CN1277439A - Normal-temperature nuclear fusion energy convertor - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is one nuclear energy converting equipment, which features that at normal temperature, the nuclear energy converting equipment with palladium cathode to electrolyze lithium containing heavy water is impacted to start light nuclear reaction and hydrogen or deuterium and lithium to produce deuterium and tritium. Nuclear energy is converted into heat energy to produce steam driving steam turbine to generate power. The present invention provides a nuclear energy converting equipment including a light nucleic concentrating environment, an electrolytic equipment to electrolyze lithium containing heavy water, an environment to speed lithium ion into high-energy particle, a neutron flow to supply energy continuously, a fast energy output system and an automatic control system.

Description

Normal temperature nuclear fusion nuclear energy conversion device

The invention relates to a nuclear energy conversion device, which is characterized in that a heavy water electrolysis device bombarding a palladium cathode by high-energy particle flow at normal temperature starts a light nuclear reaction: hydrogen or deuterium reacts with lithium to produce deuterium and helium. The nuclear energy is converted into heat energy, and water vapor is evaporated to drive a gas turbine generator to generate electricity.

The world's first news of so-called "cold nuclear fusion" was published in 1989 by Pons, the university of Utah in the city of salt lakes, USA, and Fleischmann, the chemical department of the southern Kapton university, UK. They developed a "neutron anomaly" phenomenon from the palladium electrode that electrolyzes heavy water. Of the two experiments that may initiate a universal epoch, an important experimental result is obtained: the heavy water of the palladium cathode is electrolyzed, and the nuclear reaction at normal temperature can be realized. This is an epoch-making experiment. Unfortunately, their experimental results are not repeated for most people. Many laboratories claim that they achieve "cold nuclear fusion". But soon, the continuous invention human pons also denied the possibility of "cold nuclear fusion".

Doctor's student grandfather forest of professor wujing, king of zhejiang university, also made doctor's paper: the phenomenon of 'cold nuclear fusion' is analyzed from the interaction between palladium and deuterium. The conclusion is that: the source of the abnormal temperature rise is PdD_xHeat of formation of (d), etc.; caused by the release of elastic strain energy in the palladium crystal. They confirmed the presence of part d in the form of positive ions. [15]

Why did the experiment create a great effort not achieve due results? Since Pons et al do not understand the principle of "cold nuclear fusion". Once the experiment was done, but does not know what strength made the "cold nuclear fusion" experiment successful? In conclusion, the theoretical basis of 'cold nuclear fusion' is lacked. Therefore, most people can not repeatedly find out the basic condition of the success of the cold nuclear fusion.

The united states salt lake city is a place with a large radioactive background. In local soil and building materials, radioactive radon exists. Neutrons are present. Many researchers do not consider this. From our theory, experiments were performed where the radioactivity background was large. The cold nuclear fusion experiment may be successful. The more the conditions are strict, the more the background is reduced to zero, the more the condition is not finished.

Many physicists consider: the chemical energy is of the order of a few to a dozen electron volts, whereas nuclear reactions require megaelectron volts (10)⁶) An energy of a magnitude. Can a chemical reaction process cause a nuclear reaction?

If these two questions are tied together, we are provided with a reflection: whether there is some reason which we do not know yet, makes the energy of some apparent chemical reaction go through the process of mutation, i.e. concentration, and makes the cold nuclear fusion go on.

The most primitive literature is the Fleischmann and Pons article: "electrochemical inductionNuclear fusion of. Palladium cathode at 1X 1 cm. The electrolyte was 0.1M LiOD at 99.5% D₂O+0.5％H₂And (4) O solution. At 250mA/cm²The current density of (1). And electrolyzing for 120 hours. When there is a disposable pure D₂At O, partial purity occursThe palladium melted (melting point of palladium 1554 ℃) and part of the palladium evaporated, causing the destruction of the experimental set-up. Neutron anomalies three times the background were obtained.

What is there the force to melt and vaporize metallic palladium with a melting point of 1554? Is this the heat of chemical reaction or other cause? It is known that palladium is immersed in heavy water. At a current density of less than 1A/cm²Why can such high temperatures be generated? Without an extremely large heat generation rate, it is possible that metals immersed in water (at a temperature of 100 ℃ C. in water) would suddenly generate such a high heat generation rateAbove 1554 ℃, melting and vaporizing palladium? Apart from the occurrence of certain radioactive processes, no other chemical processes can be responsible.

We consider that: in this regard, it is fully proven that: there must be some nuclear reaction, not known at present, in progress! What is why is the metallic palladium melted and vaporized? This is the question that the invention is to answer.

The first proposed "cold nuclear fusion" was a patent 60 years ago. Solutions containing Li were used at the time. After publishing the results of feip, s.e. jones (university of brigliam. young, physical and chemical series) also detected repeated neutron flux in heavy aqueous solutions of electrolyzed titanium metal. The italian national energy laboratory electrolyzes at 77 ° K titanium at atmospheric pressure, observing neutron flux many times 20 times higher than background. Most laboratories do not make duplicate results. The main points of opposition are: the scale is too small, so that no significance is brought; the experimental precision is not enough to explain the problem;

why do not have repeated experiments on many physics? Because they are where the background of neutrons is too small, or experiments are done under very stringent, very low background conditions. The basic conditions for producing cold nuclear fusion are lacking.

Why is neutron required? We talk now about our theory.

It is considered that the number of neutrons in F and P experiments is too small, and the experimental value is 1-2X 10⁴Neutron, only as large as 10¹⁹/m³The problem can be explained. However they forgot to calculate the volume of electrolytic palladium at the time of calculation. Palladium is only 1X 1cm³＝1×10^-6m³The area of the counter is pi 1.5²＝7cm²If the counter is 10cm away from the palladium electrode, the counted amount is only 7/4 pi 10³＝2.3×10^-4The number of actually measured neutrons is 10 by summing the above factors¹⁴A neutron. Considering the time factor, the number of the neutrons required by the ignition is not far away.

Six results were obtained from experiments performed by F and P: the heat released (enthalpy) is proportional to the volume of palladium; the heat released (enthalpy) is proportional to the current;the heat released (enthalpy) is proportional to the logarithm of the current density; the heat released (enthalpy) is related to the shape of the electrode; the electrolysis with 1X 1cm of palladium for 120 hours once occurred (current density 125,250 mA/cm)²) The total number of neutrons and β -products measured in the experiment was 10²-10³And (4) respectively. By analysis, the melting and partial vaporization of metallic palladium is an experimental fact. There are certain reasons for this. Cold fusion is possible.

The controllable cold nuclear fusion reaction conditions are four: firstly, a self-multiplication reaction and environment of neutrons are needed; secondly, mass loss reaction is required to generate energy; thirdly, an inexpensive device for starting nuclear reaction is required; fourthly, means for controllably adjusting the nuclear reaction intensity is required. The palladium cathode electrolysis of the Li-containing heavy aqueous solution can meet the four conditions.

(1)、⁷The Li (n, xn) reaction is a neutron self-propagating reaction of controlled intensity.

This reaction is:

(1)

x-2. Its neutron component has energy from 1.6 to 13.7Mev and reaction cross section of 0.6 b/sr. This reaction explains the reason for neutron anomalies in cold nuclear fusion experiments. The generation of neutron anomalies was not originally conceived

-React but instead⁷Li absorbs neutrons. It also shows that neutrons are the first necessary condition for cold nuclear fusion reactions. Without a large background, cold nuclear fusion reactions are not possible. The university of north teachers, who is taught by Wuzhongda, gives the authors a belief that when the physical accelerator is started during the experiment, the neutron anomaly obtained is large (up to 500 neutrons per hour), and when the accelerator is not started, the neutron anomaly is small; this proves the authors' theory above.

However, how are the fast neutrons of the above reaction obtained?

⁶Li having thermal neutron captureAbility to generate 1mev. The yield of high-energy neutrons is 80X 10^-6Per neutron. The HTO is released. Natural Li content⁶Li 7.24%. Thermal neutrons in the background⁶In the environment of Li, nearly 0.8% of neutrons are accelerated to Mev for nuclear fusion. It is possible to increase it by a factor of three by the number of neutrons via reaction (1). This is the level of neutrons measured in the Pons experiment.

(2) There are many reactions that can produce a mass deficit to produce energy, e.g.⁶Li capture of neutrons to produce fast neutrons and H²In O¹The reaction is carried out by H (2a),

(2a)

the reaction cross section of the reaction is 0.332b,. DELTA.m-2.2245, and the energy is 2.21Mev, the neutron of this energy being the energy measured in cold nuclear fusion.

(2b)

Δ m ═ 4.7846 Mev. Δ m is the mass loss.

⁶The yield of the Li compound is more than 96% at 100-600 DEG C⁶Li (n, a) T reaction witha neutron cross-section of 953b, with Li irradiation₂O，LiOH，Li₂CO₃. This is the case.

d is further reacted with⁷The reaction of Li is carried out in the presence of Li,

(2c)

the mass loss for this reaction was-15.1218 Mev. In addition to this, there are various reactions of Pd and⁷various reactions of Li with d, H and T, etc.⁷Li(H，d)⁶Li，⁷Li(d，n)Za，⁷Li(d，n)⁸Be，⁷Li(d，³Hc)⁶Hc，⁷Li(d，t)⁶Li，⁷Li (d, a a) n, and the like.

Note that: the reaction (1) and the reaction (2a) are coupled, and the complete controllable cold nuclear fusion reaction is realized. Reaction (1) provides a controlled amount of neutrons and (2b) (2c) is a nuclear fusion reaction, producing energy. The first possible cold nuclear fusion reaction can be written as,

(2d)

reactions (1) and (2c), coupled, can be written as,

(2e)

(3) neutron bombardment is a necessary condition for initiation of ignition of nuclear reactions. The above general reaction is to realize the nuclear fusion reaction of Li and H or d under neutron bombardment. The cathode palladium heavy water electrolysis device is an accelerator of Li, H and d. This is an inexpensive accelerating device for generating positive ions. It has been said previously that in the Li environment, the background heat is subject to conditions that can be accelerated to the Mcv level, and most people ignore this most important condition.

(4) Reaction (1) (2d) is an excellent controlled nuclear reaction. Because the reaction section of the reaction (1) is smaller, the control step is provided, and manual control can be realized by controlling the number of neutrons entering the system. The reactions (2a), (2b) and (2c) have a large reaction cross section, and are very easy to proceed, and are energy sources. As a result of this coupling, reactions (2a) - (2d) continue to produce energy and reaction (1) continues to supply neutrons. Neutrons may also be provided artificially, and the overall reaction may proceed as long as the energy of the neutrons is accelerated to a certain extent.

4. How are neutrons of the cold nuclear fusion reaction accelerated to Mev?

The problem now is how are the most primitive neutrons accelerated to Mev energy?

The function of palladium is to react H, d⁺And Li⁺Immobilized in metallic palladium to a concentration of 1/2 molar of palladium. With palladium acting as d⁺，Li⁺And (4) acceleration. This type of reaction is a crystal insertion reaction of Pd.

Palladium is a face-centered crystal structure. Can form Pd₂H, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. This is a mosaic compound. The substance inlaid with not only deuterium but also Li is inserted into the palladium crystal with many deuterium inserted therein, and lithium metal is inserted into the palladium crystal with deuterium inserted thereinMany cracks occur, lithium is now inserted, and the inserted metal exists in the form of positive ions. Positive ions move in the negative electric field of the cathode: positive ion d⁺Lithium Li⁺Two forces are applied: provided that the cell is round. The center is a palladium cathode. Under the action of the electric field, a force A from the positive pole to the negative poleexists_i. The second force being A directed from the positive limit to the negative perpendicular to the previous force_jThe two forces thus act to form a vector cross product A_kIn a direction perpendicular to A_j，A_iThe plane is upward-facing and the bottom of the chamber is,

A_k＝A_i*A_j＝A_i×A_jSinθ

thus forming an iteration of making ions H in the metallic palladium⁺，Li⁺The energy of (2) is gradually accumulated.

Deuterium cations are also subjected to similar forces, and two different ions interact with each other; an internal swirling action is created within the metallic palladium. Positive ions are formed to move circularly in both horizontal and vertical directions. The interaction is like an electrostatic accelerator. This is why the electrolysis is carried out for a period of more than 120 hours. On the one hand, the need to accumulate d⁺，Li⁺The concentration of the ions; on the other hand, energy needs to be accumulated in the coupled motion of the positive ions in three directions. Through multiple iterations, Li⁺Under the action of two electric field forces, the energy can exceed 10⁶And the power is doubled and reaches the high energy of megaelectron volts. The chaotic process is rapidly developed towards the direction of iteration, so that the energy density emitted in unit time is rapidly increased due to the iteration; as a result, d⁺，Li⁺The energy of the ions rises from several electron volts to the level of mega electron volts. In addition to positive ions being accelerated, there are electrons and other negative ions. When electrons and negative ions and positive ions collide with each other, the energy in the palladium is suddenly collectedThe method comprises the following steps: producing high energy in megaelectron volts. This is why the palladium melts. The palladium cathode electrolysis device is a cheap device for accelerating and colliding electrons and positive and negative ions. This phenomenon was discovered 60 years ago. However, after 60 years, F and PAttempts to make this human most revolution have almost lost the possibility of becoming a reality due to the lack of guidance from the theory of chaotic negative entropy will generally seem to be a result of what is being looked at. Several american scientists exploded and became sympathetic in 1991 when repeated experiments in F and P, further demonstrating the existence of this iterative process. Under the electrolytic condition of palladium metal, the accelerated energization of ions is possible

4. Controllable cold nuclear fusion reaction

²³⁵Why is U exploded? When a critical amount is reached, it receives a neutral bombardment, which produces three neutrons. Thus forming a chain reaction. But artificially bombarding deuterium with deuterium, the reaction cannot last as it does not form chain reactions. This tells us that to achieve a durable thermonuclear reaction, it is necessary to find a nuclear chain reaction that is capable of producing neutrons, but not so strong. The reaction (2e) is a reaction (1) which generates two neutrons from one neutron and is coupled with the energy production reaction (2c), the total number of neutrons is unchanged, but actually the number of neutrons is greatly insufficient, because the probability of the neutrons to continue to bombard is not high. Because of this, when a significant amount of neutrons are artificially supplied, it is possible for the nuclear reaction to be controlled in speed by the number of supplied neutrons. This is a controlled cold nuclear snap reaction.

Reaction (2d) is coupled from reaction (1) to reactions (2a) (2 b). Although the reaction (1) in which twoneutrons are generated from one neutron is coupled to the energy-producing reactions (2a) (2b), the total reaction is one neutron increment. In practice, the number of neutrons is not sufficient, or the chain reaction is only under certain optimal conditions. Because the probability of the neutron continuing to bombard is not high. This is also a condition that results in artificial control of the nuclear reaction rate. Reactions (7d) (7e) are therefore two controlled cold nuclear shock reactions. Larger neutrons need to be provided from the outside to bombard.

The neutron source is a relatively inexpensive ignition source to initiate the nuclear reaction.

A controllable normal-temperature light nuclear reaction device needs to meet the following conditions:

(1) there is a possibility of concentrating Li,of light nuclei such as hydrogenIn this case. Such as metallic palladium, titanium, rare earth-containing nickel, etc

(2) There is an environment that can create an iteration. Such as electric fields, magnetic fields, chaotic motion in which ions or other substances are caused to undergo energy concentration. An electrolysis apparatus for electrolyzing lithium-containing heavy water such as a palladium cathode;

(3) there is an environment that can accelerate lithium ions into high energy particles. Environments such as metallic lithium;

(4) there is a continuous supply of foreign energetic particles of comparable energy density and intensity to initiate the nuclear reaction. Such as neutrons, a-particles, high intensity x-rays, gamma-rays, high energy positive and negative ions; to control the hydrogen nuclear reaction.

(5) An energy output system and a relatively large heat exchange area; the heat energy that heats up very quickly is removed from the system. Such as metallic lithium, sodium, etc.;

(6) an automatic control system is provided to ensure the system to be in strict safety guarantee;

human energy is a big problem for all humans. If humans cannot realize a non-carbon energy-based transition in the next two centuries, the situation will arise that no energy is available for use if the human is not used for a long time. The utilization of uranium is only the beginning of the utilization of nuclear energy by humans. The nuclear reaction of deuterium is the target of best utilization of nuclear energy by humans by artificially controlling potassium fusion hydrogen.

The theoretical basis of normal temperature nuclear fusion is put forward in the book of chaos thermodynamics and chaos universe observation of the inventor. She indicates that:

(1) the reaction of normal temperature nuclear fusion is that lithium fuses hydrogen or tritium to generate tritium and helium;

(2) the device for electrolyzing the lithium-containing heavy water by the palladium cathode is an electrostatic accelerator for electrons or ions;

(3) the palladium cathode electrolysis lithium-containing heavy water device can generate high energy of Mev. The principle is that the vector cross product of electric field force generates chaotic negative entropy, and the energy of particles and electrons is improved by tens of millions of times through iteration.

(4) Bombardment with an external energy source, such as a significant density of energetic interventions, is required to initiate nuclear reactions. In the absence of this condition, the reaction of normal temperature nuclear fusion is impossible.

By combining the two conditions, the reaction of normal temperature nuclear fusion can be carried out.

The output heat is subjected to heat exchange to generate high-pressure steam, and the generator is driven to realize a new way of converting nuclear energy into human future energy source of electric energy.

Example 1:

the cathode is made of metal palladium and has a volume of 10 cubic centimeters. The electrolyte is saturated lithium hydroxide heavy water solution 500cm 3; the anode is a metallic nickel net; several kilograms of lithium hydroxide are arranged around the electrolytic cell to protect the environment. And (4) electrolyzing. The current density was 1A/cm 3. Having a source of neutrons of controlled intensity, emitting an energy of 1-17Mev, and having a density of 10¹⁶And/cm 3, when the electrolysis is carried out for 10 hours, a neutron increment signal is sent out, and the light nuclear reaction is started. An explosion is generated.

Example 2:

the cathode takes metal palladium as a material, and the volume is 150 cubic centimeters; several holes are opened up and down to connect copper tube to output heat quantity from the melted lithium or lithium hydroxide, a heating device is provided to ensure the temperature above the melting point of lithium or lithium hydroxide. The electrolyte is 5kg of saturated lithium hydroxide heavy water solution; the anode is a metallic nickel net; hundreds of kilograms of metallic lithium, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide or lithium hydroxide are arranged around the electrolytic cell to protect the environment. The electrolytic current density was 5A/cm 3. Having a source of neutrons of controlled intensity, emitting an energy of 1-17Mev, and having a density of 10¹⁶-10²⁰And/cm 3, when the electrolysis is carried out for 10 hours, a neutron increment signal is sent out, and the light nuclear reaction is started. The heat output is cooled with water at 100 ℃. Hotvapor is generated.

Claims (10)

1. (1) The invention relates to a nuclear energy conversion device, which is characterized in that the conversion device is an electrolysis device consisting of a cathode, an anode, electrolyte and a power supply;
2. (2) the invention relates to a nuclear energy conversion device, which is characterized in that the nuclear reaction in the nuclear device is hydrogen or deuterium and lithium reaction to generate tritium and helium;
3. (3) the nuclear energy conversion device of claim (1) (2), wherein the electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of water and heavy water solutions of lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium fluoride, lithium chloride, alone or in combination, and has a concentration of 0.01 to 5000 g/l;
4. (4) the nuclear energy conversion device of claim (1) or (2), wherein the single or mixed isotopes are placed around the device⁶Li or⁷Lithium metal of Li, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, water and a solution thereof in an amount of 0.01 g to 100 tons;
5. (5) the nuclear energy conversion device of claim (1) or (2), wherein there is a continuously supplied stream of particles having a density of 10^-24To 10³⁰Particle flow irradiation of/m 3;
6. (6) the nuclear energy conversion device of claim (1) (7), wherein there is a continuously supplied particle stream irradiated with a particle stream having an intensity of 0.01Mev to 1000 Mev;
7. (7) the nuclear energy conversion device of claim (1) (2) wherein there is a continuously supplied stream of particles which are neutrals, a-particles, x-rays, gamma-rays, electrons, positive and negative ions;
8. (8) the nuclear energy conversion device of (1) or (2), wherein in the energy output system, the heat exchange fluid is metallic lithium, lithium hydroxide, water, heavy water, or a mixture thereof;
9. (9) the nuclear energy conversion device of claim (1) (2) having an automatic temperature, neutron, pressure, flow metering and control system;
10. (10) the nuclear power conversion device of claim (1) or (2), wherein the anode of the electrolysis device is metallic nickel.