CN1533465A - 带有环形密封件的井孔系统 - Google Patents

带有环形密封件的井孔系统 Download PDF

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CN1533465A
CN1533465A CNA028144058A CN02814405A CN1533465A CN 1533465 A CN1533465 A CN 1533465A CN A028144058 A CNA028144058 A CN A028144058A CN 02814405 A CN02814405 A CN 02814405A CN 1533465 A CN1533465 A CN 1533465A
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seal
rubber
wellbore system
tubular element
wellhole
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CN1293281C (zh
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马丁·G·R·博斯马
K������ɭ
埃里克·K·科内利森
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/02Subsoil filtering
    • E21B43/10Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
    • E21B43/103Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells of expandable casings, screens, liners, or the like
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/12Packers; Plugs
    • E21B33/1208Packers; Plugs characterised by the construction of the sealing or packing means

Abstract

一种井孔系统包括一个延伸到地层的井孔,一个管形元件在井孔中延伸,从而一个圆筒形的壁以一种方式围绕该管形元件,使得在管形元件和圆筒形壁之间形成一个环形空间,至少一个密封件布置该环形空间中,各密封件可以在一个收缩状态和一个膨胀状态之间移动,在收缩状态时,密封件具有一个第一体积,在膨胀状态时,密封件具有一个大于第一体积的第二体积,其中密封件在膨胀状态时密封环形空间,并且其中密封件包括一种材料,其与一种选定的流体接触时膨胀,从而使密封件从收缩状态移动到其膨胀状态。

Description

带有环形密封件的井孔系统
本发明涉及一种井孔系统,其包括延伸到地层的井孔,一个管形元件在井孔中延伸,从而一个圆筒形的壁以一种方式围绕该管形元件,使得在管形元件和圆筒形壁之间形成一个环形空间,并且其中至少一个密封件布置该环形空间中。圆筒形壁能够例如由井孔壁或者由另一管形元件形成。
已知的密封件例如是封隔器,其布置在井孔中,密封延伸到井孔中的一个生产管道与一个井孔套管之间的环形空间。这样的封隔器是可以在收缩状态和膨胀状态之间径向变形的,在收缩状态时,封隔器下降到井孔中,在膨胀状态封隔器形成一个密封件。封隔器可以由机械或者液压装置操作。这样的封隔器的应用的限制是其密封表面必须被很好地限定。
另一种环形密封件是由一层布置在井孔套管与井孔壁之间的环形空间中的水泥形成。虽然通常水泥提供足够的密封能力,但是存在一些固有的缺点,例如在水泥硬化期间收缩,导致在硬化以后水泥护套剥离,或者例如由于井操作期间压力和温度骤变水泥层破裂。
为此,需要一种改进的井孔系统,在延伸到井孔中的管形元件与围绕该管形元件的圆筒形壁之间形成的环形空间提供一个充分的密封。
根据本发明,提供一种井孔系统,其包括一个延伸到地层的井孔,一个管形元件在井孔中延伸,从而一个圆筒形的壁以一种方式围绕该管形元件,使得在管形元件和圆筒形壁之间形成一个环形空间,至少一个密封件布置该环形空间中,各密封件可以在一个收缩状态和一个膨胀状态之间移动,在收缩状态时,密封件具有一个第一体积,在膨胀状态时,密封件具有一个大于第一体积的第二体积,其中密封件在膨胀状态时密封环形空间,并且其中密封件包括一种材料,其与一种选定的流体接触时膨胀,从而使密封件从收缩状态移动到其膨胀状态。
通过使密封件与选定的流体接触,密封件膨胀并且因此紧固地压靠在管形元件与圆筒形壁之间。结果是,环形空间被适当地密封,即使管形元件与圆筒形壁中的一个或者两个是不规则的形状。
适合的是,圆筒形壁是该井孔壁与一个延伸到井孔中的套的壁中的一个。
本发明的系统还能够用于一种场合,其中圆筒形壁是布置在井孔中的一个外套的壁,以及其中管形元件是布置在井孔中并且至少部分地在外套管中延伸的一个内套管、管道或者衬套。
为了得到一种均匀的较好的密封系统,优选的是管形元件已经在井孔中膨胀。在这样的场合中,密封件能够例如在其径向膨胀之前施加到管形元件的外表面,从而易于将管形元件和密封件安装在井孔中。然后,在由于接触选定流体密封件膨胀之前或者之后,管形元件能够径向膨胀。但是,为了减小使管形元件膨胀所需的力,优选在管形元件膨胀之后使密封件膨胀。
适合的是,选定的流体是水或者包含在地层中的烃流体。
优选所述密封件的材料包括橡胶化合物、热固塑料化合物和热塑性化合物中的一种。橡胶化合物适合于选自一种热固塑料橡胶化合物和一种热塑性橡胶化合物。
适合的热固橡胶在与油接触时膨胀,它们的例子是:
天然橡胶、丁腈橡胶、加氢的丁腈橡胶、丙烯酸丁二烯橡胶、聚丙烯酸酯橡胶、丁基橡胶、溴化丁基橡胶、氯化丁基橡胶、聚氯乙烯、氯丁橡胶、丁苯共聚物橡胶、磺化聚乙烯、乙烯丙烯酸橡胶、表氯醇乙烯氧化共聚物、乙烯丙烯共聚物(交联过氧化物)、乙烯丙烯共聚物(交联硫磺)、乙烯丙烯二烯三元共聚物橡胶、乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物、氟硅橡胶和硅橡胶。
关于热固橡胶和热塑橡胶以及它们在某些流体例如烃油中膨胀的能力在标准的参考书,例如Werner Hofmann(ISNN 3-446-14895-7,Hanser Verlag Muenchen)的“橡胶技术手册”的第2章和第3章中能够找到。优选的是,人们会选择橡胶其在碳氢化合物中在典型的温度和压力下遇到油井或者气井显著地膨胀(至少50%体积),但是,在增强期的时间(即增强年)中在膨胀的状态下仍然保持完整。这样的橡胶的例子是,乙烯丙烯共聚物(交联过氧化物),也叫做EPDM橡胶、乙烯丙烯共聚物(交联硫磺),也叫做EPDM橡胶、乙烯丙烯二烯三元共聚物橡胶,也叫做EPT橡胶、丁基橡胶、溴化丁基橡胶、氯化丁基橡胶和聚氯乙烯。
与水接触膨胀的适合的材料的例子是:淀粉聚丙烯酸联合共聚物、聚乙烯醇循环酸酐联合共聚物、异丁烯马来酸酐、丙烯酸式聚合物、醋酸乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物、聚乙烯氧化聚合物、羧甲基纤维素式聚合物、淀粉聚丙烯腈联合共聚物等等,以及高膨胀粘土矿物质例如钠-膨润土(具有主要成分高岭石)。
适合的配方是例如美国专利US5,011,875(耐蚀水膨胀成分)、美国专利US5,290,844(水膨胀水停止)、美国专利US4,590,227(水膨胀弹性体成分)、美国专利US4,740,404(水停止)、美国专利US4,366,284、4,443,019和4,558,875(名称都是:“水膨胀水制动器和一种制动水的方法”)。水膨胀弹性体成分一般称作“水停止”并且有市售的,其商标是例如HYDROTITE和SWELLSTOP。
下面,更详细地描述本发明,并且借助于例子参照附图。其中
图1示意地表示本发明的井孔系统的一个实施例;和
图2示意地表示图1的一个细节。
参见图1,示出了一个井孔系统,包括一个井孔1,其从表面2钻到地层3中。井孔1穿透一个覆盖层4和一个包含烃油的储区6。一个包含地层水的层8一般在储区6下面。井孔1具有一个基本上垂直的上段1a,其延伸穿过覆盖层4,和一个基本上水平的延伸到储区6中的下段1b。
一个管形套管柱10由多个套管段(未示出)形成,从表面的井口装置12延伸到上井孔段1a。一个进一步的管形套管柱11设置有多个孔15(为了清楚,不是所有的孔都由标号标出),孔提供套管柱11内部与外部之间的流体连通。环形密封组件16,18,20,22,24以选定的相互距离布置在一个在下套管柱11与下井孔段1b的壁之间形成的环形的空间26中。另外,一个生产管道27从井口装置12延伸到垂直的井孔段1a,延伸到位于或者接近从垂直井孔段1a到水平井孔段1b的过渡段。管道27具有一个开口的下端28,并且设置有一个封隔器29,密封管道27与套管柱10之间的环形空间。
参见图2,更详细地示出了密封组件18,另外的环形密封组件与之相同。环形密封组件18包括单个的密封件30,31,32,33,34,各密封件可以在一个缩回状态和一个膨胀状态之间移动,在缩回状态时,密封件具有一个第一体积,在膨胀状态时密封件具有一个大于第一体积的第二体积,从而密封件在膨胀状态时,密封环形空间26。密封件30,32,34由一种材料制造,该材料在接触烃油时膨胀,从而移动密封件30,32,34,从缩回状态移动到膨胀状态。密封件31,33由一种材料制造,其当与水接触时膨胀,从而移动密封件,从缩回状态移动到膨胀状态。用于密封件30,32,34的适合的材料是例如EPDM橡胶(乙烯丙烯共聚物,或者交联硫磺或者交联过氧化物)、EPT橡胶(乙烯丙烯三元共聚物橡胶)、丁基橡胶或者卤化丁基橡胶。用于密封件31,33的适合的材料是例如热固的或者热塑的橡胶,充填有大(60%)量的水膨胀物质例如膨润土,但是能够使用上面提到的任何“水停止(WaterStop)”配方。
在正常使用期间,垂直的井孔段1a被钻成,在钻孔进行中,将套管柱10的套管段安装在其中。各套管段在垂直井孔段1a中径向膨胀,并且传统地通过水泥层14被粘结在其中。继而,水平井孔段1b被钻成,并且下面的套管柱11被安装在其中。在将下面的套管柱11放入井孔1中之前,环形密封组件16,18,20,22,24被布置成以指定的互相间隔围绕下套管柱11的外表面,从而密封组件的各单个的密封件30,31,32,33,34在其缩回状态。在将下套管柱11安装到下井孔段1b以后,下套管柱11径向膨胀到大于之前的直径,使得密封组件16,18,20,22,24不与井孔壁接触或者只是松松地接触。
当开始生产烃油时,井口装置12处的一个阀(未示出)打开,并且烃油从储区6流到下井孔段1b。油流经孔15进入下套管柱11中,并且从那里经生产管道到井口装置12,在那里油进一步经管线(未示出)输送到一个适合的生产设施(未示出)。
当油流到下井孔段1b时,油与各密封组件16,18,20,22,24的单个的密封件接触。因此密封件30,32,34膨胀并且结果是移动到膨胀状态,从而坚实地压在下套管部10b与井孔壁之间。以此,各密封组件使环形空间26密封,并且将水平井孔段1b分成相应的井孔区段40,41,42,43,使得区段40限定在密封组件16和18之间,区段41限定在密封组件18和20之间,区段42限定在密封组件20和22之间,区段43限定在密封组件22和24之间。
一些时间以后,水从地层8进入到水平井孔段1b,例如由于公知的水锥现象。为了确定水流入到井孔中的井孔段1b的区段,将一个适合的生产测井(logging)工具下放到下套管柱11中并且操作。一旦进水区段已经确定,例如区段42,在密封组件20,22之间将一个补丁(patch)安装在下套管柱11上,从而关闭密封组件20,22之间的孔15。一种适合的补丁是例如一段长度的管子(未示出),其靠在下套管柱11的内表面上径向膨胀。补丁能够覆有一个水膨胀密封衬垫。
如果相关的密封组件20,22的密封件30,32,34由于不连续接触烃油而移动到缩回状态,则在区段42中水的出现确保密封组件20,22的密封件31,33膨胀,并且因此移动到膨胀状态。因此实现密封组件20,22中的密封件30,31,32,33,34中的至少一些将环形空间26密封住,不管围绕介质是油或者水。
在本发明的系统的一个替换的实施例中,可以施加一个可膨胀的带狭缝的管形(EST)(EST是商标)衬套,替代上面的有孔的下套管柱11。例如,能够施加一种美国专利US5366012中描述的带有交搭的纵向狭缝的衬套。在衬套径向膨胀期间,狭缝之间的金属衬套部分表现得象塑性铰链,使得狭缝变宽并且因此提供衬套内部与外部的流体连通。为了使井孔的选定的区段与其它区段隔绝,一个或者多个采取无眼(blank)套管部形式的补丁能够靠在有狭缝的衬套的内表面上膨胀。这样的无眼套管部适于覆有交替的水和烃膨胀弹性体的环形密封件。以此,可以关闭衬套的某些带狭缝的部分,该部分在井的寿命过程中有水出来。
在本发明的系统的另一个替换的实施例中,可以施加一个可膨胀的砂筛(ESS)(ESS是商标),例如,能够施加一种美国专利US5901789中描述的,替代上面的有孔的下套管柱11。同样,采取无眼(blank)套管部形式的补丁(优选覆有烃和/或水可膨胀密封衬垫)能够靠在可膨胀的砂筛的内表面上膨胀,以隔绝选定的区段。特别是在水平的或者多分支的井的非常长的部分中,某些开始产生水(“出水”)和/或高比率的气(“出气”)的砂筛部分能够以此方式隔绝。如果不针对这样的不需要的水和气的生产采取正确的措施,则井会非常快地变为不经济的,并且其最后的烃流体开采量会明显降低。
关闭井孔的出水或者出气区段的能力,允许生产工程师大大推迟井的放弃时间,并且使井的最终开采量最大。
取代将遇烃流体膨胀的材料和遇水膨胀的材料施加在分离的数个密封件上,可以将这样的材料施加在一个单个的密封件上。例如在单个的密封件中,一个EP(D)M或者EPT橡胶的烃膨胀性能够与一种适合的填料例如膨润土的水膨胀性能结合,使得一种封隔元件带有两种功能。

Claims (16)

1.一种井孔系统,其包括
-一个延伸到地层的井孔;
-一个管形元件在井孔中延伸,从而一个圆筒形的壁以一种方式围绕该管形元件,使得在管形元件和圆筒形壁之间形成一个环形空间;
-至少一个密封件布置该环形空间中,各密封件可以在一个收缩状态和一个膨胀状态之间移动,在收缩状态时,密封件具有一个第一体积,在膨胀状态时,密封件具有一个大于第一体积的第二体积,其中密封件在其膨胀状态时密封环形空间,并且其中密封件包括一种材料,该材料在与一种选定的流体接触后而膨胀,从而使密封件从收缩状态移动到其膨胀状态。
2.根据权利要求1的井孔系统,其中圆筒形壁是该井孔壁与一个延伸到井孔中的套管的壁中的一个。
3.根据权利要求1或2的井孔系统,其中管形元件是一种带孔的套管或者衬套、一种可膨胀的带狭缝的管形件、和一种可膨胀的砂筛中的一个。
4.根据权利要求1的井孔系统,其中圆筒形壁是布置在井孔中的一个外套管的壁,并且其中管形元件是一个布置在井孔中并且至少部分延伸到外套管中的一个内套管。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的井孔系统,其中管形元件已经在井孔中径向膨胀。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的井孔系统,其中多个所述密封件以选定的相互距离布置在所述环形空间中,并且其中在相邻的密封件之间的管形元件的各段均设置有至少一个开口,开口提供管形元件的内部与围绕井孔的地层之间的流体连通。
7.根据权利要求6的井孔系统,其中井孔包括一个基本上水平的段,并且其中所述多个密封件布置在该基本上水平的段中。
8.根据权利要求6或7的井孔系统,其中在相邻的密封件之间的管形元件的至少一段上,设置有关闭装置,用于关闭管形元件的各所述开口。
9.根据权利要求8的井孔系统,其中所述关闭装置包括一个管子,布置在管形元件的所述至少一段上,该管子已经靠在管形元件内表面上径向膨胀。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项的井孔系统,其中所述密封件包括至少一种接触烃流体后膨胀的材料,和一种接触水以后膨胀的材料。
11.根据权利要求10的井孔系统,其中所述密封件的所述材料包括热塑橡胶化合物和热固橡胶化合物中的一种。
12.根据权利要求10或11的井孔系统,其中所述密封件的所述材料在接触烃流体时膨胀,并且选自天然橡胶、丁腈橡胶、加氢的丁腈橡胶、丙烯酸丁二烯橡胶、聚丙烯酸酯橡胶、丁基橡胶、溴化丁基橡胶、氯化丁基橡胶、聚氯乙烯、氯丁橡胶、丁苯共聚物橡胶、磺化聚乙烯、乙烯丙烯酸橡胶、表氯醇乙烯氧化共聚物、乙烯丙烯共聚物(交联过氧化物)、乙烯丙烯共聚物(交联硫磺)、乙烯丙烯二烯三元共聚物橡胶、乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物、氟硅橡胶和硅橡胶。
13.根据权利要求12的井孔系统,其中所述材料选自EP(D)M橡胶(乙烯丙烯共聚物,或者交联过氧化物或者交联硫磺)、EPT橡胶(乙烯丙烯二烯三元共聚物橡胶)、丁基橡胶、溴丁基橡胶、氯化丁基橡胶、和聚氯乙烯。
14.根据权利要求10或11的井孔系统,其中所述密封件的所述材料在接触水时膨胀,并且选自淀粉聚丙烯酸联合共聚物、聚乙烯醇循环酸酐联合共聚物、异丁烯马来酸酐、丙烯酸式聚合物、醋酸乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物、聚乙烯氧化聚合物、羧甲基纤维素式聚合物、淀粉聚丙烯腈联合共聚物等等,以及高膨胀粘土矿物质例如钠-膨润土(具有主要成分高岭石)。
15.根据权利要求1-14中任一项的井孔系统,其中各密封件形成一个密封组件的部分,该密封组件包括至少另一个密封件,其中该密封件包括一种材料,该材料在与烃流体接触时膨胀,从而使密封件从收缩状态移动到其膨胀状态,并且其中所述另一个的密封件包括一种材料,该材料在与水接触时膨胀,从而使该另一个密封件从收缩状态移动到其膨胀状态。
16.实质上如前面参照附图描述的井孔系统。
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