CN1398340A - 高温冶金反应设备冷却元件及其制造 - Google Patents
高温冶金反应设备冷却元件及其制造 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及制造具有水流通道的用于高温冶金反应设备的冷却元件。为了提高传热本领,将具有传统为圆形横剖面的水流通道的壁的表面积加大,而未增大此通道的直径或长度。
Description
本发明涉及制造用于高温冶金反应设备的具有水流通道的冷却元件。为了提高这种元件的传热本领,将传统上为圆形横剖面的水流通道的表面增大但不加大水流通道的直径或长度。本发明还涉及由这种方法制造的上述元件。
高温冶金工艺中反应设备的耐火材料是由水冷冷却元件保护,冷却的结果使得到达耐火材料表面的热经此冷却元件传递给水,这样与未经冷却的反应设备比较,能显著减少炉衬的蚀损。蚀损的减少是由于冷却效应导致形成所谓的自生炉衬,它固定到热稳定炉衬的表面上并且是由炉渣与从熔融相沉淀出的其他物质形成。
通常,冷却元件是由两种方法制造:首先,这种元件可以由砂型铸造制备,在此将高导热材料例如铜制的冷却管设置到砂形成的模具中,并在围绕上述冷却管的浇铸中由空气或水冷却。围绕上述管铸造的元件也采用高导热材料,而最好是铜。此种制造方法描述于例如英国专利No.1386645中。这种方法的问题之一是用作冷却通道的上述管与环绕它的浇铸材料结合不匀,这是由于某些管道可能完全离开围绕它浇铸的元件,而此管道的一部分便有可能完全熔融而易此受损。要是在冷却管道与围绕它的浇铸元件的其余部分之间未形成金属键合,就不会有效地传热。而要是管道完全熔融,则将阻止冷却水的流动。这种浇铸材料的浇铸性质例如可以通过将磷与铜混合,改进管道与浇铸材料间形成的金属键合而加以改进,但在这种情形下,即使是添加少量的磷也会显著减弱铜的传热性质(热导率)。这种方法值得指出的一个优点是制造费用较低且与尺寸无关。
另一种所用的制造方法是把通道形的玻璃管道置入冷却元件模具中,此模具在浇铸形成元件内的通道后便加以破碎。
美国专利4382585描述了另一种制造冷却元件常用的方法,根据这种方法,冷却元件例如是由轧制或锻制的铜板通过于其中机加工出必要的通道而制成。这种方法制成的元件的优点是具有致密、结实的结构和从此元件到致冷物质如水的良好传热性。它的缺点是尺寸(大小)受限和高成本。
此冷却元件接收热量的能力能够由下式表示:
Q=a×A×ΔT,其中
Q=所传输的热量[W]
a=通道壁与水之间的传热系数[W/Km2]
A=传热表面积[m2]
ΔT=通道壁与水之间的温度差[K]
传热系数理论上可由式Nu=aD/λ确定。
λ=水的热导率[W/mK]
D=水力直径[m]
或Nu=0.023×Re^0.8Pr^0.4,
其中
Re=wDρ/η
W=速度[m/s]
D=通道的水力直径[m]
ρ=水的密度[Kg/m3]
η=动态粘度
Pr=Prandtl数[]
于是,据以上所述,通过影响温差、传热系数或传热表面积,就能影响传送给冷却元件的热量。
壁与通道间的温差受到水在100℃沸腾事实的限制,常压下的传热性质由于沸腾而显著变坏。实际工作中,最好是在尽可能最低的通道壁的温度下工作。
通过改变流速,即通过影响Reynolds数,能显著地影响传热系数。但这会受到由于通道中流速加大而增加压力损耗的限制,这使得泵唧冷水的费用增加,而在超过某种限度后也会显著增加泵的投资费用。
传统的方法中是通过加大冷却通道的直径和/或其长度来影响传热表面积的。但显然,冷却通道的直径从经济上考虑是不能无限制地加大的,因为通道直径的增加也就要增多为实现某种流率所需的水量,此外也要增加泵唧作业所需的能量。另一方面,通道直径也受到冷却元件实际尺寸的限制,出于尽可能减少投资费用的目的,此冷却元件最好制得尽可能地小与轻量。长度方面的另一种限制是冷却元件本身的实际尺寸,即要配合到给定区域中的冷却通道的大小。
本发明还涉及由高导热性金属如铜来制造用于高温冶金反应设备的冷却元件的方法,其中通过加大传热表面积而显著地提高了传热本领,从而能经济地容易地制成较薄的冷却元件。为此目的,加大水流通道壁的表面积而不加大其直径或增加其长度。此横剖面基本为圆形的冷却元件中水流通道的表面积是通过于此通道的内表面上以后进行机加工形成槽或螺纹而加大的。结果,在相同的热量下于水和此冷却通道壁之间只需较小的温度差,从而只需较低的冷却温度。本发明还涉及由这种方法制造的冷却元件。本发明的基本特征可由后附的专利权要求书中认清。
在本发明所述的冷却元件中增大了传热表面积,使得尽管此冷却元件水流通道的横剖面基本为圆形,它的壁不是光滑的,但通过极少地改变壁的轮廓,以单位长度的冷却通道相比,就能在相同的水流横剖面积(在相同的水量下可以获得相同的流率)下,获得较大的传热表面积。为了增大这种表面面积,可以通过下述方法:
在由例如经轧制或锻造加工制造的冷却元件中,例如通过钻孔形成至少一个圆形横剖面的水流通道,然后在此通道的内表面上机加工出螺纹。此通道的横剖面仍保持成基本为圆形;
通过将所谓可胀式心轴拉过此水流通道能够方便地获得螺旋形凹槽。对于例如一端封闭的孔来开槽时,可通过外拉这种心轴进行。对于通道中两端敞开的孔则可以将专门设计的工具推过或拉过此通道来实现。
在所有上述方法中,显然在水流通道中应有相对于浇铸方向看时为横向的通道部件,而这些部件则是由机加工例如经钻削形成,同时将不属于此通道的孔口加以堵塞。用所附的例子与先有技术比较了本发明所述方法的优点。与此例子相关的是几个用来阐述本发明的图,其中:
图1是有关试验中所用冷却元件的原理图;
图2是所试验的冷却元件的横剖面型面;
图3a~3d表明冷却元件内不同测量点处的作为熔体温度函数的温度;
图4给出了据此熔体温度函数所作的测量结果计算出的传热系数;
图5给出了标准化冷却元件的在不同冷却级下的冷却水与通道壁的温度差。
例
由试验测试了与本发明有关的冷却元件,这里所述的元件A、B、C与D浸于距底面约1cm深的熔融铅中。冷却元件A具有通常的光滑表面的通道,此元件用于比较测量中。冷却水的数量及其加到此冷却元件内前后的温度在这些试验中都经过仔细测量。熔融铅的温度以及冷却元件本身内在七个不同测量点的温度也都仔细测量过。
图1示明了这些试验中所用的冷却元件1,其中有水流通道2。此冷却元件的尺寸如下:高300mm、宽400mm、厚75mm。冷却管或水流通道位于如图1所示的元件1内,使此图管中水平部分的中心距元件底为87mm,而各个垂直件则距这种板状冷却元件的边缘为50mm。管的水平部由钻削形成,水平孔口的一端已堵塞(未详示)。图1也表明了温度测量点T1~T7的位置。图2示明了冷却通道的表面形状,而表1则包括有试验的冷却元件通道的尺寸和计算的每米的传热表面以及相关的传热面积。
表1
直径mm | 水流横剖面积mm2 | 传热表面/1mm2/1m | 相对传热表面积 | |
A | 21.0 | 346 | 0.066 | 1.00 |
B | 23.0 | 415 | 0.095 | 1.44 |
C | 23.0 | 484 | 0.127 | 1.92 |
D | 20.5 | 485 | 0.144 | 2.18 |
图3a~3d表明,在所有的冷却水流率下,冷却元件B、C与D的温度都比根据冷却元件A所作的参考用测量结果都低。但由于所述试验件的水流横剖面积出于制造中的技术原因必定会出现不同的尺寸,因而不能直接根据图3a~3d的结果比较传热效率。
于是这些试验结果标准化如下:
两点之间稳定的传热可以写成
Q=S×λ×(T1-T2),其中
Q=两点间的热传输量[W]
S=形状系数(取决于几何结构)[m]
λ=介质的导热率[W/mK]
T1=点1的温度[K]
T2=点2的温度[K]
将上式应用于试验结果,获得以下各量:
Q=传输给冷却水的测出的热功率
λ=铜的热导率[W/mK]
T1=根据试验计算的在元件底部的温度[K]
T2=根据试验计算的水通道壁的温度[K]
S=埋入半无限部件中有限圆柱体的形状系数(此圆柱体的长度为L,直径为D)。而此形状系数可依据式S=2πL/1n(4z/D),当Z>1.5D时确定,
Z=从圆柱体中心线测量的浸入深度[m]。
由上述方式测定的传热系数给出于图4。根据多变量分析结果,在传热系数与水流率以及传输给水的热量之间取得了极其良好的相关性。各个冷却元件的回归方程的传热系数给出于表2。
这样,α[W/m2K]=c+a×v[m/s]+b×Q[kW]
表2
C | A | b | γ2 | |
A | 4078.6 | 1487.1 | 110.1 | 0.99 |
B | 3865.8 | 1287.2 | 91.6 | 0.99 |
C | 2448.9 | 1402.1 | 151.2 | 0.99 |
D | 2056.5 | 2612.6 | 179.7 | 0.96 |
为使这些结果成为可比的,将水流通道的横剖面积标准化,以使水的流量对应于相同的流率。水流通道的尺寸与传热表面积已根据流量与流率标准化并给出于表3中。应于表3所给尺寸于情形A′、B′、C′与D′以及上面测定的传热系数,所述通道壁与水在相对于流量标准化情形下的温度差,作为水流率的函数,对于5、10、20与30kW热量的情形,用式ΔT=Q/(a×A)进行了计算。
表3
直径mm | 水流横剖面积mm2 | 传热表面/1mm2/1m | 相对传热表面积 | |
A* | 21.0 | 346 | 0.066 | 1.00 |
B* | 21.0 | 346 | 0.087 | 1.32 |
C* | 19.2 | 346 | 0.120 | 1.82 |
D* | 15.7 | 346 | 0.129 | 1.95 |
这些结果示明于图5中。图5表明,所有依据本发明制得的冷却元件都能在水与冷却通道壁间较小的温度差下实现一定数量的传热效应,这说明了本发明方法的有效性。例如冷却本领为30kW而水流率为3m/s时,上述壁与水之间的误差在不同情形下如下表所示。
表4
ΔT[K] | 相对ΔT[%] | |
A’ | 38 | 100 |
B’ | 33 | 85 |
C’ | 22 | 58 |
D’ | 24 | 61 |
在将这些结果与传热表面比较时,可以看到,所需用来传输相同热量的壁与水之间的温度差同相对传热表面成反比。这表明本发明上述的改变表面面积能显著地影响传热效率。
Claims (8)
1.提高由导热性高的金属制造的,具有冷却水流通道的高温冶金反应设备冷却元件传热能力的方法,其特征在于,所述冷却元件内水流通道壁的表面积经加大但未增大此液流通道的直径或长度。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过机加工出至少一个具有基本为圆形横剖面的冷却水流通道,形成了锻铜板的冷却元件,其特征在于,在此水流通道的内表面上机加工出螺纹来增大此液流通道壁的表面积。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过机加工出至少一个具有基本为圆形横剖面的冷却水流通道,形成了锻铜板的冷却元件,其特征在于,在此水流通道的内表面上机加工出螺旋形凹槽来增大此液流通道壁的表面积。
4.权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,所述螺旋形凹槽是由可胀式的轴形成。
5.由高导热性金属制成且具有至少一个冷却水流通道的高温冶金反应设备冷却元件,其特征在于,所述通道具有基本为圆形的横剖面,而此通道的表面积经增大但未加大此通道的直径或长度。
6.权利要求5所述的冷却元件,它是由锻铜板制成而于其中形成有水流通道,其特征在于,在此通道的内表面上机加工出螺纹。
7.权利要求5所述的冷却元件,它是由锻铜板制成而于其中形成有水流通道,其特征在于,在此通道的内表面上机加工出螺旋形凹槽。
8.权利要求7所述的冷却元件,其特征在于,所述螺旋形凹槽是由可胀式心轴形成。
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FI982770A FI108752B (fi) | 1998-12-22 | 1998-12-22 | Menetelmä jäähdytyselementin valmistamiseksi ja menetelmällä valmistettu jäähdytyselementti |
FI982770 | 1998-12-22 |
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CN1398340A true CN1398340A (zh) | 2003-02-19 |
CN100449241C CN100449241C (zh) | 2009-01-07 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CNB998149543A Expired - Fee Related CN100449241C (zh) | 1998-12-22 | 1999-12-14 | 高温冶金反应设备冷却元件及其制造 |
Country Status (21)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6615913B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1153255B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2002533650A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100690224B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN100449241C (zh) |
AR (1) | AR021960A1 (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE278922T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU767941B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9916470A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2356118C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69920973T2 (zh) |
EA (1) | EA005547B1 (zh) |
FI (1) | FI108752B (zh) |
ID (1) | ID25725A (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA01006478A (zh) |
PE (1) | PE20001106A1 (zh) |
PL (1) | PL193107B1 (zh) |
PT (1) | PT1153255E (zh) |
RS (1) | RS49695B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2000037871A1 (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA200104859B (zh) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101322003B (zh) * | 2005-11-30 | 2010-09-01 | 奥图泰有限公司 | 冷却元件及其制造方法 |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FI47052C (fi) | 1971-10-11 | 1973-09-10 | Outokumpu Oy | Menetelmä erilaisissa sulatusuuneissa käytettävien jäähdytyselementtie n valmistamiseksi. |
US3906605A (en) * | 1973-06-18 | 1975-09-23 | Olin Corp | Process for preparing heat exchanger tube |
US4058394A (en) * | 1976-02-23 | 1977-11-15 | Kennecott Copper Corporation | Pyrometallurgical system for solid-liquid contacting |
JPS60121045A (ja) * | 1983-12-05 | 1985-06-28 | Kuroki Kogyosho:Kk | 熱交換体及びその制造方法 |
US4838346A (en) * | 1988-08-29 | 1989-06-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Reusable high-temperature heat pipes and heat pipe panels |
US4995252A (en) * | 1989-03-06 | 1991-02-26 | Carrier Corporation | Method and apparatus for internally enhancing heat exchanger tubing |
US5051146A (en) * | 1989-08-03 | 1991-09-24 | Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc. | Apparatus for fabricating a graded-groove heat pipe |
US6134785A (en) * | 1992-05-18 | 2000-10-24 | The Boeing Company | Method of fabricating an article of manufacture such as a heat exchanger |
US5775402A (en) * | 1995-10-31 | 1998-07-07 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Enhancement of thermal properties of tooling made by solid free form fabrication techniques |
ATE249300T1 (de) * | 1994-01-21 | 2003-09-15 | Sprayform Holdings Ltd | Mit waermeaustauschkanaelen versehene metallische werkstuecke |
US5895561A (en) * | 1996-01-17 | 1999-04-20 | Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation | Method of sealing cooling blocks using electrodeposited metal |
US5687604A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 1997-11-18 | Exco Technologies Ltd. | Thermal controlled mandrel with replaceable tip for copper and brass extrusion |
JPH10166034A (ja) * | 1996-12-11 | 1998-06-23 | Hitachi Cable Ltd | 多孔偏平管の製造方法 |
US5933953A (en) * | 1997-03-17 | 1999-08-10 | Carrier Corporation | Method of manufacturing a heat transfer tube |
DE19732537C1 (de) | 1997-07-23 | 1999-03-04 | Mannesmann Ag | Abhitzekessel |
JP2944583B2 (ja) | 1997-07-25 | 1999-09-06 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 金属管内外面加工装置 |
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1998
- 1998-12-22 FI FI982770A patent/FI108752B/fi active
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1999
- 1999-12-14 JP JP2000589887A patent/JP2002533650A/ja not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-14 AT AT99961081T patent/ATE278922T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-14 BR BR9916470-1A patent/BR9916470A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-14 CN CNB998149543A patent/CN100449241C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-14 AU AU17819/00A patent/AU767941B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-14 RS YUP-447/01A patent/RS49695B/sr unknown
- 1999-12-14 PL PL349156A patent/PL193107B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-14 WO PCT/FI1999/001030 patent/WO2000037871A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-14 CA CA002356118A patent/CA2356118C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-14 DE DE69920973T patent/DE69920973T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-14 PT PT99961081T patent/PT1153255E/pt unknown
- 1999-12-14 EP EP99961081A patent/EP1153255B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-14 MX MXPA01006478A patent/MXPA01006478A/es not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-14 KR KR1020017007841A patent/KR100690224B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-14 EA EA200100692A patent/EA005547B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-14 US US09/868,287 patent/US6615913B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-21 AR ARP990106632A patent/AR021960A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-21 ID IDP991162D patent/ID25725A/id unknown
- 1999-12-22 PE PE1999001309A patent/PE20001106A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
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2001
- 2001-06-14 ZA ZA200104859A patent/ZA200104859B/en unknown
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101322003B (zh) * | 2005-11-30 | 2010-09-01 | 奥图泰有限公司 | 冷却元件及其制造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1153255A1 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
EA200100692A1 (ru) | 2001-12-24 |
PT1153255E (pt) | 2005-01-31 |
AU1781900A (en) | 2000-07-12 |
AU767941B2 (en) | 2003-11-27 |
FI982770A (fi) | 2000-06-23 |
EA005547B1 (ru) | 2005-04-28 |
CA2356118C (en) | 2008-02-12 |
DE69920973D1 (de) | 2004-11-11 |
PE20001106A1 (es) | 2000-11-17 |
US6615913B1 (en) | 2003-09-09 |
MXPA01006478A (es) | 2002-06-04 |
DE69920973T2 (de) | 2005-02-10 |
FI108752B (fi) | 2002-03-15 |
BR9916470A (pt) | 2001-09-25 |
KR20010092750A (ko) | 2001-10-26 |
ID25725A (id) | 2000-11-02 |
JP2002533650A (ja) | 2002-10-08 |
CA2356118A1 (en) | 2000-06-29 |
YU44701A (sh) | 2003-12-31 |
KR100690224B1 (ko) | 2007-03-12 |
ATE278922T1 (de) | 2004-10-15 |
RS49695B (sr) | 2007-12-31 |
PL193107B1 (pl) | 2007-01-31 |
EP1153255B1 (en) | 2004-10-06 |
AR021960A1 (es) | 2002-09-04 |
ZA200104859B (en) | 2001-12-20 |
CN100449241C (zh) | 2009-01-07 |
WO2000037871A1 (en) | 2000-06-29 |
FI982770A0 (fi) | 1998-12-22 |
PL349156A1 (en) | 2002-07-01 |
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