CN1671945B - 水力压裂地下岩层的方法 - Google Patents
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
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Abstract
本发明概述性地涉及地下地层中水力压裂的领域，以及更具体地涉及用于最优化裂缝导流能力的方法与手段。根据本发明，井产量是通过将交替阶段的压裂液顺序注入井筒而增加的，所述压裂液在传输支撑剂，以改进支撑剂放置的能力上具有反差，或者在传输的支撑剂量上具有反差。
Description
技术领域
本发明概述性地涉及地下地层中水力压裂的领域，以及更具体地涉及用于最优化裂缝导流能力(fracture conductivity)的方法与手段。
背景技术
油气(油、天然气等)是通过钻凿穿透含油气地层的井而获自地下地质地层(即，“油藏”)的。这为油气提供了到达表面的部分流体通道。为了“产生”油气，也就是说从地层迁移至井筒中(并最终到达表面)，从地层到井筒必须有足够的无妨碍的流体通道。
水力压裂是通过布置或延长从井筒至油藏的通道，以改进井产量的主要工具。该操作本质上是通过将压裂液水力注入至穿透地下地层的井筒中，并通过压力迫使该压裂液逆着地层岩层而进行的。迫使地层岩层或岩石破裂和破碎。支撑剂放置(placement)在裂缝中以防止裂缝闭合，并如此提供改进的可采流体(即，油、气或水)的流动。
水力压裂处理的成功与裂缝导流能力有关。已经知道几个参数影响该导流能力。首先，支撑剂在泵送停止之后创建了至井筒的导流通道，因此支撑剂充填层对水力压裂处理的成功是关键的。已经发展了各种方法，通过适当选择支撑剂的大小和浓度来改进裂缝导流能力。为改进裂缝支撑剂导流能力，典型的方法包括：选择最佳支撑剂。更一般的说，改进支撑裂缝性能的最普通方法包括：高强度支撑剂(如果支撑剂强度不足够高，则闭合应力压碎支撑剂，产生细屑并减小导流能力)、大直径的支撑剂(支撑裂缝的渗透率随着颗粒直径的平方而增加)、支撑剂充填层中的高支撑剂含量，以获得更宽的支撑裂缝。
在限制放置在地层中的颗粒支撑剂材料的流回的努力中，支撑剂保留剂是常用的，以使支撑剂剩余在裂缝中。例如，支撑剂可涂敷有在井下条件下激活的可固化树脂。已经使用不同材料，例如纤维材料、纤维束或可变形材料。在纤维的情况下，认为纤维变得密集，成为垫子或其它三维框架，这支撑了支撑剂，从而限制它的流回。此外，纤维有助于防止细屑迁移，并因此减小支撑剂充填层的导流能力。
为保证更好的支撑剂放置，也已经知道添加支撑剂保留剂来俘获裂缝中支撑剂颗粒，并防止它们通过裂缝产生并到达井筒。所述支撑剂保留剂，例如纤维材料、涂敷在支撑剂上的可固化树脂、涂敷在支撑剂上的预固化树脂、涂敷在支撑剂上的可固化和预固化(以部分固化形式出售)树脂、小片、可变形的颗粒、或者粘性支撑剂涂层。
基于支撑剂的压裂液一般也包括增粘剂，例如可溶剂化的多糖，以提供输送支撑剂的足够粘度。裂缝中留下的高粘性流体减小了支撑剂充填层的渗透率，从而限制了处理的效率。因此，已经开发出了破胶剂，所述破胶剂通过将聚合物断裂成小分子片断来减小粘度。促进裂缝中较少损害的其它技术涉及胶化油、泡沫流体或乳化流体的使用。最近，已经开发了不含固体的系统，其是以粘弹性表面活性剂作为增粘剂为基础的，从而产生不留下残余物的流体，所述残余物可影响裂缝导流能力。
已经进行了各种尝试，通过控制裂缝几何形状(例如，限制其深度并延长裂缝长度)来改进裂缝导流能力。因为创建裂缝通过增加有效井筒半径来增加产量，所以裂缝越长，有效井筒半径越大。然而，许多井表现得如同裂缝长度相当短，这是因为裂缝被压裂液污染(即，更具体地，用于输送支撑剂的流体以及用于创建裂缝的流体，两者都将在以下讨论)。开采的流体的最艰难部分是保留在裂缝末端的那部分(即，离井筒最远端的裂缝部分)。因此，在裂缝中停滞的压裂液的结果自然地减小油气的开采。
在所建议的改进裂缝几何形状的方法中，其中一个包括压裂阶段，所述压裂阶段具有非泵送或者泵送和流回油井的间歇顺序的时期，如Kiel的美国专利3933205中所述。通过成倍增加水力压裂，可增加井产量。首先，创建长的初级裂缝，然后通过停止注入和关井以使裂缝中的压力降至低于初始压裂压力，以形成碎片(spall)。重新开始注入以沿着裂缝移动形成的碎片，并再次停止，裂缝便被移动的碎片支撑。根据优选的实施方案，该方法是通过在至少部分停止注入的期间使井流回而实现的。
另一放置方法涉及泵送用于前置液的高粘度流体，然后泵送用于支撑剂阶段的较小粘性的流体。当不需要裂缝高度生长来帮助防止支撑剂穿过生产地层时，该技术用于压裂薄的生产层段。该技术，有时称为“管道压裂”，利用更稀薄的支撑剂携带液的改进流动性，通过粘性显著高的粘性前置液流体形成通道。支撑剂携带液的高度通常限制至射孔层段。只要射孔层段覆盖生产层，支撑剂则保留在需要其来提供裂缝导流能力的地方(放置在水力压裂裂缝中，已经传播至生产层段之上或之下的支撑剂不是有效的)。该技术常用于在限制生产层的层段中存在最小应力差别的情况。另一实例将是产水区低于生产层的情况，水力压裂将传播进入其中。该方法不能防止裂缝传播进入含水区，但是也许能防止支撑剂到达裂缝的那部分并使其张开(这也是压裂液的支撑剂传输能力的函数)。
改进裂缝导流能力的其它方法是使用包胶的破裂剂并描述在许多专利和出版物中。这些方法涉及活性化学破胶剂材料的包胶，以便较多的破裂剂可在水力压裂处理的泵送期间添加。包胶化学破胶剂允许化学破胶剂的延迟释放进入压裂液，从而防止反应太快，以使压裂液的粘度降低至不能完成处理的程度。包胶活性化学破胶剂允许添加显著多的量，这将导致支撑剂充填层中更多的聚合物降解。更多聚合物降解是指更好的聚合物回收和改进的裂缝导流能力。
上述的所有方法均有局限。Kiel方法依赖于“岩石剥落(rock spalling)”和成功创建多个裂缝。该技术经常用于天然压裂地层，特别是，白垩岩。今天控制裂缝重定向的理论指出Kiel方法可导致分离的裂缝，但是这些裂缝它们自己定向，而不是快速进入与原始裂缝几乎相同的方位。在过去数年中，“岩石剥落”现象尚未证明在水压裂应用中特别有效(在多种情况中可能根本不存在)。“管道压裂”法通常受到处理中被泵送的支撑剂的浓度与总量的限制，因为携带液是基于低粘度聚合物的线性凝胶。支撑剂传输的缺乏将是一个问题，正如由于低粘度流体的原因，在裂缝中用于支撑剂桥接的机会增加一样。较低的支撑剂浓度将最小化可产生的导流能力的量并且聚合物的存在将有效地在更窄的裂缝中产生更多的损害。
包胶的破裂剂的发展和应用导致裂缝导流能力的显著改进。然而，从处理中回收的聚合物的量通常不超过50％重量，所以仍存在局限。大多数聚合物集中在裂缝的顶部，离井筒最远的部分。这是指油井将从比在合适位置设计和放置的更短的裂缝中产生。在上述的所有情况中，支撑剂将占据约不少于65％的裂缝体积。这是指不超过35％的孔隙体积可有助于裂缝导流能力。
因此，本发明的目的是提供压裂和支撑裂缝或部分裂缝的改进方法，从而得以改进裂缝导流能力以及因此改进油井的随后产量。
发明内容
根据本发明，井产量是通过将交替阶段(altermate stage)的压裂液顺序(sequentially)注入井筒而增加的，所述压裂液在传输支撑剂，以改进支撑剂放置的能力上具有反差(contrast)，或者在传输的支撑剂量上具有反差。
根据该方法获得的已支撑裂缝具有以下特征的图案，特征是一系列沿裂缝分布(spread)的支撑剂束(bundles of proppant)。换句话说，所述束形成了“岛”，该岛使裂缝沿着其长度方向张开，但是提供了多个使地层流体循环的通道。
根据本发明的一个方面，压裂液传输支撑剂的能力是根据工业标准限定的。该标准使用大比例的流动池(flow cell)(矩形，其具有模拟平均水力压裂的宽度)，以便流体和支撑剂可混合(如在油田操作中)和可动态地注入池中。流动池在垂直和水平长度上均有刻度，从而使得能够确定支撑剂垂直沉降的速度以及与发生沉淀的槽入口的距离。传输支撑剂的能力反差可因此通过沉降速度中的显著差异(度量为长度/时间，英尺/分)来定义。根据本发明的优选实施方案，交替的泵送流体的沉降速度比至少为2，优选为至少5以及最优选为至少10。
因为基于粘弹性的流体提供特别低的沉降速度，所以实现本发明的优选方式是交替包括粘弹性表面活性剂的流体和基于聚合物的流体。
根据本发明另一方面，沉降速度中的差异不能简单地从静态的观点，通过改性流体的化学成分而获得，而是通过交替不同泵唧速度(pump rate)，以便从动态观点而获得，在裂缝中支撑剂的表观沉降速度将改变。
也可考虑静态和动态方法的结合。换句话说，优选的处理由第一流体和第二流体的交替顺序构成，所述第一流体具有低的沉降速度并且以第一高泵唧速度泵送，第二流体具有较高的沉降速度并且以较低的泵唧速度泵送。当不同流体的沉降速度比相对小时，该方法可特别优选。如果在支撑剂沉降速度中不能获得所需的反差，则可调整泵唧速度，以在裂缝中获得所需的支撑剂分配(distribution)。在最优选的方面，为简单起见，该设计为使得保持恒定泵唧速度的设计。
作为可选择的方面，可调整泵唧速度，以控制支撑剂沉降。也可以交替不同密度的支撑剂，以控制支撑剂沉降，且获得所需的分配。在另一方面，可改变基液密度，以获得相同结果。这是因为交替的阶段将支撑剂移动至其将提供最好导流能力的地方。交替的“良好传输”和“差的传输”取决于5个主变量-流体的支撑剂传输能力、泵唧速度、基液的密度、支撑剂的直径和支撑剂的密度。通过改变这些中任意一个或全部，可获得所需结果。最简单的情况，也因此是优选的情况，是具有不同支撑剂传输能力的流体并保持泵唧速度、基液密度和支撑剂密度恒定。
根据本发明另一实施方案，支撑剂传输特征事实上通过显著地改变传输的支撑剂量来改变。例如，无支撑剂的阶段与有支撑剂的阶段交替。这样，支撑的裂缝图案的特征在于：一系列柱状(post like)的支撑裂缝的束，该束与裂缝长度方向基本上垂直。
为了增加井产量与最终开采量的目的，本发明提供改进支撑的水力压裂裂缝的导流能力和产生更长的有效裂缝半长度(half-lengh)的有效方法。
本发明使用交替阶段的不同流体，以最大化有效的裂缝半长度与裂缝导流能力。本发明旨在改进水力压裂裂缝中的支撑剂放置，以改进有效导流能力，这反过来改进无因次的裂缝导流能力，从而导致改进的油井增产。本发明也可增加有效裂缝半长度，这在较低渗透率的井中将导致增加的供油面积。
为获得所需结果，本发明依赖于流体的合适选择。交替的流体一般在传输支撑剂能力上具有反差。具有差支撑剂传输特征的流体可与优异支撑剂传输流体交替，以改进裂缝中支撑剂放置。
本发明交替阶段的流体适用于处理的支撑剂运送阶段，也称为浆状阶段(slurry stages)，正如目的是改变裂缝上支撑剂分配以改进长度和导流能力一样。例如，基于聚合物的支撑剂-携带液的部分可被非破坏性的粘弹性表面活性剂流体系统代替。交替的浆状阶段改变了水力压裂裂缝中支撑剂的最终分配以及最小化了支撑剂充填层中的损害，从而使井获得了提高的生产率。
根据优选的实施方案，在这些情况中基于聚合物的流体系统用于前置液(pad fluid)，以产生足够的水力压裂裂缝宽度并提供更好的防滤失。本发明也可用泡沫(即，除其它成分之外，包括如氮气、二氧化碳、空气或它们的结合的气体的流体)来进行。任意阶段或者两个阶段均可用任何气体来发泡。因为发泡可能影响支撑剂传输能力，实现本发明的方法之一就是通过改变泡沫特征值(或者每体积基液的气体体积)。
根据优选的实施方案，以在支撑剂阶段泵送交替流体系统为基础的方法适用于压裂处理，所述压裂处理在十分低的支撑剂浓度下使用长的前置液阶段和浆状阶段，并通常称为“稠化水压裂(waterfracs)”，例如，如SPE论文38611中所述的，或者在工业中也称为“减水阻(slickwater)”处理或者“混合稠化水压裂处理”。正如此处所使用的术语“稠化水压裂”中所述，“稠化水压裂”包括以下的压裂处理，所述压裂处理使用大的前置液体积(一般为约总泵送流体体积的50％以及通常不少于总泵送体积的至少30％的情况)，支撑剂浓度不超过2lbs/gal，在支撑剂携带阶段(proppant-laden stage)是恒定的(以及在这种情况下低于1lb/gal以及优选为约0.5lbs/gal)或匀变(ramp)的，基液为“处理过的水”(仅具有减摩剂的水)或者包括浓度为5～15lbs/Mgal的聚合物-基液。
附图说明
通过参考所附的详细描述和附图，将更好地理解本发明的上述和其它目的、特征和优点，其中：
图1，包括图1-A和1-B，显示的是根据现有技术，在稠化水压裂处理后的支撑剂分配；
图2，包括图2-A和2-B，显示的是根据本发明，由于交替支撑剂-流体阶段的支撑剂分配；
图3，包括图3-A和3-B，显示的是根据现有技术，处理多层地层后的支撑剂分配；
图4，包括图4-A和4-B，显示的是根据本发明，处理多层地层后的支撑剂分配。
图5显示根据本发明的处理和根据现有技术的“稠化水压裂”处理后所预测的气体产量。
图6显示根据现有技术(图6-A)或根据本发明(图6-B)处理的井的裂缝轮廓和导流能力。
具体实施方式
在多种情况下，水力压裂处理在于比流体进入地层中更快地，将无支撑剂粘性流体或前置液(通常，水和一些产生高粘度的流体添加剂)泵送进入井中，因而压力升高且岩石断裂，从而产生人工裂缝和/或扩大现存的裂缝。然后，将支撑剂(如砂)加至流体中，以形成砂浆，将该砂浆泵送至裂缝中，以防止当泵送压力释放时裂缝闭合。基液的支撑剂传输能力取决于加入水基质中增粘添加剂的类型。
为制备稠化溶液而添加有水溶性聚合物的水基压裂液广泛用于压裂领域中。自20世纪50年代后期以来，超过半数以上的压裂处理是通过以下流体进行的，所述流体包括瓜尔胶、由甘露糖和半乳糖构成的高分子量多糖或者如羟丙基瓜尔胶(HPG)、羧甲基瓜尔胶(CMG)、羧甲基羟丙基瓜尔胶(CMHPG)的瓜尔胶衍生物。基于硼、钛、锆或铝络合物的交联剂一般用于增加聚合物的有效分子量并使它们更适于用在高温井中。
为了更小的程度，在有或没有交联剂的情况下，也可使用纤维素衍生物，例如羟乙基纤维素(HEC)或羟丙基纤维素(HPC)和羧甲基羟乙基纤维素(CMHEC)。黄原胶和硬葡聚糖，两种生物高分子，已经显示具有优异的支撑剂-悬浮能力，但是它们比瓜尔胶衍生物昂贵，因而较少常用。聚丙烯酰胺和聚丙烯酸酯聚合物和共聚物一般用于高温应用或者在低浓度下在全部温度范围内用于减摩剂。
无聚合物的水基压裂液可使用粘弹性表面活性剂来获得。这些流体通常是通过混合适合量的合适表面活性剂，例如阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性表面活性剂而制备的。粘弹性表面活性剂流体的粘度归因于流体中组分所形成的三维结构。当粘弹性流体中表面活性剂的浓度显著超过临界浓度时，以及在电解质存在的大多数情况下，表面活性剂分子聚集成物质，例如胶束，其能互相作用形成表现出粘性和弹性的网状结构。
迄今为止，一般由长链季铵盐，例如溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTAB)构成的阳离子粘弹性表面活性剂在井筒流体中有主要的商业利益。在表面活性剂溶液中生成粘弹性的普通试剂是盐，例如氯化铵、氯化钾、氯化钠、水杨酸钠和异氰酸钠以及非离子有机分子，例如氯仿。表面活性剂溶液的电解质含量也是对粘弹性的重要控制。例如，参考美国专利4695389、4725372、5551516、5964295和5979557。然而，包含这种类型阳离子粘弹性表面活性剂的流体通常倾向于在高盐水浓度(每加仑10磅或更多)下失去粘度。因此，这些流体具有作为砾石充填液或钻井液或者在要求重流体以平衡井压力的其它应用中的有限用途。也使用阴离子粘弹性表面活性剂。
从国际专利申请WO 98/56497中也已经知道，使用两亲/两性表面活性剂和有机酸、盐和/或无机盐赋予粘弹性。表面活性剂，例如衍生于某些蜡、脂肪和油的二羟基烷基氨基乙酸酯、烷基两性乙酸酯(alkyl ampho acetate)或丙酸酯、烷基内铵盐、烷基酰胺基丙基内铵盐和烷基氨基单或双丙酸酯。表面活性剂与无机水溶性盐或有机添加剂如苯二甲酸、水杨酸或它们的盐一起使用。两亲/两性表面活性剂，特别是包括内铵盐部分的那些，适用于高达约150℃的温度下，并因此对中至高温井特别有利。然而，与上述阳离子粘弹性表面活性剂一样，它们通常不与高盐水浓度相容。
根据本发明的优选实施方案，该处理在于交替粘弹性-基液阶段(或者具有相对低支撑剂能力(proppant capacity)，例如聚丙烯酰胺基流体，特别是在低浓度下)和具有高的聚合物浓度的阶段。优选地，使不同阶段的泵唧速度保持恒定，但也可以通过减少泵唧速度(或者可选择地增加)增加支撑剂输送能力(或者可选择地降低支撑剂输送能力)。
支撑剂种类可为砂石、中等强度的陶瓷支撑剂(获自Carbo Ceramics，Norton Proppants，等)、烧结铝土矿和工业中公知的其它材料。任何这些基体支撑剂(base propping agent)可进一步涂敷有树脂(获自Santrol，a Divisionof Fairmount Industries，Borden Chemical，等)，以潜在地改进支撑剂的群集(clustering)能力。此外，支撑剂可涂敷有树脂或者可同时泵送支撑剂流回控制剂(proppant flowback control agent)，如纤维。通过选择在密度、尺寸和浓度等属性之一具有反差的支撑剂，可获得不同的沉降速度。
图1-A和1-B说明了“稠化水压裂”处理的实例。“稠化水压裂”处理利用低成本、低粘度流体的应用，以增产渗透率十分低的油藏。已经报道这些结果是成功的(适当的产率和经济效果)，且依赖于粗糙产生(asperitycreation)(岩石剥落)，岩石的剪切位移和支撑剂的局部高浓度的机理，来产生合适的导流能力。这三个机理中的最后一个机理是造成“稠化水压裂”处理中获得的导流能力的主要原因。该机理可描述成类似于楔形劈裂木(wedge splitting wood)。
图1-A是压裂过程中裂缝的示意图。以井筒1为例，所述井筒1钻透期望产生油气的地层带(subterranean zone)2，以及将水泥罩(cement sheath)3放置在外壳和井筒壁之间的环形套筒中。提供穿孔4以在地层和井之间建立连接。以足够形成裂缝5(侧视图)的速度和压力将压裂液泵送至井底。通过现有技术的这种稠化水压裂，支撑剂6倾向于在穿孔(perforation)附近的裂缝底部积聚。
发生支撑剂的楔入，这是因为由于原位(in-situ)岩石应力和低的流体粘度而导致的差支撑剂传输流体中高沉降速率和低裂缝宽度。支撑剂将沉积在低宽度位置，并随着时间积聚。水力宽度(泵送时裂缝的宽度)将解释作业结束之前积聚的相当大的量。在作业完成且停止泵送后，裂缝将试图且随着裂缝中压力降低而闭合。由于支撑剂的积聚，裂缝将保持张开，如图1-A所示。当压力释放时，如图1-B所示，裂缝15在长度和高度方向都收缩，轻微地挤压保留在穿孔附近相同位置的支撑剂16。这种处理的限制是，当泵送后裂缝闭合时，“支撑剂的楔入”只能对上面和侧面的某个距离保持张开(导流)的裂缝。该距离取决于地层性质(杨氏模量，原位应力)和支撑剂的性质(类型、尺寸和浓度等)。
本发明的方法通过在处理中动态地影响该楔，有助于支撑剂的重新分配。在该实例中，交替低粘度稠化水压裂液与具有优异支撑剂传输特性的低粘度的粘弹性流体。粘弹性流体的交替阶段将选择、重新悬浮和传输在第一阶段之后由于沉降形成在井筒附近的支撑剂楔中的一些。由于该流体的粘弹性，交替阶段选择支撑剂并形成局部的群集体(类似于楔)并将它们重新分配至更上面以及出去进入水力裂缝中。这就是说明的图2-A和2-B，这再次表示了泵送期间(2-A)和泵送后(2-B)的裂缝以及其中支撑剂的群集体8沿着裂缝长度的大部分(如果不是全部的话)分布。结果是，当释放压力时，群集体28保持沿着整个裂缝分布并且最小化裂缝25的收缩。
可多次交替该流体系统，以在水力压裂裂缝中获得变化的群集体分配。这种现象将在裂缝中产生小的柱状物，该柱状物将有助于使该裂缝大部分保持张开，并产生更高的总导流能力和有效裂缝半长度。
在另一个“稠化水压裂”相关的应用中，有可能横向移动支撑剂远离井筒，以获得更长的有效裂缝半长度。
本发明特别适用于具有变化应力的多层地层。这通常以上述相同的效果结束。这是由于以下事实，即由于间歇的更高应力层的原因，沿着裂缝高度，存在有限的水力压裂裂缝宽度的几处位置。这种构思说明于类似于图1-A、1-B和2-A、2-B的图3-A、3-B和4-A、4-B中，其表示了开采带(production zone)是连续的且岩性中没有断裂的单层地层。在图3-A和4-A、4-B中，图1-A、1-B和2-A、2-B表示的情况实质上重复其本身：井筒1钻透3个开采带32、32′和32″，开采带被页岩段或其它非开采带33隔开。对各个开采带提供穿孔4，以绕过水泥罩3。
根据现有技术，只要保持压裂压力(图3-A)，就形成了包括不同开采带的大裂缝5，其具有各个穿孔4附近沉降的支撑剂的群集体(6、6′和6″)。当释放压力时(图3-B)，群集体的位置保持基本上不变(36、36′和36″)，以使一般没有足够的支撑剂来使整个裂缝保持张开，并因此小的裂缝35、35′和35″没有互通。由于非开采的更高应力段的存在，开采带被破裂。
通过使用选择、传输和重新分配支撑剂的流体的组合，有可能补救短的有效裂缝半长度的负面影响以及甚至可能消除正对高应力层的裂缝闭合。该裂缝可穿过图3-A、3-B所示的较高应力层而闭合，这是因为在裂缝中缺少垂直支撑剂覆盖。在各种流体类型之间交替的流体阶段，有可能在裂缝中获得下述后处理支撑剂覆盖，如图4-A、4-B所示：在压力阶段期间形成的支撑剂群集体8的多样性最小化了裂缝的闭合，以使最终裂缝48被群集体48支持。
存在流体系统的多种不同组合，其能用于获得基于油藏条件的所需结果。在最少戏剧性的情况中，从已经沉降的层(bank)中选择砂石，以及将其横向移动远离井筒，将是有益的。可根据单个的井条件设计流体和支撑剂的各种组合，以获得最佳井产量。
下述实施例通过进行两种增产来说明本发明。第一种增产是基于现有技术的稠化水压裂处理。第二种增产是基于本发明的处理，其中交替不同支撑剂传输能力的流体。
在第一种常规泵送计划中，以35bbl/min的恒定速率泵送聚合物-基液。表I显示了每阶段泵送的体积、支撑剂的数量(磅/加仑基液或ppa)、相应的支撑剂质量和泵送时间。在193.9分钟的泵送时间内，总的泵送体积为257520加仑，支撑剂质量为610000lbs。聚合物-基液是20lbs/1000加仑未交联的瓜尔胶，其中1lbs＝0.4536kg；1加仑＝0.0037854立方米；1桶(bbl)＝0.159立方米(m3)＝42美加仑(gal)；1ppa＝1磅/加仑。
表I
如表II所示，根据本发明，第二种增产是通过将各阶段分成两个阶段，交替泵送聚合物-基液和3％瓢儿菜基(erucyl)甲基二(2-羟乙基)氯化铵的粘弹性(或VES)基液而进行的。体积、支撑剂浓度和泵唧速率保持与表I所示的增产中相同。
表II
图5表示了使用表I和II的泵送安排时，期望的预测累积的气体产量。本发明的安排期望提供比使用现有技术的处理所期望的更优越累积产量。
进一步进行增产来说明裂缝中“柱(post)”的形成。图6和7显示了裂缝轮廓和裂缝导流能力，其是通过增产工具所预测的，使用现有技术的“稠化水压裂”泵送安排(表III)或者本发明的泵送安排(表IV)。至于上述情况，本发明的安排基本上是通过细分现有技术安排的阶段进行的。在两种情况中，需要注意的是，认为泵唧速率等于60.0bbl/min以及聚合物流体(表III和IV)包括30lbs/1000加仑未交联的瓜尔胶，VES流体(表IV)是4％瓢儿菜基甲基二(2-羟乙基)氯化铵的溶液。两种安排均输送相同总量的支撑剂质量，总砂浆体积和总泵送时间。
表III
表IV
当表III和IV所示的两种泵送安排应用于具有图6左边示意的轮廓的井时，获得了完全不同裂缝轮廓。比较图6-A和6-B可知，本发明提供了更宽的裂缝(这示于x轴标题为“井筒处ACL宽度，(in)”的截面示意图中)。然而，右边的彩图显示常规处理获得的裂缝中的导流能力有系统地在图中“蓝色”区域内，表明不超过150md.ft.的导流能力(这示于x轴标题为“裂缝半宽度，(ft)”的截面示意图中)。另一方面，本发明的裂缝表示基本上两个柱，其中图中“橙色”区域内导流能力在约350-400md.ft.内。而且，最高导流能力区域比常规处理中约高一倍。
Claims (11)
1.一种压裂地下地层的方法，其包括：将至少三个交替阶段的含支撑剂的压裂液注入井筒中，每个接下来的含支撑剂的压裂液阶段与正在处理阶段的含支撑剂的压裂液相比在传输支撑剂的能力上具有反差。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中该至少三个交替阶段的含支撑剂的压裂液在成束的支撑剂沿压裂地层的裂缝长度上间隔开的条件下，在它们的支撑剂沉降速度上具有反差。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中所述反差是通过选择在密度、尺寸和浓度的性质中至少一个上具有反差的支撑剂而获得的。
4.权利要求1的方法，其中支撑剂的沉降速度是通过调整泵唧速度控制的。
5.权利要求2的方法，其中在交替阶段中注入的压裂液具有至少为2的支撑剂沉降比。
6.权利要求5的方法，其中在交替阶段中注入的压裂液具有至少为5的沉降比。
7.权利要求6的方法，其中在交替阶段中注入的压裂液具有至少为10的沉降比。
8.权利要求1或2的方法，选一步包括前置液阶段。
9.权利要求1或2的方法，其中含支撑剂的压裂液包括不同性质的增粘剂。
10.权利要求9的方法，其中交替阶段的含支撑剂的压裂液包括选自聚合物和粘弹性表面活性剂的不同增粘剂。
11.地下地层中支撑的裂缝，其包括沿着裂缝长度上的至少两束间隔的支撑剂，所述束形成的柱具有与裂缝长度垂直的高度。
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| US5597043A (en) | 1995-03-17 | 1997-01-28 | Cross Timbers Oil | Method of completing wellbores to control fracturing screenout caused by multiple near-wellbore fractures |
| US5964295A (en) | 1996-10-09 | 1999-10-12 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation, Dowell Division | Methods and compositions for testing subterranean formations |
| US6258859B1 (en) | 1997-06-10 | 2001-07-10 | Rhodia, Inc. | Viscoelastic surfactant fluids and related methods of use |
| US5908073A (en) * | 1997-06-26 | 1999-06-01 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Preventing well fracture proppant flow-back |
| US6286600B1 (en) | 1998-01-13 | 2001-09-11 | Texaco Inc. | Ported sub treatment system |
-
2002
- 2002-07-23 US US10/201,514 patent/US6776235B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-07-15 WO PCT/EP2003/007643 patent/WO2004009956A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-07-15 CN CN03817614.9A patent/CN1671945B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-07-15 CA CA002492935A patent/CA2492935C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-07-15 MX MXPA05000443A patent/MXPA05000443A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-07-15 EP EP03764990A patent/EP1527255B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-15 AU AU2003250063A patent/AU2003250063A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-15 EA EA200500252A patent/EA006833B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-07-15 DE DE60308383T patent/DE60308383T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-15 AT AT03764990T patent/ATE339589T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2005
- 2005-01-26 NO NO20050444A patent/NO335306B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE339589T1 (de) | 2006-10-15 |
| MXPA05000443A (es) | 2005-09-30 |
| CA2492935C (en) | 2008-09-30 |
| US6776235B1 (en) | 2004-08-17 |
| DE60308383T2 (de) | 2007-09-13 |
| CA2492935A1 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
| CN1671945A (zh) | 2005-09-21 |
| WO2004009956A1 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
| EP1527255B1 (en) | 2006-09-13 |
| NO335306B1 (no) | 2014-11-10 |
| DE60308383D1 (de) | 2006-10-26 |
| EA006833B1 (ru) | 2006-04-28 |
| AU2003250063A1 (en) | 2004-02-09 |
| NO20050444L (no) | 2005-02-21 |
| EA200500252A1 (ru) | 2005-08-25 |
| EP1527255A1 (en) | 2005-05-04 |
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