CN1452525A - Control of one-step water-base lubricant for cold forging - Google Patents
Control of one-step water-base lubricant for cold forging Download PDFInfo
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- CN1452525A CN1452525A CN01815124A CN01815124A CN1452525A CN 1452525 A CN1452525 A CN 1452525A CN 01815124 A CN01815124 A CN 01815124A CN 01815124 A CN01815124 A CN 01815124A CN 1452525 A CN1452525 A CN 1452525A
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- Prior art keywords
- lubricant
- aqueous lubricant
- cold forging
- control
- coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M173/00—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J3/00—Lubricating during forging or pressing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M173/00—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water
- C10M173/02—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water not containing mineral or fatty oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
- C10M2201/084—Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/087—Boron oxides, acids or salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/10—Compounds containing silicon
- C10M2201/102—Silicates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/12—Groups 6 or 16
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/20—Metal working
- C10N2040/22—Metal working with essential removal of material, e.g. cutting, grinding or drilling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/20—Metal working
- C10N2040/24—Metal working without essential removal of material, e.g. forming, gorging, drawing, pressing, stamping, rolling or extruding; Punching metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/20—Metal working
- C10N2040/243—Cold working
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
- C10N2050/015—Dispersions of solid lubricants
- C10N2050/02—Dispersions of solid lubricants dissolved or suspended in a carrier which subsequently evaporates to leave a lubricant coating
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
A method of effectively and easily controlling the water base-process type lubricating and processing fluid for cold forging, containing at least one or more types of water-soluble inorganic salt, used for cold forging without forming a chemical conversion coating on a metal surface, comprising the steps of measuring the electric conductivity of the lubricating and processing fluid, and feeding lubricant or water to adjust the electric conductivity to a desirable value before operation.
Description
Invention field
The present invention relates to the method that a kind of control is used for the one step type aqueous lubricant of metal material cold forging, purpose is to provide the lubricant of improvement on the surface of metal material and does not carry out any chemical treatment in advance.Described lubricant is suitable for the parts that the cold forging manufacturing is used for Transport Machinery etc.
Background technology
Usually, such as stainless steel, in the cold forging of raw metal, bring up lubricant coating, be used to prevent that metal material to be processed and mould that is used for Forging Technology and instrument from directly contacting the scaling loss that causes and stinging the card blemish on the surface of metal material.
Can form two kinds of coatings on metal material surface, one type is that lubricant directly sticks on the surface of metal material, and another kind of type is the layer of chemical substances that lubricant is used for forming on metal material surface in advance.
It is littler than the lubricant coating caking property that with lubricator forms on preformed layer of chemical substances on the metal material surface directly to stick to the lubricant coating that forms on the metal material surface, so the former is generally used for the less cold forging of deformation quantity.
Under latter's type cases, at first on metal material surface, form layer of chemical substances by chemical method, such as by phosphate layer formation method or ethanedioic acid salt deposit formation method, it forms the layer of chemical substances that is suitable as lubricant carrier usually, after forming such layer of chemical substances, use lubricant with high-lubricity.In this type, the film of formation has double-decker, is made up of layer of chemical substances and lubricant layer as carrier, and lubricant layer has high anti-blemish.For this reason, this type has been widely used for such as wire drawing, tube-drawing and cold forging field.Particularly in requiring the cold forging of serious deformation, generally used first formation to comprise that the layer of chemical substances of phosphate or oxalate makes method with lubricator then on layer of chemical substances.
Can on usage, be divided into two main big classes at the lubricant that uses on the layer of chemical substances.The first kind comprises the lubricant of mechanical adhesion on layer of chemical substances, and second class is the lubricant that reacts with layer of chemical substances.
First kind lubricant comprises that to add extreme pressure additive as base oil and in base oil with mineral oil, vegetable oil or artificial oil prepared, and by with kollag--as graphite and molybdenum bisuphide--with the water-soluble preparation of adhesive ingredients.The advantage of these lubricants is to be easy to control solution, because they are by simple spraying or dip-coating use, yet owing to only have low lubricity, they tend to use under the situation of the less metal material deformation quantity of needs.
On the other hand, in second series lubricant agent, reactive fatty acid metal salts such as odium stearate, is used for the situation of the extra high lubricity of needs.Reactive fatty acid metal salts and layer of chemical substances reaction provide high-lubricity.
Yet, because the reactive fatty acids slaine produces chemical reaction, in this process, need to control the composition of reactive fatty acids metal salt solution, the control reaction temperature, and continue the rotten solution of control.
On the other hand, be a main trend for the global environment protection reduces industrial waste, therefore wish very much the lubricant and the lubricating method that do not have refuse to produce.In addition, comprise that the conventional method of coating and reactive fatty acids salt needs some simplification and improvement at present, because it must possess large-area process equipment, longer time and the complexity control that is used for each processing step.
For example, in the step that forms phosphate coating, the analysis of many complexity comprises the free acidity of solution, the total acidity and the concentration of solution, is all undertaken by artificial acid-base titration.In addition, in the step of using reactive fatty acids salt, the free acidity of solution and the complex analyses of concentration are regular, and manually carry out, thereby must reduce appending of compound.
Can quote at the disclosed prior art of JP-10-8085A " aqueous lubricant that is used for the deformation of metal material cold plasticity ".It has related to the aqueous lubricant of the material cold plasticity deformation method that is used for metal, comprise (A) water miscible inorganic salts, (B) kollag, (C) be selected from the oil component of mineral oil, animal oil, vegetable oil and artificial oil, (D) surfactant and (E) water, wherein contained material and oil are disperseed and emulsification equably.
This prior art relates to moisture non-response type lubricant, and purpose is that the conventional three step process that formation phosphate layer, water is cleaned and uses the reactive fatty acids slaine is reduced to a step process.The present invention also relates to a kind of aqueous lubricant, it promptly, need not the lubricant that any chemical treatment in advance forms layer of chemical substances as the lubricant of one-step method.That is, in the present invention, metal material is contacted the direct lubricant coating that forms on the surface of metal material with aqueous lubricant by methods such as dip-coatings with metal material, need not to be pre-formed any layer of chemical substances on the surface of metal material.This series lubricant agent is commonly referred to as the one step type lubricant.
To understanding of the present invention, when using the moisture non-reacted lubricant of this class, the concentration of contained material is very important from the inventor.Because, under the situation of non-reacted lubricant, the weight of lubricant coating, that is, the amount of coating is based on that the concentration of contained material in the solution determines.The weight of coating is a key factor, because it has influenced lubricity and anti-blemish widely.Being calculated as follows of coating weight, it is based on the weight difference before and after the lubricated and the area of metal material.
Coating weight=(weight of the preceding metal material of the weight-lubricated of metal material after the lubricated)/(area of the metal material of processing).
Therefore, the accurate concentration of contained material is absolute important for obtaining the constant weight coating in the control lubricant.Yet, because in order to determine that concentration needs expensive work, so very inconvenient at the non-reacted lubricant of industrial use.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, the objective of the invention is to solve the problem of routine techniques as mentioned above, a kind of control method of the one step type aqueous lubricant that is used for cold forging newly is provided, wherein all operation being simplified, but also favourable to the protection of global environment.
The present inventor studies in order to address the above problem, and has had been found that the moisture lubricant that contains at least a water-soluble inorganic salt, can control the concentration of this moisture contained material of lubricant by the electrical conductivity of controlling this moisture lubricant.
That is to say, The present invention be directed to the control method of the one step type aqueous lubricant that is used for cold forging that contains at least a water-soluble inorganic salt, it is characterized in that this method comprises that the electrical conductivity of measuring this aqueous lubricant when applying this aqueous lubricant at metal material surface controls the step of the concentration of this aqueous lubricant, and append composition with the concentration that keeps this aqueous lubricant step in preferred level to this aqueous lubricant.
The invention still further relates to aforesaid control and be used for the method for the one step type aqueous lubricant of cold forging, wherein water-soluble inorganic salt is be selected from sulfate, silicate, borate, molybdate and tungstates at least a.The main application of described aqueous lubricant is the production that is used for the parts of automobile, motorcycle and other Transport Machinery, for example engine, actuating unit and chassis.
Brief description of drawings
Fig. 1 shows a specific embodiments of the instrument be used to carry out the control method according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 shows an example that concerns between aqueous lubricant concentration and the electrical conductivity;
Fig. 3 shows an example that concerns between the weight of the coating that forms on the electrical conductivity of moisture lubricant and the metal material surface.
Realize mode of the present invention
Now, the present invention is described in further detail.Be used for the inventive method of the one step type aqueous lubricant of cold forging in control, can use to contain at least a aqueous lubricant that contains water-soluble inorganic salts.The present invention can use contained water-soluble inorganic salt to produce the electrical conductivity of aqueous lubricant.
As previously mentioned, when the surface with one step type aqueous lubricant plating material was used for cold forging, the weight of the lubricant coating that forms on metal material was very important.In this case, the concentration of the weight of the lubricant coating that forms on the metal material and aqueous lubricant is closely related.And the electrical conductivity of the concentration of aqueous lubricant and aqueous lubricant is closely related.Therefore, the control electrical conductivity just can be controlled the concentration of aqueous lubricant, and then can control the weight of the lubricated coating that forms on the metal material surface.That is to say that the weight of lubricant coating reduces by the decline of electrical conductivity, that is, liquid, aqueous by dilute with water; The weight of coating increases by adding for example dense aqueous lubricant solution increase electrical conductivity.Therefore, the electrical conductivity by the control aqueous lubricant need not to carry out the concentration determination of aqueous lubricant, just can control the weight of lubricant coating.
In industrial operation, need important operation item is remained on the optimal target value.And in cold forging operation, must the control numerous items, such as the manufacturing of the cold forging instrument that is fit to, suitable cold forging speed, and suitable on metal material the weight of lubricant coating.Suitable lubricant coating weight can obtain by the concentration of control aqueous lubricant.But, be a kind of complicated operations with the concentration of conventional method control aqueous lubricant, because it needs often to measure the concentration of aqueous lubricant.But in the present invention, the concentration of aqueous lubricant can obtain easily and accurately by the simple operations of measuring electrical conductivity.
With dense aqueous lubricant solution for example operating aqueous lubricant is carried out the composition compensation, the electrical conductivity of aqueous lubricant is controlled at desired value, obtain best lubricant coating weight with regard to sustainable.
Preferred water-soluble inorganic salt is selected from least a of sulfate, silicate, borate, molybdate and tungstates non-specifically restrictively comprising.
Specific embodiments
Now, the enforcement embodiments of the invention are described.＜aqueous lubricant 〉
Obtainablely be used for aqueous lubricant boracic hydrochlorate of the present invention as water-soluble inorganic salt (trade mark: Fine Ryube E750HF, Nihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd produces), with pure water it is diluted, so that adjust to 50%, 60% and 70% concentration respectively, every kind of aqueous lubricant prepares 50 liters.＜measure
The electrical conductivity of aqueous lubricant is measured with the conductance instrument that can buy on the market.With the clean steel sample (cylindric, diameter 50mm, length 150mm) of aqueous lubricant processing, on the surface of steel sample, form lubricant coating, deduct the weight (coating amount) that the weight that applies preceding steel is determined lubricant coating by weight with coating back steel.＜continuous Processing Test 〉
Make instrument shown in Figure 1.The volume that is used for the aqueous lubricant groove (1) of aqueous lubricant (2) is 50 liters, and the temperature of aqueous lubricant (2) is set in 60 ℃.Liquid level detector (3) is set in the liquid level of aqueous lubricant, liquid-level controller (4) is opened automatically by magnetic valve (5) and is started working when setting liquid level when aqueous lubricant and being lower than initial liquid level 1cm, thereby from the pure water inflow aqueous lubricant (2) of supply flume (6).Set described closed electromagnetic valve when liquid level reaches initial level.The liquid level of aqueous lubricant descends in running usually, because it is owing to attached to consuming on the steel and at 60 ℃ of heating evaporations.
Simultaneously, on electrical conductivity controller (8), demonstrate the electrical conductivity of the aqueous lubricant of electric conductivity detector (7) mensuration.When electrical conductivity descended initial value 2% the time, magnetic valve (9) is opened, dense aqueous lubricant (Fine Ryube E750HF, (100%)) flows out the composition that is used to compensate aqueous lubricant from dense aqueous lubricant jar (10), when electrical conductivity returned to initial value, magnetic valve (9) cut out automatically to stop to provide dense aqueous lubricant.Under these conditions, handle 6000 steel samples continuously with the aqueous lubricant of various concentration.Check the lubricant coating weight (coating amount) of each steel sample by sampling, the steel sample that will have lubricant coating carries out cold forging, estimates lubricity.
The concentration of aqueous lubricant and the relation of electrical conductivity can be confirmed the useful relation between the two as shown in Figure 2.Relation between the weight of electrical conductivity and lubricant coating can be confirmed the useful relation between the two as shown in Figure 3.Therefore, think that coating weight can reduce with by the dilution aqueous lubricant electrical conductivity being reduced.So as seen, the control coating weight can be realized by the electrical conductivity of control aqueous lubricant.
The result of Processing Test is as shown in table 1 continuously.As seen, can carry out good cold forging and not produce any problem by this processing with the Weight control of lubricant coating in constant level by the electrical conductivity of control aqueous lubricant.[table 1]
| Sample continuous reason place, company place along the reason order in | ????????50％ | ??????60％ | ??????70％ | |||
| Electrical conductivity 27mS/cm | Electrical conductivity 30mS/cm | Electrical conductivity 33mS/cm | ||||
| Lubricant coating mg/m 2 | The cold forging performance | Lubricant coating mg/m 2 | The cold forging performance | Lubricant coating mg/m 2 | The cold forging performance | |
| The 1st part | ????8.8 | Good | ????9.8 | Good | ????10.5 | Good |
| The 1000th part | ????8.9 | Good | ????9.7 | Good | ????10.6 | Good |
| The 2000th part | ????8.7 | Good | ????9.7 | Good | ????10.6 | Good |
| The 3000th part | ????8.8 | Good | ????9.8 | Good | ????10.6 | Good |
| The 4000th part | ????8.8 | Good | ????9.7 | Good | ????10.5 | Good |
| The 5000th part | ????8.7 | Good | ????9.7 | Good | ????10.6 | Good |
| The 6000th part | ????8.8 | Good | ????9.8 | Good | ????10.6 | Good |
Advantage of the present invention
As knowing understanding by above explanation, by using the one step type aqueous lubricant, wherein append the simple weight of also accurately having controlled lubricant coating of composition by the electrical conductivity of control aqueous lubricant with to operating aqueous lubricant, the present invention provides useful effect in cold-forging technique.
Claims (2)
1. method of controlling one step type, being used for the aqueous lubricant that contains at least a water-soluble inorganic salt of cold forging, wherein control the concentration of aqueous lubricant by the electrical conductivity of control aqueous lubricant in processing, the electrical conductivity of aqueous lubricant is by controlling to this aqueous lubricant complementary element.
According to the control one step type of claim 1, be used for the method for the aqueous lubricant of cold forging, wherein a kind of water-soluble inorganic salt is be selected from sulfate, silicate, borate, molybdate and tungstates at least a.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000267883 | 2000-09-05 | ||
| JP267883/2000 | 2000-09-05 | ||
| JP267883/00 | 2000-09-05 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1452525A true CN1452525A (en) | 2003-10-29 |
| CN1292855C CN1292855C (en) | 2007-01-03 |
Family
ID=18754723
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB018151248A Expired - Lifetime CN1292855C (en) | 2000-09-05 | 2001-09-03 | Control of one-step water-base lubricant for cold forging |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20030167812A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1321206A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1292855C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2001282600A1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0113549A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2419731A1 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW562909B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2002020193A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS53129152A (en) * | 1977-04-19 | 1978-11-10 | Nishiyama Sutenresu Kemikaru K | Lubricating coating agent |
| JP2645299B2 (en) * | 1987-03-02 | 1997-08-25 | 住友化学工業株式会社 | Recording material |
| JPS6436876A (en) * | 1987-08-01 | 1989-02-07 | Mitsui Constr | Structure of strut upper end section in strut type suspension film structure |
| JPH02115033A (en) * | 1988-10-25 | 1990-04-27 | Toyota Motor Corp | Automatic adjusting apparatus for forging die lubricant |
| US4936127A (en) * | 1989-05-25 | 1990-06-26 | Asarco Incorporated | Production of copper rod by rolling |
| JPH061991A (en) * | 1992-06-17 | 1994-01-11 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | Aqueous lubricant for warm and hot plastic working |
| JPH0726280A (en) * | 1993-07-08 | 1995-01-27 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Non-graphite lubricating composition for hot plastic working |
| US6194357B1 (en) * | 1996-06-21 | 2001-02-27 | Henkel Corporation | Waterborne lubricant for the cold plastic working of metals |
| JP3517522B2 (en) * | 1996-06-21 | 2004-04-12 | 日本パーカライジング株式会社 | Water-based lubricant for cold plastic working of metallic materials |
| JPH1036876A (en) * | 1996-07-24 | 1998-02-10 | Makoto Futsukusu Kk | Lubricant composition |
| JP2000309793A (en) * | 1999-04-27 | 2000-11-07 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | Water-based lubricant for plastic working of metallic material |
-
2001
- 2001-09-03 WO PCT/JP2001/007590 patent/WO2002020193A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-09-03 AU AU2001282600A patent/AU2001282600A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-09-03 US US10/363,399 patent/US20030167812A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-09-03 CN CNB018151248A patent/CN1292855C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-09-03 CA CA002419731A patent/CA2419731A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-09-03 EP EP01961302A patent/EP1321206A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-09-03 BR BR0113549-0A patent/BR0113549A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-09-04 TW TW090121902A patent/TW562909B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1292855C (en) | 2007-01-03 |
| WO2002020193A1 (en) | 2002-03-14 |
| BR0113549A (en) | 2004-02-03 |
| CA2419731A1 (en) | 2002-03-14 |
| US20030167812A1 (en) | 2003-09-11 |
| EP1321206A1 (en) | 2003-06-25 |
| TW562909B (en) | 2003-11-21 |
| AU2001282600A1 (en) | 2002-03-22 |
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Granted publication date: 20070103 |