CN1292042C - 包含温度稳定性且无污染乳化体系的油基钻井流体 - Google Patents
包含温度稳定性且无污染乳化体系的油基钻井流体 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及包括乳化体系的尤其适于高压/高温钻探的温度稳定性和无毒钻井流体,该乳化体系本身包含至少一种烷氧基化、聚烷氧基化或非烷氧基化超酰胺,任选还有非离子辅助表面活性剂。通过获得温度稳定性反向乳液,包含这种体系的油基钻井流体能够在高达200℃的温度下使用。
Description
本发明涉及即使在高温下也能够稳定油包水乳液的无毒乳化体系用于在HP/HT(高压/高温)钻探条件下,即高达大约200℃下使用的油基井流体的配制料的用途。
当钻井,更尤其钻油井时,必须使用井流体,尤其是钻井流体或钻井泥浆,来运输钻井产生的碎片到表面。井流体还必须冷却和润滑工具,维护井壁,发挥充分的反压作用,和最后,防止对地层的破坏。
主要使用两类井流体:水基流体或水基泥浆,以及油基流体或油基泥浆。水基泥浆比油基泥浆更便宜和在生态学上更能够接受,但后者尤其当钻探非常深的井(HP/HT)时具有明显的操作优点:良好的减摩擦作用,该流体对于地层,尤其粘土没有作用,对于生产区的破坏是轻微的,等等。
一般,油基泥浆是含有5-40%(体积)的分散盐水相的油包水乳液。这些反向乳液主要包括三类化合物:
·用于稳定该乳液的乳化剂;
·用于控制流变性能,更尤其是触变性的亲有机粘土;
·用于调节流体密度的增重材料如硫酸钡(重晶石(barytine))。
在油基泥浆用于钻探非常深的井的应用中,面临着两个主要的问题:
·乳液对温度的稳定性的问题:稳定乳液的乳化剂必须在高达将近200℃的温度的乳液中保持水滴。如果乳液被水滴的聚结所分离,则流体丧失了它的流变性能,尤其具有引起对地层严重破坏的危险;
·环境问题:乳化剂不仅必须是有效的,而且还必须尽可能无毒。
一般,在由富含柴油类芳族化合物的传统油基体系到对环境低毒性的油基配制料的转变中,泥浆对温度变得不稳定。这可能归因于所使用的油,如植物酯类对温度的稳定性,或者归因于乳化体系,它在较高的温度下不能稳定乳液。该限度是大约150℃,通常引起流体在高温下失去控制的问题。这种性能丧失是储油层毁坏(水渗入)和用这些流体钻探的井的生产率显著降低的问题的基础。
本发明提出了确保泥浆在高达大约200℃下的稳定性和此外具有减低毒性的乳化体系在井流体中的用途。
主要的乳化剂由如在2001年3月16日出版的在RHODIA CHIMIE名下的法国专利申请FR-A-2798387中所述的至少一种烷氧基化、聚烷氧基化或非烷氧基化超酰胺(superamide)组成。
术语“超酰胺”一般是指通过脂肪酸酯和一元醇或植物或动物来源的油(甘油三酯)的转酰胺基作用获得的链烷醇酰胺族。存在的链烷醇酰胺是通过脂肪酸的酰胺化获得的那些。然而,它们以包括酰胺、胺、脂肪酸和水的混合物的形式获得。一般,酰胺的浓度等于60-65wt%。相反,在超酰胺的情况下,最终混合物一般含有高于90wt%的酰胺,这具有明显的优点。在超酰胺的合成过程中,醇在反应过程中从所使用的脂肪酸酯中蒸馏出来,使反应进行完全。在以上引用的专利申请中所述的方法中产生的超酰胺含有最少的残留胺类,因此毒性低于使用技术人员已知的常规方法生产的等同酰胺。
本发明提出了温度稳定性、对环境无毒和尤其适于高压/高温钻探的油基井流体,包括分散在非混溶性连续相中的含水相,并且特征在于它包括含有具有以下通式之一的至少一种烷氧基化、聚烷氧基化或非烷氧基化超酰胺的乳化体系:
[R1-CON(R2)-CH2CHR3-O-(CHR4-CHR5O)m-(CH2CH2O)n]pX (I)
R1-CON-[CH2CHR3-O-(CHR4-CHR5O)m-(CH2CH2O)nX]2 (II)
其中
·R1表示线性或支化、饱和或不饱和C7-C30,优选C10-C22烃基,尤其脂族基团,任选携带至少一个羟基;
·R2表示氢原子或C1-C4烃基;
·R3表示氢原子或C1-C4烃基;
·R4和R5可以是相同的或不同的,表示氢原子或含有1或2个碳原子的烷基,前提是所述两个基团的至多一个是氢原子;
·X表示氢原子,C1-C6烃基,磷酸根,羧酸根,硫酸根或磺酸根基团;
·m是在0(包含)到20范围内的平均值;
·n是在0(包含)到50范围内的平均值;和
·p是1或2,取决于X的性质。
其中n=0和m=0的情况是本发明的优选情况。相应的超酰胺不是聚烷氧基化超酰胺。
更尤其,基团R1是由可以携带至少一个羟基化基团的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸衍生的线性或支化,饱和或不饱和C10-C22烃基。优选的是,所述基团含有至少一个烯属不饱和键。
能够列举的C10-C22饱和脂肪酸的实例是月桂酸,癸酸,癸酸,硬脂酸,异硬脂酸,顺式9-二十碳烯酸和肉豆蔻酸。能够举出的含有至少一个烯属不饱和键的C10-C22脂肪酸的非限制性实例是5-十二碳烯酸,9-十四碳烯酸,9-十六碳烯酸,油酸,岩芹酸,十九碳烯酸,芥酸,亚油酸,亚麻酸,生红酸,stearodonic acid,花生四烯酸,chypanodonic acid和蓖麻酸。在以上的酸当中,基团R1更尤其由选自9-十六碳烯酸,油酸,岩芹酸,芥酸,亚油酸,亚麻酸和蓖麻酸中的脂肪酸衍生而来。
基团R2和R3可以相同或不同,各自表示氢原子或C1-C4烃基;更尤其,它是饱和的。优选的是,基团R2和R3各自表示氢原子或甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基或异丁基。
基团R4和R5各自优选选自氢或甲基,前提是一个而非两个同时表示氢原子。在该优选实施方案中,相应的结构部分由环氧丙烷衍生而来。
如上所述,m表示平均值,是在0(包含)到20的范围内。类似地,n表示平均值,是在0(包含)到50的范围内。
本发明的化合物优选是非离子形式。基团X则表示氢原子或C1-C6烃基。在这种情况下,p的值是1。
如上所述,在本发明中使用的超酰胺通过脂肪酸的酯和一元醇或植物或动物来源的油(甘油三酯),用胺,尤其是链烷醇胺如单乙醇胺或二乙醇胺进行转酰胺基作用来获得。
能够提及的植物来源的油的实例包括菜籽油,向日葵油,花生油,橄榄油,核桃油,玉米油,大豆油,亚麻子油,大麻子油,葡萄子油,椰子油,棕榈油,棉籽油,巴巴苏仁油,霍霍巴油,芝麻油,蓖麻油和芫荽油。优选,使用菜籽油。
能够列举的动物来源的油的实例包括抹香鲸油,海豚油,鲸油,海豹油,沙丁鱼油,鲱鱼油,鲨鱼油,鱼肝油,calfsfoot oil和牛、猪、马和羊脂肪(板油)。
最后,超酰胺能够由以上油的醇解反应,更准确地说甲醇分解得到的产物(脂肪酸和一元醇的酯)来获得。这些产品那么是用在这些油中含有的脂肪酸的混合物形成的烷基酯,更准确地说是甲基酯。
当制备本发明的油基井流体时,连续相或油相可含有通常用于形成这类流体的任何类型的油基:实例是瓦斯油,原油,汽油,煤油,或者如现在因为环境保护原因而推荐的低毒性烃切取馏分如烯烃(由DOWELL SCHLUMBERGER生产的Ultidrill)或正链烷烃切取馏分(由BAROID生产的XP07或由BHI生产的EDC95),其主要特性是不含有或仅含有少量的芳族烃类,该芳族烃类对常规油基的高毒性负有主要责任。
基油的浓度可在60-95%(体积)的范围内,优选在70-90%(体积)的范围内。
用于生产这些流体的水量通常是在流体的5-40%(体积)的范围内,优选是在10-30%(体积)的范围内。该含水相可为淡水或咸水(海水或盐水)。高浓度NaCl、CaCl2、CaCO3或CaSO4的存在对所生产的乳液的稳定性没有负面影响,乳化剂是非离子型的并因此对于盐的存在仅轻度敏感。
本发明的井流体中的超酰胺可单独或作为混合物使用。
如以上定义的主要乳化剂优选与辅助表面活性剂(优选非离子型),如脂肪酸,二元羧酸或羧酸盐一起使用。能够列举的例子是牛油脂肪酸。
井流体的确切组成取决于该流体的特定应用。然而,在大多数情况下,相对于含水相的10-30wt%的乳化剂浓度将足以获得令人满意的结果。辅助表面活性剂例如可占乳化体系的大约10到60wt%。
该流体可含有5-25wt%的石灰,5-15wt%亲有机处理粘土(例如膨润土)和其量足以获得大约2.4的比重的至少一种增重材料如硫酸钡(重晶石)。它还可以含有至多大约10wt%的流体损失控制剂。还可以添加例如相对于该流体的5-40wt%比例的二醇,例如乙二醇,聚二醇,甘油或聚甘油。
所制备的井流体能够通过使足以获得所需结果的量循环来用于井的钻探、完井或翻修。
本发明的乳液或泥浆的稳定性能够以不同方式测试:在不同温度下对初级乳液的样品进行的稳定性试验(也称为瓶内试验);对老化之前和之后的完全泥浆进行的API电稳定性试验;和在老化之前和之后进行的HP/HT过滤试验。在老化完全泥浆之前和之后使用DSC进行的量热法还能够将温度老化对乳液中液滴尺寸的影响量化。
以下实施例举例说明本发明,但决不限制它的范围。除非另有规定,百分数按重量给出。
在实施例中使用以下乳化体系:
·TA1:商购体系:作为对比使用的Interdrill Emul HT和Interdrill LORM(88-12wt%);
·TA2(根据本发明):35wt%的SA1超酰胺和其余是脂肪酸的混合物。超酰胺SA1由1摩尔的菜籽油与2.5摩尔的二乙醇胺的反应获得。脂肪酸是由DRT-GRANEL在商品名Résinoline BD2下出售的牛油脂肪酸。它含有48重量份的油酸和30重量份的亚油酸,其中棕榈酸和硬脂酸是等重的最高含量;
·TA3(根据本发明):50wt%的SA2超酰胺和50wt%的脂肪酸(Résinoline BD2)的混合物。超酰胺SA2由1摩尔的菜籽油甲基酯与1摩尔的单乙醇胺的反应获得;
·TA4(根据本发明):20wt%的SA3超酰胺和80wt%的脂肪酸(Résinoline BD2)的混合物。超酰胺SA3由1摩尔的具有高芥酸含量(C22)的菜籽油甲基酯与1摩尔的单乙醇胺的反应获得;
·TA5(根据本发明):50wt%的SA4超酰胺和50wt%的脂肪酸(RésinolineBD2)的混合物。超酰胺SA4由1摩尔的具有高芥酸含量的菜籽油甲基酯与1摩尔的单乙醇胺反应,随后使所形成的酰胺(SA3)与1摩尔的环氧丙烷反应来获得;
·TA6(根据本发明):20wt%的SA3超酰胺和80wt%的脂肪酸(RésinolineBD2)的混合物。超酰胺SA3由1摩尔的具有高芥酸含量的菜籽油甲基酯与1摩尔的单乙醇胺的反应获得。将25%的甘油加入到该混合物中,这对于该配制料中的大量固体是最佳化的。
实施例1:对初级乳液进行的瓶内试验
首先使用简化体系或初级乳液与商购乳化体系(由DOWELL-SCHLUMBERGER生产的Interdrill Emul HT和Interdrill LORM)进行对比来评价乳化剂。
配制料:
·基油:Ultidrill矿物油;
·盐水:具有20wt%CaCl2的水;
·所用乳化体系:TA1,TA2,TA3,TA5。
乳化剂的总量在3-15wt%的范围内变化,相对于盐水的体积。
将乳化剂溶解在56ml的油中,再使用Silverson混合机在7200rpm下混合2分钟。将盐水(14ml)和石灰(1.4g Ca(OH)2)加入到混合物中,再在7200rpm下继续搅拌15分钟。然后将70ml混合物倒入100ml量筒中。在2小时之后和24小时之后观察乳液的稳定性。
结果(按乳化相相对于初始体积的百分数来表示)在以下表中给出。
表1
2小时后的%乳液 | 24小时后的%乳液 | |||||||
乳化剂 | TA1 | TA2 | TA3 | TA5 | TA1 | TA2 | TA3 | TA5 |
3wt% | 39 | 65 | 99 | 67 | 31 | 49 | 86 | 50 |
7.5wt% | 48 | 97 | 99 | 96.4 | 33 | 66 | 94 | 52.9 |
15wt% | 86 | 99 | 100 | 97.2 | 40 | 97 | 99 | 62 |
能够看出,本发明的乳化体系能够获得比对比体系高得多的初级乳液稳定性。包含本发明的乳化体系TA3的配制料获得了最佳结果。
实施例2:对初级乳液进行的瓶内试验
还对几种乳化体系观测了在大气压和20-70℃的温度下老化乳液的影响。
配制料:
·基油:Ultidrill矿物油(H1)或EDC95(H2);
·盐水:具有20wt%CaCl2的水;
·所用乳化体系:TA1、TA3和TA4。
结果在下表中给出。
表2
油 | H1 | H2 | ||||
乳化体系 | TA1 | TA3 | TA4 | TA1 | TA3 | TA4 |
在20℃下的稳定性 | <30’ | >96h | >96h | <30’ | >96’ | >96h |
在50℃下的稳定性 | <30’ | >1h | >18h | <30’ | >1h | >23h |
在70℃下的稳定性 | <30’ | <30’ | >30’ | <30’ | <1h | >3h |
再次能够看出,本发明的乳化体系在乳液中获得了高得多的温度稳定性。
实施例3:完全泥浆的稳定性
在完全配制料中比较不同的乳化体系。不同组分使用HamiltonBeach共混机混合,并且使用配备乳化头的Silverson混合机来形成乳液。
将288ml的基油倒入Hamilton Beach共混机的高脚杯状贮器(goblet)中,再加入14g的乳化体系,3g的流体损失控制剂(Versatrol或Truflo100)和12.5g的石灰Ca(OH)2,在低速下混合5分钟。然后添加7g的亲有机处理粘土(“bentone38”),再在低速下继续混合5分钟。缓慢添加74ml的包括20g CaCl2/100g蒸馏水的盐水,再保持搅拌10分钟(低速)。然后缓慢添加452g的重晶石(增重材料),混合物再在中速下搅拌20分钟。生产该泥浆的最终步骤用具有配备乳化头的标准设备的Silverson L4RT装置来完成。将混合物在6600rpm下搅拌10分钟。
然后使用API流变学试验和电稳定性试验(API标准13B-2)和静态HP/HT过滤在180℃下老化16小时之前和之后评价井流体。静态过滤试验在35巴的压差和180℃的温度下进行。一种重要的测定是在老化泥浆之前和之后的滤液的数量和质量的测定。回收的滤液必须不含水。如果检测到自由水或乳液的存在,这意味着该乳液在过滤过程中已被破坏。
对于在第一系列测定中考虑的泥浆,基油是Ultidrill(H1)矿物油,所用乳化体系是TA1、TA3、TA4和TA5。
结果在以下表中给出。
表3
在老化之前 | 在180℃下老化16小时之后 | ||||||
乳化剂 | TA1 | TA3 | TA4 | TA5 | TA1 | TA3 | TA4 |
AV(cP) | 35 | 34 | 44 | 53 | 45 | 52 | 86 |
PV(cP) | 24 | 23 | 30 | 36 | 37 | 30 | 55 |
YP(英磅/100英尺2) | 22 | 22 | 28 | 14 | 16 | 44 | 62 |
Gel 0/10(英磅/100英尺2) | 11/16 | 10/10 | 17/21 | 7/24 | 2/3 | 10/16 | 47/77 |
ES(V) | 1345 | 1060 | 750 | 1060 | 55 | 255 | 397 |
在30分钟时的滤液(g) | 3.3 | 4.5 | 3.6 | - | 54.2 | 47.8 | 4.3 |
水在滤液中的存在与否 | 否 | 否 | 否 | - | 是 | 是 | 否 |
AV:表观粘度
PV:塑性粘度
YP:屈服点(应力阈值)
Ge1 0/10:凝胶在10秒和10分钟时的值
ES:电稳定性
能够看出,在对比配制料(TA1)的情况下,电稳定性在180℃的老化步骤之后失去,并且过滤结果差(在滤液中存在水)。在本发明的体系的情况下,电稳定性的下降要轻得多,并且过滤结果较好;对于TA4体系,它们是优异的。
使用具有相同组成但其中用EDC95(H2)矿物油代替Ultidrill矿物油的完全泥浆来进行相同的测定。
在第二系列中考虑的泥浆中,所用乳化体系是TA1、TA4和TA6。
结果在以下表中给出。
表4
在老化之前 | 在180℃下老化16小时之后 | |||||
乳化剂 | TA1 | TA4 | TA6 | TA1 | TA4 | TA6* |
AV(cP) | 55 | 69 | 57 | 48 | 70 | 24 |
PV(cP) | 42 | 50 | 48 | 43 | 50 | 16 |
YP(英磅/100英尺2) | 26 | 38 | 18 | 10 | 40 | 16 |
Gel 0/10(英磅/100英尺2) | 14/20 | 18/26 | 22/16 | 3/4 | 27/45 | 22/22 |
ES(V) | 1307 | 751 | - | 232 | 505 | - |
在30分钟时的滤液(g) | 2.0 | 2.1 | - | 13.6 | 2.2 | - |
水在滤液中的存在与否 | 否 | 否 | - | 是 | 否 | - |
AV:表观粘度
PV:塑性粘度
YP:屈服点(应力阈值)
Gel 0/10:凝胶在10秒和10分钟时的值
ES:电稳定性
使用油基H2,再次能够看出,使用本发明的体系生产的乳液的稳定性比使用对比体系(TA1)生产的乳液要高得多。
实施例4:DSC研究
我们使用DSC量热技术证明,在用超酰胺生产的完全泥浆中含有的液滴的尺寸在180℃的老化时受影响较小。测量油基泥浆中的水滴的尺寸是非常困难的,这主要因为在这类流体中含有大量的固体。DSC能使完全泥浆样品不用稀释来进行分析。冷却该样品,直到发现水滴结晶为止。观测到的结晶温度越低,液滴越小(Clauses,D.,“ResearchTechniques Utilizing Emulsions”,Encyclopedia of EmulsionTechnology,Becher,P.,Dekker出版,New York,1985;卷2,77页)。
比较用基油H2形成的两种泥浆,一种用商购乳化体系TA1生产,另一种用本发明的TA4体系生产。这两种泥浆在老化之前(图1和2)和在180℃下老化16小时之后(图3和4)使用DSC进行研究。比较老化之前的两种泥浆(BHR),能够看出,它们的结晶温度是相似的(大约-93℃)。因此能够假定,在室温下生产之后,这两种泥浆具有可比尺寸和因此可比稳定性的水滴总数。当分析老化后的泥浆(AHR)时,能够看出,情况不再是这样。对于TA1基泥浆,结晶温度大约是-55℃级。因此,液滴已经聚结。因此在16小时之后,泥浆的稳定性不再是非常高的。相反,对于TA4基泥浆,老化后的结果好的多。发现了两个结晶峰。因此,液滴具有不同尺寸。第一个峰是在大约-59℃,第二个峰是在大约-77℃,表明在使用TA4生产的泥浆中的水滴的平均尺寸比在使用TA1生产的泥浆中的液滴的尺寸小得多。用本发明的体系生产的泥浆的稳定性因此在老化后优于对比体系。
实施例5:本发明体系的毒性和生物降解性能
该研究由NIVA(专门评价在北海中使用的油基流体的毒性的独立挪威实验室)进行。
这些试验涉及海水中的生物降解性能和毒性。
海水生物降解性能试验使用SA3超酰胺乳化剂用标准OECD 306程序(闭瓶试验)来进行。获得了65%的生物降解性能(62.6-66.4%),这显然是可以接受的。
用含有125ml的Ultidrill油、125ml含20wt%CaCl2的盐水、12.5g的Ca(OH)2、6.5g的由1.25g的SA3和5g的牛油脂肪酸(Résinoline BD2)构成的乳化剂、和0.42g的甘油的配制料对存在于北海中的三个物种进行毒性监测。
根据ISO标准10253对骨条藻属costatum进行海洋藻类生长抑制试验,以及使用Arcatia tonsa和蜾赢蜚属Volutator用ISO/FDIS14669程序来进行急性致死毒性试验。
结果在以下表中给出。
表5
物种 | 骨条藻属costatum | Arcatia tonsa | 蜾赢蜚属Volutator |
ErC50=2900mg/l(*) | LC50>10000mg/l(**) | LC50>2056mg/l(**) |
这里给出的结果证实了所用产品的良好生物降解性能和无毒性。
Claims (16)
1、一种对温度稳定的、对环境无毒和适用于高压/高温钻探的油基井流体,包括分散在非混溶性连续相中的水相,其特征在于包括含有具有下列通式之一的至少一种烷氧基化、聚烷氧基化或非烷氧基化超酰胺的乳化体系,所述超酰胺含有高于90重量%的酰胺:
[R1-CON(R2)-CH2CHR3-O-(CHR4-CHR5O)m-(CH2CH2O)n]pX (I)
R1-CON-[CH2CHR3-O-(CHR4-CHR5O)m-(CH2CH2O)nX]2 (II)
其中
·R1表示线性或支化、饱和或不饱和C10-C22烃基,任选地带有至少一个羟基;
·R2表示氢原子或C1-C4烃基;
·R3表示氢原子或C1-C4烃基;
·R4和R5可以是相同的或不同的,表示氢原子或含有1或2个碳原子的烷基,前提是所述两个基团中的至多一个是氢原子;
·X表示氢原子,C1-C6烃基,磷酸根、羧酸根、硫酸根或磺酸根基团;
·m是在大于等于0到小于20范围内的平均值;
·n是在大于等于0到小于50范围内的平均值;和
·p是1或2,取决于X的特性。
2、根据权利要求1的井流体,特征在于在超酰胺式中,n等于0和m等于0。
3、根据权利要求1的井流体,特征在于所述超酰胺是通过脂肪酸和一元醇的酯或植物或动物来源的油,用链烷醇胺进行转酰胺基作用而获得的。
4、根据权利要求3的井流体,特征在于所述链烷醇胺是单乙醇胺或二乙醇胺。
5、根据权利要求3的井流体,特征在于所述链烷醇胺是单乙醇胺。
6、根据权利要求3的井流体,特征在于所述链烷醇胺是二乙醇胺。
7、根据权利要求1-6中任一项的井流体,其中水相的量是5-40体积%,连续相的量是60-95体积%。
8、根据权利要求7的井流体,其中水相的量是10-30体积%,连续相的量是70-90体积%。
9、根据权利要求1-6中任一项的井流体,特征在于所述水相选自淡水、海水和盐水,以及所述连续相由选自瓦斯油、原油、汽油、煤油、烯属烃切取馏分和正链烷烃切取馏分的基油构成。
10、根据权利要求1-6中任一项的井流体,特征在于所述乳化体系相对于水相是以10-30重量%的浓度。
11、根据权利要求1-6中任一项的井流体,特征在于所述乳化体系还包括至少一种非离子型辅助表面活性剂。
12、根据权利要求11的井流体,特征在于所述非离子型辅助表面活性剂选自脂肪酸、二羧酸和羧酸酯。
13、根据权利要求11的井流体,特征在于所述乳化体系包括10-60重量%的超酰胺和40-90重量%的非离子型辅助表面活性剂。
14、根据权利要求1-6中任一项的井流体,其特征在于含有5-25重量%的石灰、5-15重量%的亲有机处理粘土、其量足以产生大约为2.4的密度的至少一种增重材料、和至多10重量%的流体损失控制剂。
15、根据权利要求1-6中任一项的井流体,特征在于它还含有5-40重量%的选自二醇、聚乙二醇、甘油和聚甘油的至少一种产品。
16、在钻井、完井或翻修操作中使用井流体的方法,包括使根据权利要求1-15中任一项的井流体在所述井中循环。
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FR0007198A FR2809743B1 (fr) | 2000-06-06 | 2000-06-06 | Fluide de puits a base d'huile comprenant un systeme emulsifiant stable en temperature et non polluant |
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WO2001094495A1 (fr) | 2001-12-13 |
BR0111436A (pt) | 2003-06-10 |
FR2809743A1 (fr) | 2001-12-07 |
CA2411696C (fr) | 2010-11-16 |
AU2001274191A1 (en) | 2001-12-17 |
EP1294821A1 (fr) | 2003-03-26 |
DE60102467D1 (de) | 2004-04-29 |
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FR2809743B1 (fr) | 2006-08-18 |
DK1294821T3 (da) | 2004-07-19 |
CA2411696A1 (fr) | 2001-12-13 |
US7247604B2 (en) | 2007-07-24 |
BR0111436B1 (pt) | 2011-08-09 |
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DE60102467T2 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
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