CN1327603A - 硅等效正温度系数电路 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明是一个具有硅上温度探测装置的串联电流调节器,上述电流调节器构成一个经过改进的过电流电池保护器件。本发明在探测调整元件的结温度的同时以线性方式调节调整元件中的电流。如果调整元件的温度达到一个预定阈值,则硅上温度探测装置启动一个开关,该开关使调整元件进入一个打开或高阻抗模式。本发明提供的超越正温度系数(PTC)器件的优点包含更小的尺寸,制造时出现更少的缺陷,提高的性能和改进的电路集成特性。本发明可以精确重复PTC的温度响应。并且,本发明提供的超越PTC器件的优点还包含更快速的跳闸时间和更低的泄漏电流。
Description
本申请要求1999年10月22日提交的美国临时专利申请60/161,191号的优先权,这里对其公开内容加以完整参考引用,其中包含所有的附加文档和附录。
本发明涉及电池保护电路。更具体地说,本发明涉及可充电电池的热串联保护电路。
当被放入类似蜂窝电话的电子装置中时,电池以受控制的速率放电。例如,蜂窝电话中的锂离子电池能够以大约半个安培的速率供电或放电。这类似于良好,稳定甚至是平缓地从一个水壶向外倒奶。这种受控放电的原因是电话的电路充当电池的负载并且缓慢使用电池中存储的能量。随着负载阻抗的提高,放电速率会下降。电话的高阻抗及其慢速能量使用将电流消耗限制在受控量级以内。
然而在某些情况下,电池的正极和负极可能被短路,这意味着电池上的负载阻抗很小。当阻抗很小时,电流消耗就很高。假设在你的口袋内装有一节电池。如果一段类似钥匙环,手镯,纸夹的导电金属与电池的正极和负极接触,则在电池上产生了"短路"或阻抗极低的负载。当发生这种情况时,电池以很高的电流进行放电。该电流高于电池的规定电流并且电池寿命,性能和可靠性迅速降低。这种对电池致命的情况被称作"钥匙环"问题。
可充电电池是昂贵的。由于电池设计人员希望令客户满意,他们希望防止钥匙环问题损坏电池以便节省客户的费用。因此,设计人员在可充电电池组件上增加了"短路保护电路"。这些短路保护电路能够探测从电池消耗的电流强度。当电流强度高于规定限制时,短路保护电路将电池与外部端子断开。
一种被用来防止电池高电流放电的普通器件是保险丝。当高电流通过保险丝时,保险丝中的传导元件"烧掉"或断开。例如,当3安培电流通过1安培保险丝时,保险丝元件烧掉并且保险丝断开。在电池组件中,这种断开拆除了电池与端子的连接。然而保险丝的问题是一旦保险丝断开便不能恢复。因而电池被废掉并且不能重新使用。
另一种用于短路保护电路并且可以自恢复的普通器件是正温度系数或PTC器件。聚合PTC是一种根据热度从低阻抗(高电流)状态切换到高阻抗(低电流)状态从而保护电路的器件。PTC本质上是两片其间夹有一层含有导电成分的晶体有机聚合物基质的金属。PTC类似一个正方形Oreo饼干,其中金属板充当两片饼干而晶体聚合物充当可口的奶油饼馅。PTC中的活跃成分是聚合物,它具有更类似Oreo饼干中的饼馅的可延展粘性物形式。在正常条件下,电流从一块饼干通过饼馅流到另一块饼干。然而在短路条件下,通过PTC的高电流导致器件发热,于是导致饼馅变成高阻抗状态,从而阻塞电流并且有效地将电池与外部端子断开。
当被用作电池组件中的短路保护元件时存在若干涉及PTC器件的问题。第一个,也是最重要的问题是,PTC器件是相对于电池组件中其它电路部件而言体积较大的离散部件。例如,典型的表面贴PTC尺寸为0.374×0.264英寸。这比其它部件大50到100倍。设计人员喜欢缩小电池电路,而这种占用许多空间的大部件会使电池组件体积更大。
第二个问题是,PTC器件存在制造问题。如上所述,PTC类似一个Oreo,其中金属板充当饼干而聚合物充当饼馅。为了使PTC正常工作,两个金属板或饼干必须通过聚合物或饼馅保持隔离。如果人或机器将两块板压到一起,则PTC会短路并且不再充当保护器件。在制造时经常发生这种情况。
第三个问题是,使用PTC器件的过电流保护电路不能快速阻止高电流放电。例如,在一个使用PTC器件的短路保护电路中,使器件发热来增加阻抗需要时间。所以,在器件阻抗增加时异常高电流仍然连续流动。结果,尽管有PTC短路保护器件,实际上仍然会发生电池损伤。
由于保险丝和PTC器件存在上述局限性,所以需要一种可以在可充电电池组件中制造的改进短路保护器件。
图1是本发明的一个示意图。
图2是本发明连接电池以构成一个电池保护电路的示意图。
图3是本发明一个具有封装形式,被连接到电池以构成一个电池保护电路的实施例。
图4是本发明的器件与正温度系数器件的性能比较。
图5图解了根据本发明对故障电流可能作出的不同响应。
图6是有关具有一个线性驱动电路的本发明的示意图。
图7是PTC和本发明的温度响应。
本发明是对类似正温度系数器件(PTC)的现有技术串联电流限制器件的改进。本发明是一个具有温度探测的硅串联电流调节器和热短路器。该器件是一个三端器件,其中包括一个线性电流调节器,这个电流调节器与一个硅结上温度传感器和锁存器连接。温度传感器驱动一个状态机,该状态机在温度过高时打开电流调节器。
现在参照图1,其中图解了本发明的一个最优实施例。本发明100包含一个调整元件101,该元件被描述成一个n隧道场效应晶体管(FET),其中具有一个栅极114,一个源极116和一个漏极115。虽然调整元件101的最优实施例是一个FET,但其它器件,包括双极面结型晶体管(BJT),结型场效应晶体管(JFET)等类似元件也是适用的。
调整元件101在一个外部端子107和一个负极端子109之间与一个电流探测电阻器106串联。包含一个线性放大器105,其中一个第一输入110被连接到电流探测电阻器106的一端,而一个第二输入111被连接到电流探测电阻器106的另一端。线性放大器105的输出112通过一个可选的限流电阻器113被连接到调整元件的栅极114,其中限流电阻器在输出112和栅极114之间串联。
线性放大器105,电流探测电阻器106和调整元件101构成的电路形成一个带反馈的线性电流调节器。通过根据电流探测电阻器106上的电压调整调整元件101的串联阻抗,线性电流调节器在其线性或电阻性区域内控制调整元件101。换言之,电流通过电流探测电阻器106,从而产生一个电压。线性放大器105通过第一和第二输入110,111探测电流探测电阻器106上的电压。这个探测的电压与线性放大器105的增益相乘,即为线性放大器的输出112上的电压。该电压驱动调整元件101的栅极114。因而,建立了一个调节流入调整元件101的电流的线性反馈系统。
一个硅上温度传感器102被热连接到调整元件101。温度传感器可以采用若干种探测硅上温度的已知方法中的任何一种。这种方法的一个例子是电阻器温度检测器(RTD)。RTD是一个可以使用常规硅制造技术制造的器件,该器件产生与温度成线性比例的电压。RTD器件被用于类似国家半导体公司制造的LM135和模拟器件公司制造的AD22100的半导体器件中。
硅上温度传感器102被连接到一个控制状态机103,而控制状态机又被连接到一个开关104。开关104被串联在调整元件的栅极114和放大器112的输出之间。开关104可以是任何类型的晶体管,继电器,调节器,放大器,控制器,二极管或其它功能等价的元件。
被热连接到调整元件101的硅上温度传感器102经常探测调整元件101的结温度。当温度到达预定水平时,控制状态机103启动开关104,其中上述预定水平可以被存储在控制状态机103中。当温度到达预定水平时打开开关104。当开关104打开时,调整元件101关闭,从而阻塞电流以保护调整元件101受过度升温的影响。
现在参照图2,其中本发明100被连接到一个电池组电池201和一个可选的阻塞二极管202以构成一个电池保护电路。电池单元201为本发明100和外部电路提供能量。可选的阻塞二极管202保证电流只在一个方向上流动,即只流入本发明100的电池端子108。B+外部端子203和B-外部端子204是电池组件的外部端子并且可以被连接到外部器件,充电器和供电器。
下面是电路200的工作方式:在正常条件下,电流从B-外部端子204流出,经过电流探测电阻器106,调整元件101和电池单元201到达B+外部端子203。线性放大器105将电流保持在受控范围内。在正常工作的情况下,调整元件101温度低于阈值温度并且开关104接近或完全"闭合"。
现在假定发生一个类似短路的外部故障。例如当可充电电池被放入口袋时,钥匙链,手镯或纸夹与外部端子接触可以导致端子短接。当B+外部端子203被短接到B-外部端子204时,电池组电池201提供的电流急剧增加。这种电流增加导致电流探测电阻器106上的电压增加,致使线性放大器105驱动调整元件101进入一个高阻抗模式。.
调整元件101中消耗的功率是电流的平方与调整元件101的阻抗的乘积(也被称为I2R)。因而,在高电流高阻抗条件下,调整元件101中的功耗增加,从而导致其内部温度提高。如果电路100仍未被检测,则调整元件101的温度会最终高到简直要烧坏的程度。
然而,硅上温度传感器102不断监视调整元件101的结温度。当温度达到预定水平时,其中上述预定水平低于调整元件101的热损温度,控制电路103打开开关104。当开关104被打开时,调整元件101的栅极114与放大器112的输出的电压隔离。在一个n隧道FET中,当栅极到源极的电压减少时,FET打开。在这个电路100中,当开关104打开时,调整元件101打开,从而使电流停止通过调整元件101。这样,电池组电池201与B-电池端子204断开。
对于电路操作,概括地讲,在正常条件下,电流在流动,线性放大器105在工作,调整元件101的结温度不高并且开关104闭合。当负载阻抗减少时,线性放大器105通过增加调整元件101的阻抗来限制电流。在类似短路的电流过载条件下,调整元件101因I2Rds功耗而开始发热。当温度到达预定水平时,硅上热传感器102驱动控制状态机103打开开关104。当开关104打开时,调整元件101也打开,从而将电池组电池201与B-外部端子204断开,这就进入了一个故障保护模式。
在一个单独的单硅片上可以制造本发明的元件,上述硅片可以被封装在一个标准半导体外壳内。现在参照图3,其中示出了一个这样的实施例。这里,硅片已经被封装在具有3个端子304,305,306的SOT-223外壳302中。这些端子分别对应于端子107,109和108。注意,可选的阻塞二极管(图2中的202)已经被集成到封装中。由于二极管本身是半导体,自然可以把二极管集成到硅片上。
虽然本发明表面上类似于常规PTC,但本发明具有许多更为电路设计人员所期望的特性。现在参照图4,其中示出了一个比较常规PTC与本发明的瞬时响应的图表。
A用金属板构造的PTC比本发明具有大得多的热质量。因而PTC比硅上温度传感器发热更慢,从而导致跳闸时间较慢。热质量较小的本发明具有比PTC快得多的跳闸时间。通过比较图4中的点410-411可以发现这一特性。另一个特征是跳闸电流。典型的PTC故障电流可以比本发明的故障电流高8倍。比较403-407。第三个差异是泄漏电流。通过比较405-409可以发现,实验结果表明常规PTC的漏露电流的量级高于本发明。
根据迄今为止的描述,本发明是一个具有热短路器的线性电流调节器。热短路器是一个非线性锁存器,即一旦温度到达某个温度点,则调整元件因开关的打开而立即打开。然而热短路器没有必要按这种方式操作。例如,状态机可以驱动一个线性反馈电路来控制开关。可以用器件慢速打开开关的方式取代立即打开开关的方式。其结果与突然停止相反,电流会缓慢减少。
现在参照图5,其中图解了3个不同的断开方法。在(a)中示出了非线性的突然电流停止。现在参照(b),其中示出了一个指数电流终止。在(c)中示出了线性电流终止。通过在控制状态机和开关之间增加一个驱动电路可以方便地实现这些操作。例如,为产生一个指数终止,可以使用一个简单的R-C滤波器。可选地,对于线性终止,状态机可以驱动一个线性反馈电路。在各种情况下,显然可以根据环境需要调整电流终止。
现在参照图6,其中图解了产生一种线性电流终止的电路。电路600与图2的电路相同,除了已经被连接在控制状态机103和开关104之间的线性驱动电路601之外。线性驱动电路601允许控制状态机103慢速关掉开关104,从而为调整元件101中的电流产生一个线性终止。这种线性终止具有明显的优点,即允许本发明等效模拟PTC器件的温度响应。
当开关104被突然接通或断开时,调整元件101中的电流突然启动和停止。当发生这种情况时,器件的温度开始改变。例如,如果电路600因调整元件101中的异常高电流而发热,则一旦温度到达预定阈值,则调整元件101会打开,致使电流停止。这种操作使温度不断降低,直到低于阈值。电流再次开始流动,从而导致温度再次提高。虽然某些短期应用期望得到这种特性,但长时间的大量振荡会耗损半导体。
具有线性驱动电路601的电路600克服了这种长期可靠性问题。当异常高电流开始在调整元件101中流动时,线性驱动电路601慢速断开调整元件101。注意,开关104产生了一个从开关104到调整元件101,硅上温度传感器102,控制状态机103,线性驱动电路601,然后再到开关104的反馈环路。这个环路允许控制状态机103在调整元件101内的电流产生的功率与调整元件101的外部功耗之间进行均衡。因而消除了非线性受控开关的反复通/断触发器。对于这种情况,均衡了流入和流出调整元件101的热量,并且温度保持相对固定。并且,电路精确仿真了PTC的性能!
现在参照图7,其中示出了本发明和PTC器件的特征温度性能。PTC操作取决于调整元件101的类似热流均衡。换言之,器件的金属板消耗的能量必须等于PTC的I2R关系产生的能量。任何未在外部损失的热量均会使器件变得更热。
当器件正常工作时,通过器件的电流较低。低电流产生较少的12R发热。因而少量发热会轻易地散发到空气中,致使PTC保持较低的等效阻抗。图7中的指示点700示出了这种情况。
当通过PTC的电流变得足够高时,I2R发热产生的热量以大于立即散发速率的速率增加。这导致PTC温度快速增加,从而随着温度改变快速增加其阻抗。因而,在发生少量的温度增加时PTC器件快速地从低阻抗转变到高阻抗。图7中的指示点701示出了这种情况。因而,器件的阻抗特征沿曲线前后摆动,直到器件温度和散发到环境中的热量达到均衡。PTC的这种常规操作是已知的,但为了与本发明比较在这里进行了重复。
当一个线性电路根据参照图6描述的反馈环路驱动开关时,本发明精确模拟了PTC的响应。反馈环路允许对调整元件101的阻抗进行连续的线性调整以便使调整元件101的功耗与流向环境的热量达到精确均衡。根据调整元件101的温度改变探测这种均衡状况。所以,与非线性开关(参见图2)的反复通/断性能相反,取而代之的是一种由反馈环路驱动的,精确匹配PTC性能的连续线性操作。(在这里线性被用来表示响应输入的改变而产生输出的电路。)
下一个问题是为何使硅等效PTC的性能与PTC的性能匹配?这样做有许多优点。第一个,同样也是最重要的优点是,硅等效PTC的制造成本较低。第二个优点是,硅等效PTC可以被方便地集成到许多器件中,其中包含专用集成电路(ASIC),功率半导体和电池保护电路。第三个优点是,硅等效PTC的设计更加灵活,即通过相同体系结构可以产生许多响应曲线。第四个优点是,当把硅等效PTC引入电路时可以减少板卡的空间。第五个优点是,硅等效PTC比PTC更利于自动化制造。第六个优点是,可以用更优的性能特征设计硅等效PTC,其中包含更低的故障电流,更快速的跳闸时间,更低的泄漏电流和更优的复位特性。
虽然已经图解和描述了本发明的最优实施例,但显然本发明并不受最优实施例的限制。在不偏离后面权利要求书定义的本发明宗旨和范围的前提下,本领域的技术人员会进行各种修改,改变,变化,替换和等价处理。例如,虽然将本发明描述成电池保护电路,但本发明可以作为保护器件方便地被引入到功率晶体管中。晶体管自身会充当调整元件,并且在晶体管的结温度达到过高的水平时硅上温度传感器可以通过打开晶体管以保护器件免受热损伤。
Claims (16)
1.一个可充电电池保护电路,其中包括一个硅等效正温度系数器件。
2.如权利要求1所述的保护电路,其中还包括:
至少三个端子;
一个被连接在第一端子和第二端子之间的调整元件;
一个与调整元件串联的电流探测元件;
一个被连接到调整元件以便调节调整元件的阻抗的第一控制电路;
一个热连接到调整元件的硅上温度传感器;
一个被连接到硅上温度传感器的第二控制电路;和
一个被连接起来并且被第二控制电路激活的可变控制器件,其中可变控制器件被连接在调整元件和第一控制电路之间;
其中硅上温度传感器监视调整元件的温度。
3.如权利要求2所述的保护电路,其中在调整元件的温度到达一个预定阈值时第二控制电路激活可变控制器件。
4.如权利要求3所述的保护电路,其中响应热反馈控制电路以激活可变控制器件。
5.如权利要求4所述的保护电路,其中调整元件包括一个晶体管。
6.如权利要求5所述的保护电路,其中从包括晶体管,放大器,二极管,开关和继电器的元件组中选择可变控制器件。
7.如权利要求6所述的保护电路,其中调整元件包括一个金属氧化物场效应晶体管(MOSFET)。
8.如权利要求6所述的保护电路,其中调整元件包括一个双极面结型晶体管(BJT)。
9.如权利要求6所述的保护电路,其中还包括一个电池组电池,上述电池组电池具有一个正极和一个负极,电池组电池的正极被连接到电路的第三个端子,电池组电池的负极被连接到电路的第二个端子。
10.如权利要求9所述的保护电路,其中还包括一个阻塞二极管,阻塞二极管的阴极被串联在电池组电池和第三个端子之间,阳极被连接到电池组电池并且阴极被连接到电路的第三个端子。
11.如权利要求10所述的电路,其中控制电路包括一个状态机。
12.如权利要求11所述的电路,其中可变控制器件被一个线性驱动电路激活。
13.一个保护可充电电池的方法,该方法包括的步骤有:
提供一个串联调整元件;
提供一个电流探测装置;
提供一个电流调节装置;
提供一个温度探测装置;
为一个可变控制器件提供控制装置;和
提供一个预定阈值温度;
其中线性电流调节装置调节通过串联调整元件的电流直到温度达到预定阈值,此时温度探测装置向控制装置报警,而控制装置激活可变控制器件。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中在激活可变控制器件时调整元件的串联阻抗随温度的增加而增加。
15.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中还提供一个电池组电池。
16.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中当时调整元件减少电流。
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US16119199P | 1999-10-22 | 1999-10-22 | |
US60/161,191 | 1999-10-22 |
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US (1) | US6340878B1 (zh) |
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- 2000-10-23 WO PCT/US2000/029218 patent/WO2001031665A1/en active Application Filing
- 2000-10-23 EP EP00971008A patent/EP1145264A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-10-23 CN CNB008023409A patent/CN1161808C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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CN101345512B (zh) * | 2008-07-08 | 2010-09-29 | 无锡友达电子有限公司 | 利用集电极穿透电流监测功率管结温进行过温保护的方法 |
CN103797675A (zh) * | 2011-09-16 | 2014-05-14 | 西门子公司 | 用于保护用电器的装置和方法 |
US9325165B2 (en) | 2011-09-16 | 2016-04-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device and method for protecting a consumer |
CN103797675B (zh) * | 2011-09-16 | 2016-11-09 | 西门子公司 | 用于保护用电器的装置和方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1145264A1 (en) | 2001-10-17 |
EP1145264A4 (en) | 2004-05-19 |
CN1161808C (zh) | 2004-08-11 |
US6340878B1 (en) | 2002-01-22 |
WO2001031665A1 (en) | 2001-05-03 |
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