CN1501995A - 改进的防护服织物和服装 - Google Patents

改进的防护服织物和服装 Download PDF

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CN1501995A
CN1501995A CNA028047699A CN02804769A CN1501995A CN 1501995 A CN1501995 A CN 1501995A CN A028047699 A CNA028047699 A CN A028047699A CN 02804769 A CN02804769 A CN 02804769A CN 1501995 A CN1501995 A CN 1501995A
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S·M·麦尼
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Abstract

一种用于阻燃服装的织物,其极限氧指数高于21,且使用了两种具有不同收缩特性的不同长丝共混丝束组成的纱线,其中,此纱线具有一无规缠结环结构。

Description

改进的防护服织物和服装
发明背景
消防人员与其他人员穿的阻燃防护服装所普遍存在的一个问题是,为了给穿戴者提供所需要的防热保护,所用的织物通常都很笨重。因为轻的织物会减轻穿戴防护服装者的负担,所以,在不改变防护服装性能的条件下,任何服装重量减轻方面的改进均为人们所乐以接受。本发明涉及一种具有改进的防热特性并适合于在防护装中使用的织物,以及一种含有该种织物的服装。同时,在一些特定的情况下,该种织物的耐用性也得到了提高。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种机织织物,其极限氧指数(LOI)高于21,优选地,高于26,且采用由10wt%~90wt%的第一种连续长丝组分和90wt%~10wt%的第二种连续长丝组分的共混丝束组成的纱线制成,在高温下,例如,在火焰中,这两种连续长丝组分具有不同的收缩特性。此外,该纱线具有一无规缠结环结构,其中,此纱线的单位长度重量比具有同样组成但没有缠结或环的连续长丝纱线重3%~25%,更优选地,重10%~18%。优选的机织织物含有的连续长丝纱线由10wt%~90wt%的对芳族聚酰胺长丝和90wt%~10wt%的间芳族聚酰胺长丝的共混丝束所组成。
本发明的机织织物,相比使用了相同的长丝但不具有缠结或环的织物而言,提供了改进的抗高温能力,例如火焰。本发明中,直径更小的长丝的使用导致最终织物的重量减轻。这一重量减轻足以克服由于本发明中的缠结或环而需要在单位面积上增加额外长丝所引起的重量。
同时,本发明还提供了一种用本发明的织物作为外壳的防护服装,如消防员的衣着装备。典型地,这种服装包括一外壳、一防潮层和一内衬。在一优选的实施例中,外壳织物由芳族聚酰胺连续长丝纱线组成。
线密度为200~1000旦尼尔(220~1100dtex)的纱线,优选地,线密度为300~600旦尼尔(340~680dtex)的纱线可以在本发明中使用。机织织物可以使用平纹织品或斜纹织品,并且可以由芳族聚酰胺长丝组分或任何其它能够产生极限氧指数高于21的织物的长丝组分制成。在一优选的实施例中,连续的芳族聚酰胺长丝组分为聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺长丝和聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺长丝。
发明详述
消防员所穿的沉重的外套被称为战斗服上衣,这种外套的典型结构包括,一阻燃外壳织物,一隔热填料或内衬以及夹在上述两层之间,用以保持隔热内衬和消防员身体干燥的防潮层。阻燃外壳的重量可占服装重量的40%或更多,因为这一层必须耐用且能够阻燃。典型地,这些织物为机织织物,并用短纱线制成。
本发明的机织织物使用连续长丝纱线,与现有的用短纱线制成的织物具有相同的阻燃性能,但重量却比那些织物轻许多。在这些机织织物中使用的纱线,经过膨化后与长丝共混,在纱线中形成无规缠结环结构。用以实现这一目的的一种方法被称为空气喷射变形,其中用压缩空气或其它流体对丝束进行再排列,从而沿着纱线的长度形成环或弓形。在一典型的方法中,将要被膨化的复丝纱进料至一长丝变形喷嘴,其中,喷嘴处的进料速率大于离开喷嘴的速率。压缩空气冲击丝束,进而形成环并将长丝以无规的方式缠结。为了实现本发明,理想地,超喂速率为14%~25%,使用范围可以为5%~30%。用超喂速率膨化工艺制备的共混纱线,与用正常速率进料至长丝变形喷嘴制备的纱线相比,具有更高的单位长度重量或旦尼尔。实验发现,单位长度重量的增加应该在3%~25%,优选地,在10%~18%。实验发现,优选地,在制备本发明织物中使用的膨体纱最好为200旦尼尔~1000旦尼尔,更优选地,为300旦尼尔~600旦尼尔。
环和缠结形成的连续长丝纱线具有一些与短纤纱相似的表面特性。由这种纱线制成的织物在阻燃性能上的某些提高,被认为是由在无规缠结纱线中存在的微小的空气残存所致。这些空气残存被认为有利于提高织物的绝热值。
在这些机织织物中用到的纱线是使用两种不同的连续长丝组分制成的。当暴露在热源中时,这两种不同的连续长丝组分应当具有不同的收缩特性。无需基于任何理论,当把机织织物暴露在火焰中时,差示收缩率会产生局部空气残存,这会使绝热性能提高。空气残存被认为在机织织物与相邻层之间形成,这样,万一战斗服或贴身衣服或皮肤处于单层衣服的情况下时,它就起防潮层的作用。在一优选的实施例中,这两种不同的连续长丝组分在纱线中的含量相等(50wt%/50wt%)。这样可以在织物中提供最大的局部收缩差和生成空气残存。然而,也可以用其它的多种组合来制备有价值的织物,如包括33wt%的一种类型长丝和67wt%的另一种类型长丝的混合物。共混长丝束必须至少含有两种不同的连续长丝组分,优选地,为了产生差示收缩,其中一种组分的含量至少有10%的重量差。
本发明的机织织物的极限氧指数高于21。极限氧指数(LOI)是物质可燃性的一种度量。极限氧指数的测定决定了在大气中,维持一种材料燃烧所需要的氧的最小百分含量。在常压下,当一种材料的极限氧指数高于21时,它将不能在大气中维持燃烧。极限氧指数越高,测试材料的可燃性就越低。
美国专利5,356,666公开了几种可用于产生这种具有高极限氧指数的机织织物的纱线;芳族聚酰胺长丝的极限氧指数在27~28之间,特别适合于在本发明中使用。可以在长丝中吸入或纺入添加剂,以提高由这种长丝所制成的织物的极限氧指数。并非用以限制,在本发明中可以使用的具体的长丝包括聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺、聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺和聚苯并咪唑。
其它可以使用的纱线公开在包括,Barbeau等人中请的美国专利5,299,602,Behnke申请的美国专利4,120,914,Burckel申请的美国专利4,198,494,Rodini等人申请的美国专利5,305,593,Kasowski等人申请的美国专利5,389,326,Bowen等人申请的美国专利5,336,734,Brown等人申请的美国专利5,468,537。
用作防护服装外壳的织物可以是平纹织品或斜纹织品。现有的织物由环短纤纱制成,当用这些织物作为外壳织物时,需要一抗撕裂结构,以便满足国家防火协会(NFPA)的防撕裂要求。抗撕裂织物除了有规的经纬纱外,至少还具有一种以有规的间隔在经向和纬向上嵌入的增强纱;这些额外的增强纱起着阻止裂缝或裂口沿着织物延伸或蔓延的作用。然而,本发明的织物则不需要这些额外的增强纱来满足抗撕裂要求,并且其防撕裂能力为抗撕裂织物的三倍。此外,由于无需抗撕裂结构,本发明织物与现有的外壳织物相比具有更光滑的表面。这不仅使外壳的摩擦降低,而且使服装更耐用。
如上文所述,一种典型的消防员防护服(外套和裤子)结构包括一阻燃外壳织物、一隔热填料或内衬,以及夹在上述两层之间,用以保持隔热内衬干燥的防潮层。
本发明的外壳织物的重量为4~8盎司/码2,优选地,为4~6盎司/码2。优选地用密织布。优选地,在本发明的服装中,至少50%,优选地,所有外壳织物由具有收缩率差的膨化长丝纱线组成的织物组成。
隔热内衬的作用是使流向服装穿戴者的热量减少,可由几层射流喷射网法非织造织物或针刺非织造材料制成。特别优选的是用两层或三层射流喷射网法芳族聚酰胺非织造材料。典型地,这种非织造材料用一种阻燃织物布面进行衬垫。这一布面形成了服装的最里面层。典型地,这种具有布面衬垫的内衬的总重量为5~10盎司/码2
位于外壳与内衬之间的为防潮层。防潮层的作用是提供防水能力,但是却能够容许水汽透过。通常使用的防潮层由轻质透气薄膜组成,例如由W.L.Gore and Associates提供的GORETEX聚四氟乙烯薄膜。一般情况下,将其复合至一载体织物上,例如复合至一基本重量为2.5~3.5盎司/码2的轻质射流喷射网法聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺长丝和聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺长丝的非织造织物上。通常,服装防潮层的总重量为3~4盎司/码2
测试方法
用美国试验材料学会标准D2863-91来测定极限氧指数。用国家防火协会1971来测定防撕裂能力和防热性能(TPP)。
在130℃下,将织物在一含有40g/l阳离子染料Cindye C45染色载体和用以协助将染料转移到织物上的20g/l硝酸钠的染浴中着色60min。Cindye C45可以从Stockhausen公司购得,2408 Doyle街,格林斯堡市,北卡罗来纳州。
实施例1
本实施例用以说明本发明织物的改进热性能。将200旦尼尔的Nomex连续长丝纱线聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺长丝和200旦尼尔的Kevlar连续长丝纱线聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺长丝在一变形喷射器中并列组合,然后一起进行空气喷射变形,得到一含有50%Nomex长丝和50%Kevlar长丝的缠结共混纱线以及一相比起始纱线,具有10%膨化的440旦尼尔最终纱线。将此纱线织造成具有平纹和2/1斜纹的织物。再把此织物染为黑色。将这些织物的防热性能与用Nomex长丝和Kevlar长丝的混合短切长丝制成的织物的防热性能和由连续长丝纱线和Nomex长丝和Kevlar长丝的短纤纱的组合制成的织物的防热性能进行比较(美国专利5,299,602中有公开)。将本发明的织物作为一个对比织物进行按件染色;其它的对比织物含有纺入颜料。如表I所示,与其它两种织物相比,本发明织物以单位重量计具有更好的防热性能。
                                       表I
织物        A         B          C        D
长丝 50%Nomex/50%Kevlar 50%Nomex50%Kevlar 50%Kevlar/50%Nomex 50%Nomex/50%Kevlar
纱线 空气喷射变形 空气喷射变形 环锭纺纱 连续长丝&空气喷射纺纱
织物结构 平纹 2/1斜纹 抗撕裂平纹 2/1斜纹
着色方法 按件着色 按件着色 纺前染色 按件着色
织物重量(盎司/码2) 4.9 4.8 7.1 6.2
极限氧指数 26.5 26.8 - -
防热性能(卡/厘米2) 12.7 14.4 14.4 10.8
防热性能/单位重量(卡/[厘米2盎司/码2]) 2.6 3.0 2.0 1.7
实施例2
本实施例用以说明由本发明织物制成的复合物的改进热性能。制作复合织物是为了模拟防护服,此复合织物具有一层Nomex/Kevlar织物作为外壳,两层或三层衬有一薄层机织织物Nomex衬面织物的杜邦E89TM射流喷射网法芳族聚酰胺非织造织物作为隔热内衬,以及一层位于隔热内衬与外壳之间的Crosstech防潮层。Crosstech防潮层由复合至射流喷射网法芳族聚酰胺上的聚四氟乙烯薄膜组成。对比织物由相同的隔热内衬和防潮层组成,但外壳织物却由Kevlar/Nomex长丝和Kevlar/聚苯并咪唑紧密混合环短纤纱制成。对所有的复合织物都进行防热性能(TPP)测试,且测试时外壳织物面向火焰。如表II所示,本发明的织物具有良好的防热性能,且同时具有低的复合重量。
表II
复合织物 E F  G H  I  J
长丝 50%Nomex/50%Kevlar 50%Nomex50%Kevlar 50%Nomex/50%Kevlar 50%Nomex50%Kevlar 60%Kevlar/40%Nomex 60%Kevlar/40%聚苯并咪唑
纱线 空气喷射变形 空气喷射变形 空气喷射变形 空气喷射变形 环锭纺纱 环锭纺纱
织物结构 平纹 2/1斜纹 平纹 2/1斜纹 抗撕裂平纹 抗撕裂平纹
织物重量(盎司/码2) 4.9 4.8  4.9  4.8  7.4  7.8
防潮层 1 1  1  1  1  1
隔热内衬 2 2  3  3  2  2
复合织物重量(盎司/码2) 15.2 15.0 16.8  16.1  17.5 17.8
防热性能(卡/厘米2) 35.6 36.6 40.7  41.1  38.1 38.8
实施例3
本实施例用以说明本发明织物的改进热性能。将200旦尼尔的Nomex连续长丝纱线和200旦尼尔的Kevlar连续长丝纱线在一变形喷射器中并列组合,然后一起进行空气喷射变形,得到一含有50%Nomex长丝和50%Kev1ar长丝的缠结共混纱线以及一相比起始纱线,具有10%膨化的440旦尼尔纱线。用50%Nomex长丝和50%Kevlar长丝的混合长丝制成一26′s/2棉纱支数的环纺短纤纱。在经线排列方向使用环纺短纤纱,在纬线排列方向使用空气喷射变形纱线,将平纹织物和2/1斜纹织物进行纺织。再把此织物染为黑色。最后,将这些织物的防热性能与实施例1中的织物C和织物D进行比较。
                                           表III
织物         K       L         C         D
长丝 50%Nomex/50%Kevlar 50%Nomex50%Kevlat     50%Kevlar/50%Nomex 50%Nomex/50%Kevlar
纱线 环锭纺纱&空气喷射变形 环锭纺纱&空气喷射变形 环锭纺纱 连续长丝&空气喷射纺纱
织物结构 平纹  2/1斜纹     抗撕裂平纹 2/1斜纹
着色方法 按件着色  按件着色     纺前染色 按件着色
织物重量(盎司/码2) 5.4  5.4     7.1 6.2
防热性能(卡/厘米2) 13.2  14.0     14.4 10.8
防热性能/单位重量(卡/[厘米2盎司/码2]) 2.4 2.6 2.0 1.7
实施例4
本实施例用以说明本发明织物的改进热性能。将200旦尼尔的Nomex连续长丝纱线和200旦尼尔的Kevlar连续长丝纱线在一变形喷射器中并列组合,然后一起进行空气喷射变形,得到一含有50%Nomex长丝和50%Kevlar长丝的缠结共混纱线以及一相比起始纱线,具有16%膨化的485旦尼尔纱线。将此纱线纺织成平纹织物和2/1斜纹织物。再将100旦尼尔的Nomex连续长丝纱线和200旦尼尔的Kevlar连续长丝纱线在一变形喷射器中并列组合,然后一起进行空气喷射变形,得到一含有33%Nomex长丝和67%Kevlar长丝的缠结共混纱线以及一相比起始纱线,具有16%膨化的355旦尼尔纱线。将此纱线纺织成平纹织物和2/1斜纹织物。再将此织物染为棕褐色。然后,将这些织物的防热性能与实施例1中的织物C和织物D进行比较。如表IV所示,与其它两种织物相比,本发明织物以单位重量计具有更好的防热性能。
表IV
织物       M        N        O       P        C        D
长丝 50%Nomex/50%Kevlar 50%Nomex50%Kevlar 67%Kevlar/33%Nomex 67%Kevlar/33%Nomex   50%Kevlar/50%Nomex  50%Nomex/50%Kevlar
纱线 空气喷射变形 空气喷射变形 空气喷射变形 空气喷射变形   环锭纺纱&空气喷射纺纱 连续长丝
织物织法 平纹 2/1斜纹 平纹 2/1斜纹   抗撕裂平纹  2/1斜纹
着色方法 按件着色 按件着色 按件着色 按件着色   纺前染色  按件着色
织物重量(盎司/码2) 6.1 6.2 4.9 5.1   7.1  6.2
防热性能(卡/厘米2) 14.0 14.7 12.2 13.0   14.4  10.8
防热性能/单位重量(卡/[厘米2盎司/码2]) 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.7
实施例5
本实施例用以说明本发明织物的改进防撕裂性能。由环纺短纤纱制成的织物需有抗撕裂结构,以满足国家防火协会(NFPA)22磅的最小防撕裂要求。将本发明A&B的织物与由环纺短纤纱制成的50/50Nomex/Kevlar织物进行比较。本发明的织物具有显著改进的防撕裂性能。
                                        表V
织物          A        B         C
长丝     50%Nomex/50%Kevlar     50%Nomex50%Kevlar     50%Kevlar/50%Nomex
纱线     空气喷射变形     空气喷射变形     环锭纺纱
织物结构     平纹     2/1斜纹     抗撕裂平纹
织物重量(盎司/码2)     4.9     4.8     7.1
防撕裂经向X纬向(磅) 47×63 68×81 35×27

Claims (21)

1.一种机织织物,其极限氧指数高于21,且采用由10wt%~90wt%的第一种连续长丝组分和90wt%~10wt%的第二种连续长丝组分的共混丝束组成的纱线制成,在高温下,这两种连续长丝组分具有不同的收缩特性,所述纱线具有一无规缠结环结构,其中,此纱线的单位长度重量比具有同样组成但没有缠结或环的连续长丝纱线重3%~25%。
2.根据权利要求1的机织织物,其中,纱线的单位长度重量比具有同样组成但没有缠结或环的连续长丝纱线重10%~18%。
3.根据权利要求1的机织织物,其中具有无规缠结环结构的纱线的线密度为200~1000旦尼尔(220~1100dtex)。
4.根据权利要求3的机织织物,其中具有无规缠结环结构的纱线的线密度为300~600旦尼尔(340~680dtex)。
5.根据权利要求4的机织织物,其中连续长丝组分之一为芳族聚酰胺长丝。
6.根据权利要求1的机织织物,由一平纹织品制成。
7.根据权利要求1的机织织物,由一斜纹织品制成。
8.一种防护服装,包括一外壳、一防潮层和一内衬,该外壳由权利要求1中的机织织物组成。
9.一种防护服装,包括一外壳、一防潮层和一内衬,该外壳由权利要求5中的机织织物组成。
10.一种机织织物,由10wt%~90wt%的对芳族聚酰胺长丝和90wt%~10wt%的间芳族聚酰胺长丝的共混丝束所组成的连续长丝纱线组成,所述纱线具有一无规缠结环结构,其中,此纱线的单位长度重量比具有同样组成但没有缠结或环的连续长丝纱线重3%~25%。
11.根据权利要求10的机织织物,其中,纱线的单位长度重量比没有缠结或环的连续长丝纱线重10%~18%。
12.根据权利要求10的机织织物,其中具有无规缠结环结构的纱线的线密度为200~1000旦尼尔(220~1100dtex)。
13.根据权利要求12的机织织物,其中具有无规缠结环结构的纱线的线密度为300~600旦尼尔(340~680dtex)。
14.根据权利要求10的机织织物,由一平纹织品制成。
15.根据权利要求10的机织织物,由一斜纹织品制成。
16.根据权利要求10的机织织物,其中,对芳族聚酰胺长丝是聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺长丝。
17.根据权利要求10的机织织物,其中,间芳族聚酰胺长丝是聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺长丝。
18.根据权利要求10的机织织物,其中,对芳族聚酰胺长丝是聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺长丝,其含量为50%,间芳族聚酰胺长丝是聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺长丝,其含量为50%。
19.一种防护服装,包括一外壳、一防潮层和一内衬,该外壳由权利要求10中的机织织物组成。
20.一种防护服装,包括一外壳、一防潮层和一内衬,该外壳由权利要求16中的机织织物组成。
21.一种防护服装,包括一外壳、一防潮层和一内衬,该外壳由权利要求17中的机织织物组成。
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