施例中,前列腺素药物储库组合物在室温下是可流动的,由于生物相容性聚合物剪切变稀的性质或在哺乳动物生理体温下进行热凝胶化的原因而使组合物在某部位沉积。
在优选的实施例中,将在C1-C8脂肪醇中的血管活性前列腺素的溶液加至选自PLGA-PEG-PLGA共聚物、PLA-PEG-PLA共聚物、PEG-PLGA-PEG共聚物以及PEG-PLA-PEG共聚物的生物可降解的三嵌段共聚物的水溶液中,得到最终浓度为占组合物总重量的0.001-1wt%的血管活性前列腺素。
另一种重要的组分是亲脂性组分。本发明的“亲脂组分”是指既亲脂又亲水的物质。药学领域普通技术人员会理解一个化合物的亲脂性是利用分配系数与其它化合物相比较的常规定性方法而确定的。分配系数是国际纯粹和应用化学联合会(IUPAC)所定义的,其为在不同种类的体系(两相)的平衡状态时,物质在两相中的分配比值;在恒定温度下,相同物质分子在两相中的浓度(或严格的说是活度)的比值是常数。
C1-C8脂肪醇、C2-C30脂肪酯及其混合物可作为亲脂性组分。示例的适宜醇为乙醇、正丙醇和异丙醇,适宜的脂为乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、月桂酸乙酯、丙酸甲酯、豆蔻酸异丙酯和棕榈酸异丙酯。本发明中的术语“脂肪醇”包括多元醇,如甘油、丙二醇和聚乙二醇。在一个实施方式中,醇和酯的混合物是优选的,尤其是乙醇和月桂酸乙酯的混合物是优选的。
在一些实施方式中,亲脂性组分包括至少一种液态多元醇。在优选的实施方式中,液态的多元醇为聚乙二醇,其选自聚乙二醇200、聚乙二醇400和聚乙二醇600。当包含聚乙二醇时,组合物中聚乙二醇的含量为组合物总重量的约1-约25wt%。优选地,聚乙二醇为聚乙二醇400(PEG400)。聚乙二醇400的含量为组合物总重量的约1-约25wt%,优选为约3-约20wt%。
在一个实施方式中,C2-C30脂肪酯及包括亲脂性组分的混合物包括甘油的C8-C30脂肪酯,其选自甘油一酸酯、甘油二酸酯、甘油三酸酯及它们的混合物。适宜的脂肪酯包括饱和脂肪酸甘油酯、不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯及它们的混合物。适宜的饱和脂肪酸包括己酸、辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、二十二酸和二十四烷酸。适宜的不饱和脂肪酸包括油酸、亚麻油酸和亚麻酸。适宜的甘油酯包括甘油一油酸酯、甘油三油酸酯、三豆蔻酸甘油酯和三硬脂酸甘油酯,优选为三豆蔻酸甘油酯。
所需亲脂性组分的浓度依其它各因素而变,如所需半固体的稠度和所需皮肤渗透的效果。适宜的亲脂性组分的浓度占组合物总重量的0.5%-40%。优选的局部用组合物包含的亲脂性成分的浓度占组合物总重量的7%-40%。
当采用脂肪醇和脂肪酯的混合物时,醇的适宜含量为0.5%-10%。在一个优选实施方式中,醇的含量占组合物总重量的5%-15%,而脂肪酯占2%-15%。在另一个优选实施方式中,醇的含量占组合物总重的0.5%-10%,而脂肪酯占0-10%(仍然是占组合物总重量的比例)。
亲脂性组分的浓度依其它因素而改变,如所需半固体的稠度和所需皮肤渗透的效果。优选的局部用组合物包含的亲脂性组分占组合物总重量的7%-40%。当采用脂肪醇和脂肪酯的混合物时,优选的醇含量占组合物总重量的5%-15%,而脂肪酯占2%-15%。
可选择性加入的,但优选是加入的组分是乳化剂。尽管不是关键因素,适宜的乳化剂通常的亲水-亲脂平衡常数大于10。蔗糖酯,具体为硬脂酸蔗糖酯,能够作为组合物中的乳化剂。硬脂酸蔗糖酯是熟知的乳化剂,其能够从各种商业途径获得。当使用乳化剂时,硬脂酸蔗糖脂占组合物总重量的比例优选为至多约2%。硬脂酸蔗糖酯乳化剂的优选含量也可以用乳化剂与多糖胶的重量比例表示。优选乳化剂与胶的比例为1∶6,最优选1∶4,可以产生预期的半固体稠度和分层阻力。
也适用的其它乳化剂包括聚氧乙烯山梨醇酯、长链醇,优选为鲸蜡硬脂醇(cetostearyl alcohol)以及脂肪酸甘油酯。适宜的聚氧乙烯山梨醇酯包括单月桂酸酯(Tween 20TM,Span 20TM)、单棕榈酸酯(Tween 40TM)、单硬脂酸酯(Tween 60TM)和单油酸酯(Tween 80TM)及它们的混合物。优选的脂肪酸甘油酯包括甘油一油酸酯、甘油三油酸酯、三豆蔻酸甘油酯和三硬脂酸甘油酯。
本发明的组合物包括酸性缓冲体系。酸性缓冲体系有助于维持或缓冲组合物的pH落在预期的范围内。本文使用的术语″缓冲体系″或″缓冲剂″指溶质试剂或试剂,当它们溶于水溶液时,能够稳定该溶液,使溶液中加入酸或碱时pH值(或者氢离子浓度或活度)不发生大的变化。阻止pH值从起始缓冲的pH值起发生变化而偏离上述范围内的上述溶质试剂或试剂都是公知的。尽管有许多其它合适的缓冲剂,但已经证明了磷酸钾一水合物对本发明的组合物具有有效的作用。
药物组合物的最终pH值可以在生理相容的范围内变化。必要的是最终pH值不能刺激人的皮肤。在没有违背这一限制条件下,可以选择既促进活性物质的稳定性又能调节所需稠度的pH值。在一个实施方式中,优选的pH值为约3.0-约7.4,更优选为约3.0-约6.5,最优选为约3.5-约6.0。
组合物的其余组成是水,而且是必须纯化后的水。组合物包含的水占组合物总重量的约50%-约90%。水的具体含量要求不严,只要其能够调节其它组成以获得所需稠度和/或浓度。
前列腺素E1稳定剂、着色剂、流变学改进剂和防腐剂的添加量不能过度限制前列腺素E1的皮肤渗透性或对所需半固体稠度不利。
半固体药物组合物的预期剂型为霜剂、凝胶剂、软膏剂、胶状悬浮液及类似剂型,也包括但不限于适用于透皮贴剂及类似装置的组合物。上述所列组成可以以能够制备稳定组合物的任何顺序和方式进行混合,以制得包括均匀分散于半固体制剂中的前列腺素E1的稳定组合物。制备该组合物的一种可行方法包括将多糖胶(或聚丙烯酸聚合物)均匀分散于预先混合的水/缓冲液中,然后充分匀化(混合)所得混合物,该混合物为“A部分”。如果需要加入乳化剂,则在分散多糖胶之前将乳化剂加入到水/缓冲液中。可以采用任何适宜的方法调节A部分的pH值以达到可使用的程度,例如,加入浓磷酸或氢氧化钠的方法。
单独地,在搅拌下,将前列腺素E1溶于亲脂性组分中,该亲脂性组分可以是多种醇、多种酯或醇与酯的混合物,然后,加入促渗剂。或者,当亲脂性组分包括醇和酯时,前列腺素E1在加入促渗剂之前可先溶于醇中,然后再加入酯。无论采取何种方法,得到的混合物都为“B部分”。最后步骤是在持续混合下,将B部分缓慢加入(如,逐滴加入)A部分中。
得到的局部用组合物表现出没有过量施用药物而使前列腺素E1的渗透性和生物利用度得到改善,减少了皮肤伤害和相关的感染,增加了剂型的可选择范围。这些组合物可用前列腺素E1长时间地治疗外周血管疾病、男性阳萎和其它疾病,而避免了低生物利用度和其它传输途径相关的快速化学降解。前列腺素E1在用于患者皮肤的局部用组合物中的应用使得前列腺素E1能够预先确定持续给药量,避免了通过注射途径的一次或多次给予较大剂量而产生的不良作用。通过维持持续的剂量速率,前列腺素E1在患者靶组织中的浓度能够更好地被维持在最佳治疗范围内。
在一个实施方式中,组合物包括占组合物总重量约0.01%-约5%的修饰的多糖胶;约0.001%-1%的前列腺素,其选自PGE1、其可药用盐、其低级烷基酯及它们的混合物;约0.5%-约10%的DDAIP或其盐;约0.5%-约10%的低级醇,其选自乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇及它们的混合物;约0.5%-约10%的酯,其选自月桂酸乙酯、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、月桂酸异丙酯及它们的混合物;和酸性缓冲液。优选的组合物也包括至多约2%的硬脂酸蔗糖酯。
在优选的药物储库实施例中,血管活性前列腺素为组合物总重量0.05-1%,优选0.1-0.5%的前列腺素E1。优选地,生物相容性聚合物选自硅橡胶弹性体、可生物降解的聚合物和剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂。在优选的实施例中,将C1-C8脂肪醇中的前列腺素E1溶液加至可生物降解的共聚物水溶液中。可生物降解的聚合物水溶液通常为约9-30wt%,优选为20-30wt%。如果需要,将pH调至约3.0至约7.4,更优选约3.0至约6.5,最优选约3.5至约6.0。如果可生物降解的聚合物本身没有足够的缓冲能力使组合物pH值保持在所需范围内,则可根据需要加入适宜的缓冲物,如磷酸盐缓冲物。通常,组合物还包括亲脂性组分,其选自C1-C8脂肪醇、C8-C30脂肪酯及它们的混合物。在优选的实施例中,组合物包括促渗剂,其选自2-(N-取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、(N-取代的氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯。
组合物还任选地包括至多约5%乳化剂。优选地,组合物包括至多约2%的乳化剂。适宜的乳化剂包括聚山梨醇酯,如Tweens、甘油一油酸酯、甘油三油酸酯、三豆蔻酸甘油酯和三硬脂酸甘油酯。优选的乳化剂为三豆蔻酸甘油酯。
本发明的实施在下述实施例中描述。这些实施例意欲举例说明本发明而不是限制其保护范围。组合物中不会负面影响前列腺素E1的作用的变化对于本领域技术人员是显而易见的,这些变化也在本发明的保护范围内。例如,其它着色剂、抗微生物防腐剂、乳化剂、芳香剂、前列腺素E1稳定剂及类似物质的成份也可包括在组合物中,只要使所得组合物仍保持上述所需特性。当添加防腐剂时,其加入量通常为约0.05%-约0.30%。适宜的防腐剂包括对羟基苯甲酸甲酯类(甲基PABA)、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯类(丙基PABA)和丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)。适宜的香精和芳香剂是本领域已知的;适宜的芳香剂为至多占组合物总重量的约5%的桃金娘烯醇,优选为约2%的桃金娘烯醇。
局部用组合物可进一步包括至少一种局麻药。适宜的局麻药包括那些适用于局部用药的局麻药,其包括但不限于:氨布卡因(ambucaine)、阿莫拉酮(amolanone)、盐酸阿米卡因(amylocaine hydrochloride)、benoxinate、本坐卡因(benzocaine)、贝托卡因(betoxycaine)、苯柳胺酯(biphenamine)、布比卡因(bupivacaine)、布他卡因(butacaine)、氨苯丁酯(butamben)、布坦卡因(butanilicaine)、丁胺卡因(butethamine)、butoxycaine、卡铁卡因(carticaine)、盐酸氯普鲁卡因(chloroprocaine hydrochloride)、古柯乙烯(cocaethylene)、可卡因(cocaine)、环美卡因(cyclomethycaine)、盐酸地布卡因(dibucaine hydrochloride)、二甲卡因(dimethocaine)、盐酸地哌冬(diperodon hydrochloride)、达克罗宁(dyclonine)、ecgonidine、芽子碱(ecgonine)、氯乙烷、依替卡因(etidocaine)、β-优卡因(eucaine)、尤普罗辛(euprocin)、非那可明(fenalcomine)、福莫卡因(fomocaine)、盐酸海克卡因(hexylcaine hydrochloride)、羟丁卡因(hydroxytetracaine)、对-氨基苯甲酸异丁酯、甲磺酸亮氨卡因(leucinocaine mesylate)、左沙屈尔(levoxadrol)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、甲哌卡因(mepivacaine)、美普卡因(meprylcaine)、美布卡因(metabutoxycaine)、氯甲烷、麦替卡因(myrtecaine)、纳依卡因(naepaine)、奥他卡因(octacaine)、orthocaine、奥昔卡因(oxethazaine)、对乙氧卡因(parethoxycaine)、盐酸非那卡因(phenacainehydrochloride)、苯酚、皮珀罗卡因(piperocaine)、匹多卡因(piridocaine)、聚多卡醇(polidocanol)、普莫卡因(pramoxine)、丙胺卡因(prilocaine)、普鲁卡因(procaine)、丙泮卡因(propanocaine)、丙美卡因(proparacaine)、丙哌卡因(propipocaine)、盐酸丙氧卡因(propoxycaine hydrochloride)、假可卡因(pseudococaine)、吡咯卡因(pyrrocaine)、罗哌卡因(ropivacaine)、水杨醇、盐酸丁卡因(tetracaine hydrochloride)、托利卡因(tolycaine)、三甲卡因(trimecaine)、佐拉敏(zolamine)及这些物质的混合物。
当包含局部用麻醉药时,局部用麻醉药的含量约为0.01%-约10wt%。局部用麻醉药包括利多卡因、达克罗宁、地布卡因、它们的药学可接受盐及这些物质的混合物。在一个优选的实施例中,局部用麻醉剂为组合物总重量的0.5%-约1%的达克罗宁。
药物制剂优选以单位剂量形式存在。该形式的制剂被分成包含适量活性成份的单位剂量。单位剂量形式为包装的制剂,含有具体量的药物制剂的包装为如硬塑料投放器或软包装。
本发明的另一方案是提供在一适宜容器中包含如上所述的治疗早泄的组合物的产品,优选的容器为如美国专利No.6,224,573中公开的容器,如投放器,以及标签说明书。或者,该容器可以是具有适宜大小孔的管,如尖端伸出的管、袋、包或可挤压的瓶,这些容器可以以任何适宜材料制得,如硬塑料或软塑料。
标签说明书可以是小册子、产品包装上的标签或与该包装有关的标签。
标签说明书用于指导早泄患者在阴茎口给予本发明组合物,指导患者垂直握住阴茎、使阴茎口(meatus)张开并将组合物置入舟状窝内而不要将容器放入口内,需在性交前约5-30分钟时给药。打印的标签说明书是用于描述本发明的组合物用于治疗早泄的方法。标签说明书是本发明的一个重要方面,因为在组合物被批准任何用途之前,必须得到可靠的国家管理机构如美国食品药品监督管理局的批准才可投入市场。部分步骤包括提供最终销售的药物组合物的标签。标签可以包括对组合物的定义和一些其它内容,如临床药理、作用机理、药物耐受、药代动力学、吸收、生物利用度、禁忌症等,还提供必需剂量、给药途径和用途。因此,当药品通过市场到达患者手中,带有投放器的组合物和治疗说明书的结合才是合理应用药物的重要环节。因此,治疗说明书根据前述治疗方法而描述其用途。
舟状窝提供了适于使用半固体药物组合物并使药物停留的天然开阔部分。当将半固体药物,如本发明的组合物,置于阴茎口中时,会很好地阻碍药物从该部位、阴茎口和尿道的狭窄出口流出。流动的被阻碍与通道横截面积和长度成比例。因此,适宜选择的粘度的半固体药物会处于窝内,从而便于如血管扩张剂的活性成份的吸收。组合物粘度的适宜范围为约5,000cps-约20,000cps,优选为约7,000cps-约13,000cps。在优选实施方式中,所选择的组合物的粘度使施用的组合物的约90%-约99%保留在舟状窝中达约30分钟,优选为约93%-约98%,最佳为超过98%的组合物能保留在舟状窝中达约30分钟。
单位剂量的活性成份含量范围在0.01mg-1g,具体含量根据具体应用和血管活性前列腺素的效力而定。例如,当血管活性前列腺素是前列腺素E1,其含量为约0.05mg-约0.8mg,优选为约0.1mg-约0.5mg,而在另一个实施方式中,为约0.2mg-约0.3mg。如果需要,组合物也可包含其它相容性治疗剂,如抗高血压药哌嗪基喹唑啉。
除非特别说明,每个组合物都是通过常规混合所述各种成份而制备的。
实施例1
示例性组合物
组合物A如下制备。通过在5份的乙醇中溶解0.4份的前列腺素E1(Alprostadil USP)而得到A部分。然后,将2.5份(N,N-二甲氨基)-丙酸十二烷基酯与醇-前列腺素E1溶液相混合,随后加入5份月桂酸乙酯。
B部分先从制备pH值为5.5的水/缓冲液开始。水/缓冲液通过将足量磷酸一氢钾加入纯水中得到0.1M溶液而制备得。用强碱溶液(1N氢氧化钠)和强酸(1N磷酸)将水/缓冲液的pH调节至5.5。缓冲液占总组合物的约80份。所有份都为重量份。
在缓冲液中加入0.5份的月桂酸乙酯。然后,将刺槐豆胶(以粉末形式)分散到缓冲液中,用搅拌器件搅匀。表1为成份列表。
所得组合物为适用于皮肤的易涂抹半固体物,不需要如贴片和粘合带等支承装置。组合物既均匀又不易分层。
表1:局部用前列腺素E1组合物
成分(wt%) | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
预水化的刺槐豆胶预水化的修饰的瓜儿豆胶黄原胶 | 3-- | 3-- | 3-- | 3-- | 3-- | 3-- | 3-- | -3- |
水/缓冲液(pH5.5)硬脂酸蔗糖酯前列腺素E1DDAIP乙醇月桂酸乙酯 | 810.50.1555 | 810.50.2555 | 810.50.3555 | 810.50.4555 | 810.50.4555 | 810.50.5555 | 810.50.4510- | 81-0.32.553 |
其余示例的组合物B-H,按照表1所列成份以相同的方法制得。如上所述,在其它实施例中,如组合物H,组合物可包含修饰的多糖胶,适宜为修饰的半乳甘露聚糖胶,如修饰的瓜儿豆胶。也可以用聚丙烯酸聚合物代替多糖胶。
实施例2
发现PGE1能促进大鼠髂动脉区的原代培养物中微血管的生长。将每个样本置于培养皿中的覆盖有不含生长因子的Matrigel基质的具有盖玻片的玻片上,培养皿中的培养基不含血清。将PGE1(Sigma)加至培养基中,最终浓度为1,10,20,30,60或100μmol(uM)。37℃下,含5%CO2的潮湿空气中温育培养物。96个小时后,用数码相机记录生长情况。对照组(6个样本)在Matrigel基质上,不含血清的培养基中温育,其中不加PGE1。
不含生长因子的Matrigel(Passaniti,A.,et al.,Lab.Invest.199267:518-528)购自Becton Dickinson(Mountain View,CA)。细胞培养级的PGE1购自Sigma Chemical.(St.Louis,MO)。RPIM-1640以及其他细胞培养试剂都购自GIBCO Invitrogen Corp.(Grand Island,NY)。
本研究所用的动物为两个月的雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠。所有动物饲养、处理和方法都是动物研究协会(institutional Committee on Animal Research)所提供。通过覆膜内注射本巴比妥钠(50mg/kg)处死大鼠,接着双侧胸廓切开术取出髂动脉区。
将从Sprague-Dawley大鼠上分离的髂动脉区切成小环,然后置于覆盖Matrigel的玻璃盖玻片上进行培养。盖玻片用于支撑平面以使样本适于组织学染色和检测。盖玻片如下覆盖。在置于冰上的装有不含血清的RPMI-1640的35-mm培养皿中,不含生长因子的Matrigel(BectonDickinson,MountainView,CA)被稀释3倍。然后用无菌玻璃片作为涂布器将稀释后的Matrigel涂在冷却的无菌玻璃盖玻片上。将涂布后的盖玻片置于35-mm的培养皿中,然后在37℃下温育1个小时以使Matrigel固化。将髂动脉小环置于覆盖Matrigel的玻璃盖玻片的顶端上,再覆盖上50μl的冷却的、液态的不含生长因子的Matrigel。37℃下温育5分钟使Matrigel聚合,加入3ml的不含血清的RPMI1640培养基,培养基中含有lx青霉素-链霉素-两性霉素(Cell Culture Facility,University of California,San Francisco)。将PGE1(Sigma,Inc.,USA)加至培养基中,最终浓度为1,10,20,30,60和100μM。在含5%CO2的潮湿空气中,于37℃下温育髂动脉小环培养物。
温育96个小时后,检测髂动脉小环培养物。用连接在Olympus显微镜和Apple Macintosh PowerMac计算机上的专业DCS-420数码相机(EastmanKodak,Rochester,NY)拍片记录微血管的生长情况。所有样本都被拍下照片,将照片储存以便日后进行分析。用Chemilmager 4000软件(AlphaInnotech Corporation,San Leandro,CA)分析数码相片以测定微血管生长的最大长度。
利用Primer of Biostatistics,3rd ed.(Glantz SA,McGraw-Hill,Inc.New York,1992)的计算机软件进行统计学分析。对涉及不同时间点的数据首先进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。如果ANOVA表示出显著差异,再用Student-Neuman-Keuls检验进行成对比较。结果见图1和表2。
对微血管生长和PGE1的剂量关系进行研究。将PGE1加到培养基中,得到的最终浓度为1,10,20,30或60μM。见表2。结果的图形显示为图1。存在剂量依赖性关系,1μM的PGE1产生的微血管生长峰值为680微米。较高剂量(10,20,30和60μM)的微血管生长峰值较小。
表2 PGE1对血管生长的影响(微血管生长的最大长度,μM)
PGE1浓度 | 长度(μM) |
0μM1μM10μM | 320680360 |
20μM30μM60μM | 100305 |
结果的图形显示为图1。存在剂量依赖性关系,1μM的PGE1产生的微血管生长峰值为680微米。较高剂量(10,20,30和60μM)的微血管生长峰值较小。最高剂量(20,30和60μM)时的最大微血管生长比不含PGE1的明显减小。
实施例3
患有与血管疾病有关的勃起功能障碍患者的治疗
将半固体前列腺素局部用组合物,如组合物H,用于患有与血管疾病如糖尿病血管疾病有关的勃起功能障碍患者中以促进勃起功能的恢复。按照性交前阴茎口施用前列腺素局部用组合物的方案进行治疗。
指导每名患者在给药时,须将阴茎竖起,并将阴茎口张开,在无需将药物容器置入阴茎口内的情况下将药物滴入舟状窝中。用前列腺素组合物如实施例1的组合物H进行治疗通常能产生可进入阴道的勃起程度。参见,美国专利号6,323,241的专利,其内容在此全文引用。
另一个治疗小组中,每名患者阴茎口施用一个剂量的血管活性前列腺素,该治疗方案不依赖于计划的性交活动。优选每天阴茎口途径给予低剂量的血管活性前列腺素(如每剂量为0.2-0.3mg前列腺素E1),至少给药4天,更优选给药7天。治疗后血管功能得到改善,表现出获得可进入阴道的勃起能力增强或阴茎微循环的客观测量值如激光多普勒流量计的测量值得到改善。参见美国专利申请2003/0220292,在此被全文引用。
在另一个治疗小组中,前列腺素组合物至少每周阴茎口给药一次,优选每周3次,治疗方案持续至少一个月,优选持续至少3个月。通常,前列腺素E1的含量是由激光多普勒流量计所测出、能增加阴茎微循环的有效量。阴茎微循环的增加还可以通过阴茎肿胀或阴茎勃起的表现进行临床上的确定。
上述内容只是用于举例说明本发明,本发明的范围由权利要求书所定义。在不背离本发明真正的精神和范围之下的各种变化和改变都是本发明的保护内容。
Claims (29)
1.一种组合物,其包括:
占组合物总重量0.001wt%-1wt%的血管活性前列腺素,所述血管活性前列腺素选自前列腺素E1、前列腺素E2、它们的药学可接受盐、它们的低级烷基酯以及这些物质的混合物;
生物相容性聚合物;
亲脂性成分,其选自C1-C8脂肪醇、C8-C30脂肪酯、液态多元醇及它们的混合物;
水;以及
缓冲体系,该缓冲体系使所述组合物的pH值缓冲至约3-约7.4的范围。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,血管活性前列腺素为占组合物总重量0.05wt-1wt%的前列腺素E1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述生物相容性聚合物选自硅橡胶弹性体、可生物降解的聚合物以及剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的组合物,其中,所述可生物降解的聚合物选自聚交酯、丙交酯乙交酯共聚物、聚原酸酯、聚磷腈、聚酐和聚磷酯。
5.根据权利要求3所述的组合物,其中,所述可生物降解的聚合物为可生物降解的三嵌段共聚物,其选自丙交酯乙交酯共聚物-聚乙二醇-丙交酯乙交酯共聚物的共聚物、聚交酯-聚乙二醇-聚交酯的共聚物、聚乙二醇-丙交酯乙交酯共聚物-聚乙二醇的共聚物以及聚乙二醇-聚交酯-聚乙二醇的共聚物。
6.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂选自剪切变稀的多糖胶和剪切变稀的聚丙烯酸聚合物。
7.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,液态多元醇为聚乙二醇,其选自聚乙二醇200、聚乙二醇400和聚乙二醇600。
8.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其进一步包括促渗剂,所述促渗剂选自(N-取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、2-(N,N-二取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、(N-取代氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯、(N,N-二取代氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯、它们的可药用盐及上述物质的混合物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其进一步包括乳化剂。
10.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其进一步包括芳香剂。
11.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其进一步包括局部用麻醉剂。
12.一种促进勃起功能障碍患者的血管功能恢复的方法,包括给予一种组合物,该组合物包括血管活性前列腺素、生物相容性聚合物和缓冲液,其中所述血管活性前列腺素选自前列腺素E1、前列腺素E2、它们的药学可接受盐、它们的低级烷基酯以及这些物质的混合物,所述缓冲液可以使组合物的pH值被缓冲在约3至约7.4之间,所述血管功能的恢复是通过客观测量或临床表征而确定。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述生物相容性聚合物选自硅橡胶弹性体、可生物降解的聚合物以及剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中血管活性前列腺素为组合物总重量的0.001wt-1wt%。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述组合物进一步包括促渗剂,所述促渗剂选自(N-取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、2-(N,N-二取代的氨基)-链烷酸烷基酯、(N-取代氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯、(N,N-二取代氨基)-链烷醇链烷酸酯、它们的可药用盐及上述物质的混合物。
16.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述组合物进一步包括选自C1-C8脂肪醇、C8-C30脂肪酯和它们的混合物的亲脂性组分,以及水。
17.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,血管功能的恢复是通过对微血管的生长或阴茎微循环的客观测量而确定。
18.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,血管功能的恢复是通过阴茎肿胀或勃起的临床上的表征而确定。
19.一种导致靶动脉区上生长微血管的方法,其包括将靶动脉区与包括约1μmol至约100μmol的血管活性前列腺素的溶液相接触,所述血管活性前列腺素选自前列腺素E1和前列腺素E2。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述溶液包括约1μmol至约60μmol的前列腺素E1。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述溶液包括约1μmol至约30μmol的前列腺素E1。
22.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,与靶动脉区相接触的溶液与组合物流动相通,该组合物包括占组合物总重量0.001wt%-1wt%的血管活性前列腺素和生物相容性聚合物,所述血管活性前列腺素选自前列腺素E1、前列腺素E2、它们的药学可接受盐、它们的低级烷基酯以及这些物质的混合物;所述生物相容性聚合物选自硅橡胶弹性体、可生物降解的聚合物以及剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,所述可生物降解的聚合物选自聚交酯、丙交酯乙交酯共聚物、聚原酸酯、聚磷腈、聚酐和聚磷酯。
24.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,所述可生物降解的聚合物为可生物降解的三嵌段共聚物,其选自丙交酯乙交酯共聚物-聚乙二醇-丙交酯乙交酯共聚物的共聚物、聚交酯-聚乙二醇-聚交酯的共聚物、聚乙二醇-丙交酯乙交酯共聚物-聚乙二醇的共聚物以及聚乙二醇-聚交酯-聚乙二醇的共聚物。
25.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,剪切变稀的聚合物增稠剂选自剪切变稀的多糖胶和剪切变稀的聚丙烯酸聚合物。
26.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,靶动脉区为螺旋动脉、海绵体动脉、脊阴茎动脉、阴部内动脉或髂动脉。
27.权利要求1-11中任意一项所述的组合物在制备治疗勃起功能障碍药物中的应用。
28.权利要求1-11中任意一项所述的组合物在制备促进勃起功能障碍患者的血管功能恢复的药物中的应用。
29.权利要求1-11中任意一项所述的组合物在制备导致靶动脉区上生长微血管的药物中的应用。
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US8939948B2 (en) | 2010-06-01 | 2015-01-27 | Forsight Vision5, Inc. | Ocular insert apparatus and methods |
CN104884006B (zh) | 2012-10-26 | 2017-12-15 | 弗赛特影像5股份有限公司 | 用于持续释放药物到眼睛的眼科系统 |
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US4980378A (en) * | 1988-06-01 | 1990-12-25 | Odontex, Inc. | Biodegradable absorption enhancers |
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US6251436B1 (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 2001-06-26 | L.A.M. Pharmaceutical Corporation | Drug preparations for treating sexual dysfunction |
US6117949A (en) * | 1998-10-01 | 2000-09-12 | Macromed, Inc. | Biodegradable low molecular weight triblock poly (lactide-co-glycolide) polyethylene glycol copolymers having reverse thermal gelation properties |
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US5942545A (en) * | 1998-06-15 | 1999-08-24 | Macrochem Corporation | Composition and method for treating penile erectile dysfunction |
US6007824A (en) * | 1998-07-09 | 1999-12-28 | Duckett; Melvin J. | Natural composition and method for the treatment of sexual dysfunction |
US6274159B1 (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2001-08-14 | University Of Florida | Surface modified silicone drug depot |
US6825234B2 (en) * | 1998-12-10 | 2004-11-30 | Nexmed (Holdings) , Inc. | Compositions and methods for amelioration of human female sexual dysfunction |
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US6323241B1 (en) * | 2000-01-10 | 2001-11-27 | Nexmed (Holdings) Inc. | Prostaglandin compositions and methods of treatment for male erectile dysfunction |
US6693135B2 (en) * | 2000-01-10 | 2004-02-17 | Nexmed (Holdings) Incorporated | Prostaglandin compositions and methods of treatment for male erectile dysfunction |
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