CN1592917A - 水印嵌入 - Google Patents

水印嵌入 Download PDF

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CN1592917A
CN1592917A CNA028233190A CN02823319A CN1592917A CN 1592917 A CN1592917 A CN 1592917A CN A028233190 A CNA028233190 A CN A028233190A CN 02823319 A CN02823319 A CN 02823319A CN 1592917 A CN1592917 A CN 1592917A
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watermark
media signal
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CN1592917B (zh
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G·C·兰格拉亚
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Civolution BV
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Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
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Abstract

高级水印嵌入器使用心理视觉/听觉模型来最小化对嵌入在媒体内容中的水印的感觉。不过，在诸如DVD录像机之类的用户设备(3)中实现这样的高级水印嵌入器是非常昂贵的。依照本发明，在远程位置(1)脱机地计算(13)嵌入强度参数(JND)并且将其与媒体内容一起发送到用户设备(3)。一个相对简单的嵌入器(33)使用所接收到的参数来控制所要嵌入的水印(36)的强度。这些参数可以作为易损水印的有效负载或者作为加密MPEG流中的用户数据而被包含在所发送的信号中。

Description

水印嵌入
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在媒体信号中嵌入水印的方法和设备。本发明还涉及用于把要进行水印处理的媒体信号从远程位置传送到本地站点的方法和设备。
技术领域
为了在媒体信号(例如图像、视频、音频)中嵌入强健且又不易察觉的水印，公知的高级水印嵌入器通常采用人类心理听觉或视觉模型。在这样的水印嵌入器中，依据内容的特点(比如图像的空间细节、音频信号的有效频谱等)对所嵌入的水印的强度进行自适应性地控制。判定这些特点是一项复杂的工作。这对于内容供应商、录音棚和广播公司等等来说不成问题。它们能够使用用于水印嵌入的昂贵的专业设备。
不过，在某些应用中，需要在用户设备中嵌入水印。比如，家用音频或视频记录机，在这些记录机中，必须在所要记录的信号中嵌入水印，以标明所记录的媒体信号不可再行复制。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是，提供一种在媒体信号中嵌入水印的更经济的方法。本发明的另一个目的是，依据内容的特点对水印嵌入强度进行自适应性地控制，而无需设备对内容进行分析并确定所述特点。
为此，本发明提供一种在媒体信号中嵌入水印的方法，包括依据一个嵌入参数自适应地控制嵌入强度的步骤，其特征在于，该方法包括以与所述媒体信号一起接收的辅助信号的形式接收所述嵌入参数的步骤。
利用本发明，实现了这样的目的：在远程位置预先计算嵌入强度，并随后将其与媒体信号一起传送到嵌入器。该嵌入器本身不需要计算信号内容的特点。
依照本发明的另一个方面，一种从远程位置向本地站点发送媒体信号的方法，其特征在于该方法包括步骤：在所述远程位置计算水印嵌入参数，所述嵌入参数代表由所述本地站点将一个水印嵌入到所述媒体信号中的强度；和以辅助信号的形式与所述媒体信号一起将所述嵌入参数发送到所述本地站点。
本发明尤其在所接收到的媒体信号已经进行了水印处理的应用中具有优势。它的一个例子是一种用户音频或视频记录器，该记录器接收具有已嵌入的水印(“原始”水印)的媒体信号，其中该已嵌入的水印表示该信号仅可复制一次，并且该记录器必须在该媒体信号中嵌入另一个水印(“二次”水印)，以表明所记录的媒体信号不可再行复制。在这样一种应用中，利用自适应地控制嵌入强度的概念，已经在远程位置使用一个专业嵌入器来嵌入所述原始水印。所述用户记录器使用同样的参数。
附图说明
下面将参照附图、借助实例对本发明进行详细说明，其中：
附图1示意性地表示一个按照本发明的系统，该系统包括一个视频发送站点、一个传送或存储介质以及一个用户设备。
附图2A-2C表示用于说明附图1中所示的系统的操作。
具体实施方式
下文中，将参照在运动视频素材中嵌入水印对本发明进行介绍，不过应当意识到，本发明同样可应用于静止图像、音频内容、语音以及其它数据信号。附图1表示一个包括位于远程位置的视频发送站1、一个传送或存储介质2和一个用户设备3的系统的示意图。
所述发送站1包括一个视频源11和一个MPEG编码器12。假设由该视频源11提供的视频原始素材已经具有一个已嵌入(原始)水印，用于表明节目内容仅可复制一次。例如，该水印是以国际专利申请WO99/45705中所公开的方式在空间域中嵌入的。不过，对本发明而言，在原始素材中是否存在原始水印和水印嵌入的方式都不是主要的。这个例子只是用于说明本发明的实际应用。所述“复制一次”原始水印指的是，允许用户录制节目一次，以备今后收看。但不允许用户对所录制的节目进行复制。
经水印处理的视频原始素材是由MPEG编码器12编码并借助传送介质2传送给用户设备3的MPEG。这里假设用户设备3是一个兼容DVD的录像机。词语“兼容”意思是该录像机服从某些复制管理规则。具体讲，该DVD录像机包括一个水印检测器(未示出)，该检测器检查是否在所接收到的内容中发现了“复制一次”原始水印。如果发现了“复制一次”原始水印，则DVD录像机必须将一个“不再复制”水印(二次水印)嵌入到所录制的素材中，以标明所录制的素材不可再行复制。在已经经水印处理的内容中再嵌入另一个水印的这种处理也称为“再标记”。
附图2A表示作为一个示范性实例的由DVD录像机接收到的视频图像之一。在MPEG编码器12中，将该图像分成多个8×8像素块，在附图2A中的201标出了这些象素块之一。对这些像素块进行离散余弦变换(DCT)，变换成相应的8×8DCT系数块。这样一个DCT块左上角的变换系数代表所对应的像素块的平均亮度，且通常称为DC系数。其它的系数代表空间频率且称为AC系数。左上的AC系数代表图像的粗略清晰度，而右下角的系数代表精细清晰度。
以Frank Hartung和Bernd Girod所著的《在比特流域中的MPEG-2编码视频的数字水印(Digital Watermarking of MPEG-2Coded Video in the Bitstream Domain)》(ICASSP第4卷，1997，第2621-2624页)中所介绍的方式，DVD录像机3在DCT域中对所接收到的MEPG比特流进行再标记。为此，部分解码电路32对MPEG比特流进行解码，直到获得代表该图像的DCT系数的程度。在附图1中，X(u，v)表示DCT块中位置(u，v)处的DCT系数。它们被提供给水印嵌入级33。诸如起始码、标题、运动矢量等等之类的辅助信息借助一个路径(spath)321绕过了这个嵌入电路。
所要嵌入的水印是一个空间域中的伪随机噪声序列。在本设备的这个实施例中，一个128×128基本水印图案“并列显示”在图像区域上。这一操作在附图2B中表示。为了更加清楚，这里该128×128基本伪随机水印图案由一个记号W代表。将该基本水印的空间像素值变换为与MPEG流中视频内容相同的表示。所以，128×128基本水印图案W被分为8×8块，附图2B中的202标出了其中之一。对这些块进行离散余弦变换并量化。注意，该变换和量化操作仅需进行一次。将这样计算出来的DCT系数保存在一个128×128水印缓冲器36中。在附图1中它们由W(u，v)表示。
水印W通过将空间上对应的水印DCT块添加到各个视频DCT块而嵌入的。这样，附图2B中代表水印块202的DCT块就添加到了附图2A中代表图像块201的DCT块上。不过，单纯地将水印块添加到视频块上通常会在经水印的图像中造成人为痕迹。C.Podilchuk和W.Zeng所著的《静止图像的感知水印处理(Perceptual Watermarkingof Still Images)》(IEEE信号处理学会(Signal ProcessingSociety)1997，多媒体信号处理专题研讨会(Workshop on MultimediaSignal Processing)，美国新泽西州普林斯顿1997年6月23-25日，第363-368页)提出了这样一种水印技术：在利用视觉模型的基础上，来确定图像的各部分可容忍且不会对图像的品质造成影响的水印的最大强度。他们使用由Watson研究出来的视觉模型(“Waston模型”)来给出刚刚能够看出的差异(JND)，确定可容忍的水印信号的位置和最大强度。所述Waston模型在Andrew B.Watson所著的《对独立图像的DCT量化矩阵视觉优化(DCT Quantization MatricesVisually Optimized for Individual Images)》(SPIE第1913卷，1992年，第202-216页)中有述。
用户设备3方便地采用了这样一种水印技术。依照Podilchuk和Zeng的教导，DVD录像机包括一个水印嵌入级33，它对每个DCT块进行下述运算：
Figure A0282331900071
其中JND(u，v)是根据Watson模型为各个DCT块计算出来的刚刚能够看出的差异。
随后对修正后的DCT系数进行再编码，并在一个再编码电路34中与所述辅助信息合并。最终将经水印处理的MPEG信号记录在光盘35上。附图2C表示经水印处理的图像。正如这个附图中所要试图表达的，块与块之间的水印嵌入量是不同的。具体讲，空间上与水印块202相对应的经水印处理的图像块203和位于图像不同位置的与同样的水印块204相对应的图像块205相比，是使用不同的嵌入强度进行嵌入的。
对每个图像的各个块计算刚刚能够看出的差异JND(u，v)通常是一个复杂的运算，该运算无法由用户设备3廉价地执行。依照本发明，该运算是在发送端由一个图像分析器13进行的。所计算出来的JND值连同视频信号一起发送到用户设备3。在附图1中，这由一个多路复用器14表示。为了实现JND值与视频信号一起发送，可以采用各种不同的方案。一个例子是使用MPEG-2标准的设备将用户数据容纳在MPEG传送流中。这一可选方案要求在用户数据中包含同步数据，使得用户设备知道哪个JND值对应于哪个DCT系数。另一个例子是将JND值作为易损水印的有效负载嵌入到视频信号中。英国专利申请GB2063018给出了这样的易损水印方案的一个简单而有效的例子。它使用附加信息位来替换所选择信号样本的一个或多个最低有效位。在接收端，将所发送的JND值还原。这由附图1中的多路信号分离器31表示。
最好这样设置用户设备3：如果在比特流中没有发现JND值，则用户设备3使用给定的固定嵌入强度。选取这个嵌入强度，以使得所嵌入的水印可被感知。这一操作将会防止用户在录制之前采取欺骗手段对内容进行处理(例如，试图消除原始水印)。
上面介绍的实施例中所使用的刚刚能够看出的差异值JND仅仅是嵌入强度参数的一个例子而已。另一个例子是空间域中的可见度屏蔽，如国际专利申请WO99/45705中所公开的。这样一种可见度屏蔽给出了加性噪声可见度的度量。对于音频水印来说，频谱的每个子带的可听度阈值是一个有用的嵌入强度参数。
本发明可归纳如下。高级水印嵌入器使用心理视觉/听觉模型来最小化对嵌入在媒体内容中的水印的感觉。不过，在诸如DVD录像机之类的用户设备(3)中实现这样的高级水印嵌入器是非常昂贵的。依照本发明，在远程位置(1)脱机地计算(13)嵌入强度参数(JND)并且将其与媒体内容一起发送到用户设备(3)。一个相对简单的嵌入器(33)使用所接收到的参数来控制所要嵌入的水印的强度(36)。这些参数可以作为易损水印的有效负载或者作为加密MPEG流中的用户数据而包含在所发送的信号中。

Claims (9)

1.一种在媒体信号中嵌入水印的方法，包括依据一个嵌入参数自适应地控制嵌入强度的步骤，其特征在于，该方法包括以与所述媒体信号一起接收的辅助信号的形式接收所述嵌入参数的步骤。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述媒体信号是作为压缩比特流接收的，所述辅助信号作为用户数据被包含在所述比特流中。
3.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述辅助信号以易损水印的形式包含在所述媒体信号中。
4.按照权利要求1所述的方法，还包括这样一个步骤：如果所述辅助信号没有找到或被破坏了，则使用预定的嵌入强度来嵌入水印，选择该预定的嵌入强度，以使得所嵌入的水印是可感知的。
5.一种用于在媒体信号中嵌入水印的设备，包括用于依据一个嵌入参数自适应地控制嵌入强度的装置，其特征在于，该设备包括从与所述媒体信号一起接收到的辅助信号中得出所述嵌入参数的装置。
6.一种从远程位置向本地站点发送媒体信号的方法，其特征在于该方法包括步骤：
在所述远程位置计算水印嵌入参数，所述嵌入参数代表由所述本地站点将一个水印嵌入到所述媒体信号中的强度；和
以辅助信号的形式与所述媒体信号一起将所述嵌入参数发送到所述本地站点。
7.一种用于从远程位置向本地站点发送媒体信号的设备，其特征在于该设备包括：
用于在所述远程位置计算水印嵌入参数的装置，所述嵌入参数代表由所述本地站点将一个水印嵌入到所述媒体信号中的强度；和
用于以辅助信号的形式与所述媒体信号一起将所述嵌入参数发送到所述本地站点的装置。
8.一种存储介质，其上存储着媒体信号和辅助信号，其特征在于，所存储的辅助信号代表一个嵌入参数，该嵌入参数用于控制在媒体信号复制期间将一个水印嵌入到该媒体信号中的强度。
9.一种媒体信号，包括辅助信号，该辅助信号代表一个嵌入参数，该嵌入参数用于控制在媒体信号复制期间将一个水印嵌入到该媒体信号中的强度。
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