CN1323266A - 混合驱动装置 - Google Patents

混合驱动装置 Download PDF

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CN1323266A
CN1323266A CN99812307A CN99812307A CN1323266A CN 1323266 A CN1323266 A CN 1323266A CN 99812307 A CN99812307 A CN 99812307A CN 99812307 A CN99812307 A CN 99812307A CN 1323266 A CN1323266 A CN 1323266A
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CN1213883C (zh
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山田淳
山田良昭
渡边庆人
佐佐木正和
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UD Trucks Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/46—Series type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/40—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/24—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means
    • B60W10/26—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means for electrical energy, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/904—Component specially adapted for hev
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Abstract

在以发动机驱动的发电机的电力以及/或者蓄电装置的电力驱动电动机的混合驱动装置中,作为蓄电装置一般使用蓄电池。蓄电池的低充放电效率限制了驱动装置的燃料效率的改善,并且由于其短寿命需要经常更换,从而导致提了高运转成本。本发明的驱动装置包括把多个电容器单元串联连接组成的电容器组构成的蓄电装置;与各个电容器单元并联连接并且如果各端电压超过预定值则把充电电流旁路的并联监视器;控制向电容器组的充电电流的具有恒流输出特性的开关换流器。该驱动装置获得燃料效率和运转成本的改善。

Description

混合驱动装置
技术领域
本发明涉及作为车辆等的动力源兼有发动机和电动机的混合驱动装置。
技术背景
驱动电动机的混合驱动装置已为人们所知，其中的电动机用于利用由发动机驱动发电机而由该发电机所发生的电力使车辆行驶。混合型汽车通过使用这样的驱动装置，改善了车辆的行驶燃料费用或者排气释放特性。
混合驱动装置的大多数作为以发电机的剩余电力进行充电的蓄电装置使用蓄电池。然而，由于蓄电池的充放电效率差，因此几乎不可能期待由制动再生产生的燃料费用的改善效果。制动再生是利用减速时的车辆惯性力使电动机进行发电而谋求有效利用能源的控制，因而重要的是不浪费地存储所发电的电力。另一方面，蓄电池一般由于电池的循环寿命短因此需要定期更换，从而提高了装置的运转成本。
另外，在日本特开平6-209501号公报中，作为驱动电动机的蓄电装置公开了使用电容器的装置。然而，电容器由于能量密度低，因此要确保车辆驱动所必需的容量，蓄电装置的重量和体积就过大，从而难以装载到车辆等的有限空间中。
发明的公开
本发明的目的在于提供能够有效地利用发电机发出的电力的混合驱动装置。另外，本发明的目的在于提供运转成本低廉的混合驱动装置。进而，本发明的目的还在于提供能够容易装入到车辆的有限空间中的混合驱动装置。
本发明在具有由发动机驱动的发电机；存储来自上述发电机发生的电力的蓄电装置；用上述发电机的电力以及/或者蓄电装置的电力驱动的电动机的混合驱动装置中，作为上述蓄电装置，设置串联连接了多个电容器单元的电容器组，与上述各个电容器单元并联连接，如果各个端电压超过预定值则旁路充电电流的并联监视器。由此，即使各个电容器单元的静电容量或者漏泄电流的大小分散，也能够均匀把各个电容器单元进行充电或者放电。这种情况下，由于不需要考虑到各个电容器单元的电压负担的分散在耐压方面估计余量，因此与不设置并联监视器的结构相比较，按照容量换算能够达到相当于百分之数十程度的小型化。电容器虽然每个单元的耐压小，然而通过把多个电容器串联连接能够把电压值提高到所需要的程度。
另外，本发明在蓄电装置中具备控制向上述电容器组的充电电力的恒流输出特性的开关换流器。一般如果从恒压源向电容器进行充电，则由于电源与电容器之间存在的电阻成分，充电电力的一半成为热量而散失。与此不同，由于在本发明中根据上述开关换流器把向电容器的充电电力控制为恒流输出，因此在制动再生时即使以电动机所发生的大电流进行充电，也能够得到90％以上的高充电效率，从而能够显著地改善驱动装置的燃料费用。由于电容器不是恒压器件，能够从电压正确地求出蓄电量(SOC:State Of Charge充电的状态)，因此能够根据该蓄电量不浪费地有效控制发电机。另外，由于电容器的充放电的循环寿命长，在很长期间内不需要更换，即运转成本比蓄电池大为降低。
上述混合驱动装置还能够将其应用在车辆中构成为混合型汽车。即，在具备由发动机驱动的发电机；存储来自上述发电机的发生电力的蓄电装置；由上述发电机的电力以及/或者蓄电装置的电力驱动，驱动车辆的驱动轮的电动机的混合型汽车中，作为上述蓄电装置具备与上述同样的电容器组，并联监视器，开关换流器，同时，设置检测车辆所要求的驱动力与上述蓄电装置的蓄电量，控制上述开关换流器和基于上述发动机的发电量的控制器。上述控制器根据所需要的驱动力控制上述开关换流器使得可以得到对应于所需要的驱动力的电动机输出，同时控制发动机即发电机的发电量使得把上述蓄电量维持在最佳值。由此，能够使驱动装置始终发挥车辆所需要的驱动力的同时在蓄电装置中能够总是确保最佳蓄电量。
另外，作为上述开关换流器，对应于伴随着放电端电压向0降低的电容器的特性，通过使用具有广泛工作范围的恒压输出特性的器件，能够更高效率地利用存储电力。由于电容器的电力与端电压的平方成比例，因此，例如开关换流器如果动作到额定输出电压的1/2则能够利用到存储电力的70％，或者动作到额定输出电压的1/4则能够利用到存储电力的94％。从而，通过根据车辆的驱动力要求控制开关换流器的动作，则即使在车辆的加速等时以大电流进行放电，也能够得到很高的电力利用效率。
进而，作为上述电容器，通过使用具有大静电总量的电偶极子型电容器，能够进一步减小蓄电装置的重量和体积，能够更容易地安装到车辆等中。
附图的简单说明
图1是把本发明适用在混合型汽车中的实施例的概略结构图。
图2是蓄电装置的实施例的概略结构图。
用于实施发明的最佳形态
图1示出应用了本发明的混合型汽车的概略结构。如图所示，在发电用的发动机13的输出轴上连接着发电机14的驱动轴。发电机14发生的交流电流由换流器15变换为直流电流，作为电动机10的驱动电流或者后述的蓄电装置12的充电电流而输出。
在安装了驱动轴9的左右车轴18～18之间分别设置着差速器19。在差速器19的输入轴上连接着驱动轴17和齿轮箱16的输出轴。齿轮箱16的输入轴上连接着电动机10的驱动轴，把电动机的旋转以预定的齿轮比减速后传递到驱动轴17。电动机10由来自逆变器11的交流电力驱动。电动机10的输出经过齿轮箱16，驱动轴17，差速器19，车轴18传递到驱动轮9。
蓄电装置12如图2所示具有把多个电容器单元21串联连接的电容器组20；分别添加在各个电容器单元21上的并联监视器22；控制电容器组20的充放电的双向开关换流器23。
并联监视器22是监视电容器21的端电压，如果该电压超过设定值则流过电流使得把电容器21旁路的电路。在各个电容器单元21中具备并联监视器22，并联监视器22与电容器单元21并联连接。
开关换流器23具有控制向电容器组20的充电电力的恒流输出特性以及控制来自电容器组20的放电电力的大动作范围的恒压输出特性。该开关换流器23由控制器24根据车辆要求驱动力控制放电电流。上述要求驱动力例如由加速踏板踏入量代表。
作为电容器单元21应用静电容量大的电偶极子型电容器。虽然每一个电容器单元的耐压小，然而通过把多个电容器串联连接，能够提高到所需要的耐压。作为电容器组20，还能够应用把众多的电容器单元21串并联连接的结构。
控制器24控制车辆的驱动力以及制动再生等。在控制器24中作为上述各种控制所需要的检测信号输入车辆的加速踏板踏入量或者制动状态以及蓄电装置12的蓄电量(SOC)等。
根据这样的结构，蓄电装置12以发电机14的剩余电力或者制动再生时电动机10所发生的电力进行充电，把该存储电力在车辆的加速等需要大电力时供给到电动机10。虽然电容器21伴随着放电端电压向0降低，然而由于具有大动作范围的开关换流器23把放电电力控制为恒压输出特性，因此能够以很高的效率有效利用各电容器21的存储电力。
例如，如果开关换流器23工作到额定输出电压的1/2，则能够利用到存储电力的70％，如果工作到额定输出电压的1/4，则能够利用到存储电力的94％。从而，通过根据车辆要求驱动力来控制开关换流器23的动作，即使在车辆加速等以大电流进行放电的情况下，也能够得到很高的电力利用效率。
电容器21的存储电力Ec用下式(1)表示。
Ec=1/2CV2……(1)
式中，C：静电容量，V：电压。
如果从恒压源向电容器充电，则其电力Ep用下式(2)表示。
Ep=QV=CV2……(2)
式中，Q：电荷。
充电电力Ep与存储电力Ec的比例Ec/Ep即充电效率根据(1)式和(2)式为50％。这是因为电容器不是蓄电池那样的恒压器件，如果以恒压进行充电，则由于电容器与电源之间存在的电阻成分，充电电力的一半成为热量而散失的缘故。与此不同，在本实施例中，由于开关换流器23把向电容器21的充电电力控制为恒流输出，因此即使在制动再生时以电动机10发生的大电流进行充电，也能够获得90％以上的高充电效率，能够进一步提高由制动再生产生的燃料费用的改善效果。
如果这样通过双向的开关换流器23控制充电电流，则与把电容器作为例如电池的峰值加速器用而直接与负载连接的情况相比较，电流变化幅度进一步减小。因此，允许增加电容器的内部电阻，增加电极的厚度，具体地讲，例如通过使用保持电荷的活性炭电极，能够得到10～15Wh/kg以上高能量密度的电容器。即，作为电容器21由于能够应用静电容量大的电偶极子型电容器，因此能够把蓄电装置12的重量和体积小型化到可以容易地装入车辆等有限空间内部的程度。
如果依据该实施例，则由于在各个电容器21上分别具有并联监视器22，因此尽管各个电容器21的静电容量或者漏泄电流有差异，也能够使各个电容器21均衡地充电或者放电。因此，即使考虑到电压负担的偏差在耐压方面也不需要估计余量，换算为容量，能够实现相当于百分之数十程度的小型化。
这里，如果充电到并联监视器22进行一次动作，则以后以其为起点进行各个电容器21的充放电，其结果，在充放电时由于自动地减少并联监视器22动作的机会，因此伴随着并联监视器22使电流旁路而可能发生的功耗也减少。
作为适用在车辆中的混合驱动装置，希望控制蓄电装置12的充放电量使得SOC始终处在最佳范围。虽然锂离子类的电池能够比较正确地从电池电压求出SOC，但是一般众多的蓄电池由于是恒压器件，因此难于以高精度求出SOC。与此不同，在电容器的情况下，由于SOC与电压之间存在着(1)式及(2)式的关系，因此能够从电压正确地检测SOC。从而，如果依据该实施例，则能够正确地把握蓄电装置12的SOC，能够不浪费地有效地控制驱动发电机14的发动机13的运转，能够更进一步改善车辆的行驶燃料费用以及行驶性能。
电容器21的充放电的循环寿命由于比一般的车辆寿命长，因此在直到车辆不能够使用期间几乎不需要进行更换。即，电容器21与蓄电池相比较驱动装置的运转成本低得多。另外，在逆变器11的输入电压范围大时，作为开关换流器23还能够应用放电电流不具有恒压输出特性的器件。

Claims (4)

1．一种混合驱动装置，具备由发动机驱动的发电机；存储来自上述发电机的发生电力的蓄电装置；用上述发电机的电力以及/或者蓄电装置的电力驱动的电动机，其特征在于：
作为上述蓄电装置，具有把多个电容器单元串联连接了的电容器组；与上述各个电容器单元并联连接，如果各端电压超过预定值则把充电电流旁路的并联监视器；控制向上述电容器组的充电电力的恒流输出特性的开关换流器。
2．一种混合驱动装置，在具备由发动机驱动的发电机；存储来自上述发电机的发电电力的蓄电装置；用上述发电机的电力以及/或者蓄电装置的电力进行驱动，并且驱动车辆的驱动轮的电动机的混合型汽车中，其特征在于：
作为上述蓄电装置，具有把多个电容器单元并联连接了的电容器组；与上述各个电容器单元并联连接，如果各端电压超过预定值则把充电电流旁路的并联监视器；控制向上述电容器组的充电电力的恒流输出特性的开关换流器，
同时还设置了检测车辆的要求驱动力和上述蓄电装置的蓄电量，控制上述开关换流器使得可以得到对应于要求驱动力的电动机输出，同时控制发动机使得把上述蓄电量维持在最佳值的控制器。
3．如权利要求1或者权利要求2中所述的混合驱动装置，其特征在于：
上述蓄电装置具备控制来自电容器组的放电电力并且具有大动作范围的恒压输出特性的开关换流器。
4．如权利要求1或者权利要求2中所述的混合驱动装置，其特征在于：
上述蓄电装置的各个电容器是具有大静电容量的电偶极子型电容器。
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