CN1273351A - Method for exploiting and utilizing geothermic energy in geothermic or non-geothermic region - Google Patents
Method for exploiting and utilizing geothermic energy in geothermic or non-geothermic region Download PDFInfo
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- CN1273351A CN1273351A CN99104276A CN99104276A CN1273351A CN 1273351 A CN1273351 A CN 1273351A CN 99104276 A CN99104276 A CN 99104276A CN 99104276 A CN99104276 A CN 99104276A CN 1273351 A CN1273351 A CN 1273351A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
- F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
- F24T10/30—Geothermal collectors using underground reservoirs for accumulating working fluids or intermediate fluids
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
- F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
- F24T10/10—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy
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Abstract
A method for exploiting and utilizing geothermic energy in geothermic or non-geothermic region features that a deep geothermic well or an ultra-deep geothermic level well is drilled, and an electric generator system and a heat supply and heating system are built up on the ground for generating electric energy, providing hot water and heating with geothermic resource. Its advantages include full-enclosed circulation without pollution and corrosion, high thermal efficiency, and high electric power.
Description
The invention belongs to the geothermal energy exploitation and utilize technical field.
Exploitation at present utilizes the geothermal energy resources technology, mainly is confined to the exploitation of underground heat well depth in 3500 meters scopes and utilizes the shallow geothermal energy technology of nature, and promptly exploitation utilizes in shallow underground heat water layer in explored shallow geothermal area or the carbonated drink layer finite region scope.The present invention's exploitation utilizes the method for the deep layer and the super deep geothermal heat energy, is applicable to earth geothermal area and non-geothermal area.
The major defect that existing shallow geothermal energy resources exploitation utilizes is to rely on GEOTHERMAL WATER and the geothermal energy temperature of steam, pressure, spray vapour quantity etc. of blowing energy adopt to the well head of ground generally on the low side, generally in 40～150 ℃.150 ℃ of geothermal power generation temperature and expulsion pressure that most of geothermal areas are difficult to reach minimum reach the above energy requirement of 5Mpa.So the shallow naturally geothermal power generation power of tradition is always very little, only reaches 2～100,000 kW levels.Simultaneously, the prolongation along with the shallow naturally geothermal area exploitation time limit tends to cause shallow GEOTHERMAL WATER, the blowing vapour quantity of vapour layer, pressure, water level to successively decrease, and rough sledding such as additional geothermal water layer water yield difficulty in ground and surface subsidence can occur.
In addition, have in the shallow underground heat water and steam of a lot of geothermal areas, often contain some harmful chemical compositions, as hydrogen sulfide, helium etc.Must the heavy corrosion geothermal well-pipe, adopt the service life of economic securities such as hot well jaws equipment and electric turbine blade, even also can cause ecological environmental pollution when occurring revealing.
Purpose of the present invention, it is the weak point of utilizing technology at existing shallow underground heat exploitation, invent and a kind ofly obtain the high-temperature geothermal energy by boring geothermal area deep layer and the super deep geothermal heat well of non-geothermal area, and be used to generate electricity, a kind of new method that heat exchange produces pure domestic hot-water and heat supply heating.
Purpose of the present invention can reach by following measure:
1. dark geothermal well or the super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well that bores at geothermal area or non-geothermal area
Low, middle temperature geothermal area or non-geothermal area in no commercial mining value are beaten dark geothermal well of a bite and super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, make ground set up one with underground deep layer and super deep geothermal heat field and adopt the heat utilization passage.This casing programme is that the outermost layer at well bore has surface pipe, the deep layer sleeve pipe is arranged in it, again toward the internal layer production casing that conducts heat in addition, in the heat transfer production casing in shaft bottom level heat transfer well section, geothermal power generation condensation total backwater high pressure water injection well casing and down-hole output high temperature and high pressure steam adiabatic heat-insulation well casing is arranged, and import and export joining down-hole helix tube type thermal balance energy heat exchanger with two well casings.Be while geothermal power generation and heat supply heating; In super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, also with a cover straight well section deep production geothermal heating water pipe post is arranged under the pit shaft.Its structure is in the heat transfer production casing, and pressure injection well pipe and the interior output of well medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER adiabatic heat-insulation well casing in the total backwater of geothermal heating are arranged, and imports and exports joining down-hole straight pipe type thermal balance energy heat exchanger with two well casings.And the anticorrosion anti-interior safe heat transfer medium oil of pressing is full of middle part straight well section to the shaft bottom.In upper wellbore section, there are top layer drilling well conduit and support to adopt the thickened reinforced cast basis, ground of hot heapstead.Top at super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well mouth place; Be equipped with the shared hot well mouth of adopting and be installed on and adopt inside, hot heapstead,, well logging derrick and straight well section well logging lubricator, the pre-hot well section well logging of level lubricator are housed also on the top of adopting hot heapstead.
2. be provided with the geothermal energy power station on ground
(1) in the ground of super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, import electric energy outward to municipal external input power transformer by municipal electrical network, again electric energy is input in the external input power supply power distribution cabinet system of underground heat station factory building, by the interior buried cable of standing, the municipal administration input is started electric energy first, be assigned to high pressure water injection pump station system, after sucking the total backwater supercharging of generating condensation by the high-tension electricity pump in the total backwater of the generating condensation deposit settling tank, heat exchange condensed water in the total backwater high pressure water injection of the BADIRE generating condensation well casing injects in the super deep layer mine water horizontal well section ground thermal field, after super deep geothermal heat by down-hole helix tube type thermal balance energy heat exchanger can heat exchange becomes high temperature and high pressure steam, exploiting geothermal power generation along down-hole output high temperature and high pressure steam adiabatic heat-insulation well casing again can be to ground.Directly enter shared preliminary current stabilization control of adopting hot well mouth device again, be input in the ground HTHP dehydration pressurizer system, carry out high temperature and high pressure steam dehydration and again after the voltage stabilizing control, input at last in the Turbo-generator Set in the geothermal power generation factory building, realize that super deep geothermal heat can the super high power generating.Institute's electric energy that sends is earlier through behind the total distribution system distribution of outer output, be input to the outer output boostering transformer boosted voltage of geothermal power station factory building outside earlier, again to full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district, use by oneself in stand electrical network and municipal external power grid power, personal mains supply in standing, earlier by after the power autonomous step-down transformer step-down, be input to power autonomous secondary step-down transformer more again behind the step-down piezoelectricity, thermoelectric power spontaneously is input in the power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system in the factory building of underground heat station, can realizes that outer, interior power supply switches automatically fast.Finally reach and utilize the spontaneous electric energy of underground heat to safeguard that full multi-purpose station power generation and heat supply always moves;
(2) generating back afterheat steam, at first be input to double outer defeated confession of the overhead condensing tower can system of generating waste-heat steam and carry out first condensation in pure domestic hot-water's heat exchange columns can system, after this, be input to again in the increase-volume hot water conservation tank, tank storage increase-volume heating hot water is carried out after the gain of heat is heated again, realize time condensation, time condensation water is input in the clear water conservation tank of underground heat station again, realize the effect of water storage anti-freezing and heat-insulating in winter, at this moment generating waste-heat steam working medium warm water during total condensation has become, be input in the total backwater water quality optimizing of the generating condensation treatment system along Returning pipe again, carry out total precipitation of circulating generation water quality after the condensation, the clear impurities removal matter of coarse filtration, replenish clear water, fine filtering is arranged thin impurity clearly again, anticorrosion scale removal adding medicine, carbonated drink is separated, totally-enclosed water quality optimizings such as water quality deoxygenation are handled, to realize the repetitive cycling utilization of the total backwater of geothermal power generation condensation;
(3) in the ground of super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, the clear water supplementary device of the total backwater of condensation in addition generates electricity: mainly be by by the external input clear water of municipal administration source capsule road, defeated for the pure clear water of deposit to the generating condensation with the clear water conservation tank, or by outer input clear water source pumping station system, defeated for clear water to the generating condensation with clear water conservation tank pump.At last by the hydrophobic pumping station system of generating condensation, from generating condensation pure clear water of suction in the clear water conservation tank, failing on the fresh water pipeline to the pump of the overhead condensing tower can system of geothermal power generation afterheat steam after the supercharging, draw and pick out the defeated fresh water pipeline that supplies of a branch, pure clear water is inputed in the interior fine filtering jar of the total backwater water quality optimizing of generating condensation treatment system, realize that regularly the water transfer position water yield is replenished the not enough needs of power generation cycle water automatically;
(4), also be equipped with the shared anticorrosion scale removal adding medicine of the full multi-purpose station process unit in geothermal power station and underground heat station in the ground of super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well.Mainly, utilize pump delivery of medicaments pipeline, regularly the dosing retort dosing chemical reaction in the total backwater water quality optimizing of generating condensation treatment system by anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump house system.With the corrosion scaliness that guarantees to prevent the underground heat production tubing, adopt hot well jaws equipment and turbine blade;
(5) the clear impurities removal matter sewage of geothermal power station is drained outside the total blow-off line of municipal administration by the total sewage well of full multi-purpose station.The monitoring control safe operation of geothermal power station and Maintenance and Repair management, by the geothermal power station central computer master control room that places in the power plant building, realize that maintenance and service work are finished in the total Maintenance and Repair of the full multi-purpose station workshop in automatic monitoring safe operation management and the underground heat station factory building;
(6) for guaranteeing not interruption maintenance of geothermal power station, other is equipped with the standby geothermal power station facility system of two covers, is linked with geothermal well by the total interface pipeline of two cover geothermal power station input generating steam working medium.
3. heat exchange produces the outer defeated of pure domestic hot-water during the condensation of generating waste-heat steam
It is mainly by the hydrophobic pumping station system of generating condensation, it is defeated for pure domestic hot-water's heat exchange columns can system outside the overhead condensing tower can system of generating waste-heat steam is held concurrently, the full pure clear water of infusion storage, by generating waste-heat steam in the tower jar with the deposit pure clear water heat exchange after, directly produce pure life heat, utilize the water level discrepancy in elevation of overhead tower jar, to full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district users, the defeated throughout the year needs of supplying with pure domestic hot-water.
4. utilize super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well to adopt the heat pipe post, realize deep geothermal heat heating with following pair of cover
In the ground of super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, have underground heat station system with the geothermal power station parallel arrangement.At first by a power autonomous transformer to spontaneous high voltage electric energy transformation after, be input to power autonomous secondary transformer and carry out the secondary step-down transformation of spontaneous electric energy, be directly inputted into again in the power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system in the factory building of underground heat station, the personal electric energy unified distribution of full multi-purpose station.By the ground cable connection, the personal underground heat station operation electric energy that starts, be input to and make the electric-motor pump running in the pressure injection water pump station, thereby make electric-motor pump in the total backwater deposit of heating settling tank, suck the total backwater of geothermal heating, after in electric-motor pump, pressing supercharging, pressure injection well pipe in the total backwater of geothermal heating, the total backwater of BADIRE heating injects in straight well section ground, middle part, the down-hole thermal field, after geothermal energy by down-hole straight pipe type thermal balance energy heat exchanger is replaced as the medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER, along down-hole output medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER adiabatic heat-insulation well casing, extraction geothermal heating water energy is to ground again.Directly enter shared preliminary current stabilization control of adopting hot well mouth device.BADIRE heating water is input to deposit in the increase-volume hot water conservation tank again, and another branch is failed the geothermal heating waterpipe, and defeated heating water subtracts and subtracts voltage stabilizing control in the vacuum tank control system outside being input to.Directly BADIRE heating water flows to the heating of full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district users Winter heat supply again.In the factory building of underground heat station, other is equipped with underground heat station central computer master control room, carries out automatic monitoring control heat supply heating safe operation management control.Also be provided with between the total operation maintenance tool car of full multi-purpose station, the operation maintenance that reaches at any time the underground heat station guarantees with maintenance.The underground heat station also is equipped with and the shared joining increase-volume hot water of the hot well mouth device conservation tank of adopting, and plays increase-volume deposit heat supply heating water and uses.The adjacent underground heat station clear water conservation tank that also is provided with is laid in geothermal heating with replenishing clear water.In the joining underground heat station hot increase-volume pump house system in addition of increase-volume hot water conservation tank, guarantee that the expansion heating user in full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district is used.The shared anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump house system of full multi-purpose station also is set at the underground heat station, also undertakes underground heat station water quality optimizing and handle required regular dosing function.The underground heat station is equipped with the total backwater water quality optimizing of heat supply heating treatment system in addition, and the total backwater of heat supply heating that also has that is adjacent is laid in settling tank, is undertaking to the defeated water supply effect for the total backwater of deposit heat supply heating after the optimization process in middle pressure injection water pump station.
Purpose of the present invention can also reach by following measure:
The downhole well tubulars of the used adiabatic heat-insulation in super deep geothermal heat power station and underground heat station, ground are all adopted the thermal insulation material and are optimized the adiabatic heat-insulation technical finesse for systems such as heat supply pipeline, tower jar, storage tanks.
A complete set of technology method of the present invention also is applicable to 5000m fully with interior shallow naturally geothermal area, and heats exploitation geothermal energy resources effect.
Compared with the prior art the present invention has the following advantages:
1. the present invention exploits the deep layer and the super deep geothermal heat energy amount temperature height of utilization, can reach more than 150～350 ℃, and self-injection flowing pressure energy is big, can reach more than 10～30Mpa, adopts the thermal efficiency and is higher than 80%, and geothermal power generation power can reach more than 10～800,000 KW:
The present invention adopt pure clean water as deep layer and super deep geothermal heat can displacement energy circulation medium, can realize that the totally-enclosed circulation adopts pollution-free, the free from corrosion green energy resource effect of heat;
3. the super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well of a bite can realize simultaneously that geothermal power generation, heat exchange synchronously produce the technique effect of pure domestic hot-water and heat supply heating with the two-tube heat pipe rod structure of adopting of two covers at present.
Description of drawings of the present invention is as follows:
Fig. 1 is non-geothermal area super deep geothermal heat power station and underground heat station process flow diagram;
Fig. 2 is super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well structure diagram.
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing:
Super deep geothermal heat power station is by power autonomous secondary step-down transformer 18, external input power transformer 19, power autonomous total distribution system 20, external input source power distribution system 21, between ground combined heat and power station total operation maintenance tool car 22, combined heat and power station, ground anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump house system 30, combined heat and power station, ground power supply heat supply user district 32, total sewage well 33, the overhead condensing tower can system 34 of generating waste-heat steam, the total backwater water treatment of generating condensation system 35, the total backwater deposit of generating condensation settling tank 36, generating condensation clear water conservation tank 37, high temperature and high pressure steam dehydration pressurizer system 38, outer input clear water source pumping station system 39, high pressure water injection pump station system 40, the hydrophobic pumping station system 41 of generating condensation, geothermal power station central computer master control room 42, Turbo-generator Set 43, the total distribution system 44 of power autonomous outer output, power autonomous outer output boostering transformer 45, a power autonomous step-down transformer 46, the total interface pipeline 47 of two cover geothermal power station input generating steam working medium, external input clear water source capsule road 48 compositions such as grade.
Super deep geothermal heat power station send out method of supplying power to 1. first start geothermal power stations with municipal external power import, become distribution, the municipal external power input of power supply (1) startup electric energy is imported power network line outward by municipal administration and is entered the station, and provides the electric energy that turns round of startup first to super deep geothermal heat power station; (2) external power step-down power transformation is finished municipal external power by the external input power transformer 19 of municipal administration and is fallen the voltage power transformation; (3) external power distribution, power supply are finished external power distribution, power supply by the external input power supply of municipal administration power distribution cabinet system 21.2. power supply input in providing for oneself, become distribution, power supply (1) provide for oneself in power generating facilities and power grids import spontaneously thermoelectric power by power network line in the geothermal power station, power supply production run electric energy in geothermal power station provides; (2) power autonomous step-down power transformation is finished by a power autonomous step-down transformer 46, power autonomous secondary step-down transformer 18 and is provided interior power supply step-down power transformation for oneself; (3) provide for oneself in power supply distribution, power supply and automatically switch by power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system 20 with the outer input of municipal administration power supply, finish provide for oneself in power supply distribution and power supply.And, can realize switching fast municipal external power power supply simultaneously by the auto switching electric source switch of power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system 20; (4) providing interior power supply for oneself supplies civilian to the district's power supply of power supply heat supply user to full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district 32, also realize confessing civilian by power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system 20: (5) geothermal power station is the defeated power supply outside municipal external power grid of the super deep geothermal heat of defeated power supply power station outside municipal external power grid, is finished to municipal external power grid defeated power supply of being incorporated into the power networks by outer output boostering transformer 45; (6) provide distribution, the power supplies such as pressure injection water pump station, anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump house in input clear water source pumping plant, hot increase-volume pumping plant, the geothermal heating water outside the hydrophobic pumping plant of generating condensation, municipal administration of interior power supply for oneself
System's distribution, power supplies such as pressure injection water pump station 24, anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump house 30 in input clear water source pumping plant 39, hot increase-volume pumping plant 28, the total backwater of geothermal heating outside the hydrophobic pumping plant 41 of generating condensation, municipal administration; Also, finish the reasonable distribution self-powered by power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system 20.To super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well inject heat exchange cold water working medium, flatly high temperature and high pressure steam working medium and dehydration voltage stabilizing are handled (1) and are injected heat exchange cold water working medium to super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well in geothermal energy displacement in the thermal field, the output well
By high pressure water injection pump station system 40, after the total backwater supercharging of the total backwater deposit of generating condensation settling tank 36 suction generating condensations, control by shared hot well mouth device 12 injected water volumes of adopting, and utilize the total backwater high pressure water injection of geothermal power generation condensation well casing 10, reach in well net horizontal section ground thermal field heat exchange generating and uprise warm steam working medium with cold water; (2) the interior geothermal energy displacement of super deep water horizontal well section ground thermal field
By the down-hole helix tube type thermal balance energy heat exchanger 4 that links, the super deep geothermal heat energy replacement that reaches the total backwater working medium of ground injection generating condensation becomes high-temperature steam; (3) high temperature and high pressure steam working medium and dehydration voltage stabilizing are handled in the output well
By being incubated well casings 11 in shaft bottom and down-hole helix tube type thermal balance energy heat exchanger 4 joining down-hole output high temperature and high pressure steams, high temperature and high pressure steam working medium in the output well earthward, and through the shared output steam throttling control of adopting hot well mouth device 12 in ground, enter the voltage stabilizing control of dewatering of ground high temperature and high pressure steam dehydration pressurizer system 38 and handle, can make steam turbine obtain stablizing constant current dry type steam working medium.4. steam turbine power generation, central computer monitoring control safe operation are managed, are safeguarded and maintenance (1) steam turbine power generation
Handle resulting stable, the constant current in back, HTHP dry type steam working medium from high temperature and high pressure steam dehydration pressurizer system 38, be directly inputted in the ground Turbo-generator Set 43, reach the super high power geothermal power generation; (2) geothermal power station central computer monitoring control safe operation management
For guaranteeing the automation safe operation management of aspects such as Turbo-generator Set 43 and high pressure water injection pump station, ground 40.By geothermal power station central computer master control room 42, realize geothermal power station automatic monitoring safe operation electric generation management; (3) the geothermal power station safe operation is safeguarded and maintenance
Super deep geothermal heat power station safe operation safeguards and maintenance, by 22 finishing between the total operation maintenance tool car of full multi-purpose station.When implementing year to shut down maintenance, open the total interface pipe-line system 47 of two cover geothermal power stations input generating steam working medium earlier, treat after two cover geothermal power station systems normally send electric energy, close a cover Turbo-generator Set 43 after, implement annual overhaul.
Super deep geothermal heat power station condensing heat-exchange produces the storage water supply of pure domestic hot-water's method 1. municipal external input clear water sources, the source storage of the hydrophobic storage water supply of generating condensation (1) municipal external input clear water is supplied water
At first, press to the generating condensation certainly and completely lay in clear water with 37 storages of clear water conservation tank by the external input clear water of municipal administration source capsule road 48.When Tathagata water pressure is hanged down, can be by outer input clear water source pumping station system 39, to generating condensation clear water conservation tank 37 pump Qing Dynasty water.Simultaneously, also guarantee to the defeated water supply of underground heat station clear water conservation tank 25 pumps; (2) the hydrophobic storage of generating condensation is supplied water
The condensation of geothermal power station afterheat steam produces the clear water storage water supply that pure domestic hot-water uses with clear water and condensing heat-exchange, by the hydrophobic pumping station system 41 of condensation, to the overhead condensing tower can system of generating waste-heat steam outer defeatedly completely store up for clear water of holding concurrently for pure domestic hot-water's heat exchange columns can system pump, the pure clear water storage water supply that produces pure domestic hot-water as first condensation generating waste-heat steam and heat exchange simultaneously.2. the first condensation of the geothermal power station afterheat steam heat exchange simultaneously of holding concurrently produces pure domestic hot-water, time condensation, is condensed into the first condensation of middle warm water (1) the geothermal power station afterheat steam heat exchange simultaneously of holding concurrently for three times and produces pure domestic hot-water, outer defeated for pure domestic hot-water
The HTHP afterheat steam of output after Turbo-generator Set 43 generatings, it is defeated in pure domestic hot-water's heat exchange columns can system 34 outside the overhead condensing tower can system of pressure input generating waste-heat steam is held concurrently, can realize the first condensation of generating waste-heat steam, i.e. heat exchange simultaneously produces the lot of pure domestic hot-water, utilize hundred meters overhead water level pressure reduction, to the pure domestic hot-water of full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district's 32 year-round provisions; (2) generating waste-heat secondary steam condensation
Generating waste-heat steam is after first condensation, and steam temperature is also quite high, can reach 250～300 ℃, also needs the time condensation cooling.Afterheat steam by overhead condensing tower can system 34 outputs of generating waste-heat steam, again along the defeated steam-water pipe of condensation, be input in the increase-volume hot water conservation tank 26 at underground heat station, temperature (90～100 ℃) hot water carries out the condensation of generating waste-heat secondary steam in the increase-volume deposit in the utilization jar, reaches the increase of the preheating once more insulation effect effect of increase-volume being laid in hot water simultaneously; (3) three condensations of generating waste-heat steam
From the afterheat steam water of increase-volume hot water conservation tank 26 outputs, temperature is reduced to 90～100 ℃, also need lower the temperature with three condensations.By by deposit clear water in the underground heat station clear water conservation tank 25, carry out three condensations cooling again, can reach 60～80 ℃ the total backwater of generating condensation, be input to again handle in the total backwater water quality optimizing of the generating condensation treatment system 35 after, use to the repetitive cycling generating.3. the total backwater water quality optimizing of geothermal power station auxiliary power generation operation process processing method (1) generating condensation processing method
The total backwater of generating condensation that returns in the underground heat station clear water conservation tank 25, be input in the total backwater water quality optimizing of the generating condensation treatment system 35, carry out that water quality always precipitates, the clear impurities removal matter of coarse filtration, replenish clear water, again after the sealing and circulating processing such as the thin impurity of the clear row of fine filtering, anticorrosion scale removal adding medicine, carbonated drink separations, water quality deoxygenation, reach optimization process water quality effect; (2) replenish the total backwater lack of water of generating condensation and mend water supply
By the hydrophobic pumping plant 41 of condensation, suck pure clear water from the generating condensation with clear water conservation tank 37, pump in the fine filtering jar of the total backwater water quality optimizing of generating condensation treatment system 35, reach and in time replenish power generation cycle water lack of water needs; (3) the total backwater of generating condensation adds anticorrosion scale removal medicament
By the anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump of full multi-purpose station house system 30, regularly the grug feeding jar that anticorrosion scale removal medicament is input in the total backwater water quality optimizing of the generating condensation treatment system 35 carries out chemical reaction; (4) increase super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well underground heat field energy replacing velocity method
Main prolong the pre-hot well segment length of shaft bottom level during by well-digging and deepen the method for beating ultradeep well, use ground to inject raising geothermal energy replacing velocities such as heating the preheating way behind the pump of water in addition.
The deep geothermal heat station of establishing on ground by underground heat station central computer master control room 23, middle pressure injection water pump station 24, underground heat station clear water conservation tank 25, underground heat station increase-volume hot water conservation tank 26, the total backwater deposit of heating settling tank 27, the hot increase-volume pump house in underground heat station system 28, the total backwater water quality optimizing of heat supply heating treatment system 29, outside defeated heating water subtract, vacuum tank control system 31 etc. forms.
The heat supply heating method 1. at deep geothermal heat station to super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well inject heat exchange with heating total backwater working medium, in geothermal energy displacement in the thermal field, the output well medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER and outer defeated for subtract voltage stabilizing control (1) to super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well injection heat exchange with the total backwater working medium of heating
By power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system 20, provide to middle pressure injection water pump station 24 and to start underground heat station running electric energy first, suck from after the total backwater supercharging of the geothermal heating through after the optimization process in the total backwater deposit of the geothermal heating settling tank 27 by middle piezoelectricity pump, through shared injection water management pressure, discharge capacity of adopting hot well mouth device 12, and utilize pressure injection well pipe 9 in the total backwater of geothermal heating, reach straight well section ground thermal field injection heat exchange cold water working medium in well; (2) the geothermal energy displacement in the deep layer straight well section ground thermal field
By the down-hole straight pipe type thermal balance energy heat exchanger 6 of mutual UNICOM, reach the dark geothermal energy displacement of ground being injected the total backwater working medium of geothermal heating; (3) in the output well medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER working medium and outer defeated for subtract, voltage stabilizing control handles
By at shaft bottom and down-hole straight pipe type thermal balance energy heat exchanger 6 joining down-hole output medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER adiabatic heat-insulation well casings 17, export medium temperature and medium pressure geothermal heating water conservancy project matter earthward.And through ground shared adopt hot well mouth device 12 go out hot water throttling control, it is defeated outward for subtracting, in the vacuum tank control system 31, reducing pressure, voltage stabilizing, constant current control again to be input to geothermal heating water.2. safe operation management, maintenance and maintenance (1) are controlled to power supply heat supply user district heat supply heating to power supply heat supply user district heat supply heating, central computer monitoring in the underground heat station
The geothermal heating water that defeated confession subtracts outside geothermal heating water, vacuum tank control system 31 is failed; Through the users of backbone heat supply pipeline in full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district 32, Winter heat supply heating is used; (2) underground heat station central computer monitoring control safe operation management
For guarantee geothermal heating water defeated outward for subtract, the automation safe operation management of systems such as pressure injection water pump station 24, hot increase-volume pumping plant 28 in vacuum tank control system 31 and the ground, realize the automatic monitoring safe operation management of geothermal heating heating by underground heat station central computer master control room 23; (3) safe operation at underground heat station is safeguarded and maintenance
The safe operation at deep geothermal heat station safeguards and maintenance, also by 22 finishing between the total operation maintenance tool car of full multi-purpose station.3. the underground heat station enlarges heating user's amplification appearance heat supply heating method (1) amplification appearance deposit heat supply heating hot water
On the shared heat supply heating pipeline of adopting hot well mouth device 12 output, pick out a branched heat-supplying heating pipe to increase-volume hot water conservation tank 26 tops, deposit is expired geothermal heating water in advance, and by geothermal power generation time condensation cycle heat exchange system, the preheating that reaches increase-volume hot water conservation tank 26 heats effect; (2) heat supply heating is held in the amplification that Adds User to power supply heat supply user district
By hot increase-volume pump house system 28, from the increase-volume GEOTHERMAL WATER in the increase-volume hot water conservation tank 26, directly also transfer to outer defeated for heating water subtract, subtract synchronously in the vacuum tank control system 31, voltage stabilizing control, reach Adding User in full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district 32 at last, constantly the heat supply heating that increases and hold.4. the total backwater water quality optimizing of underground heat station auxiliary heat supplying heating process (1) geothermal heating is handled
The total backwater of geothermal heating that returns by full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district 32, in pressure is input to the total backwater water quality optimizing of geothermal heating treatment system 29, main through total precipitation, the clear impurities removal matter of coarse filtration, replenish clear water, after fine filtering is arranged thin impurity clearly, is added optimization processes such as anticorrosion scale removal medicament, carbonated drink separation, water quality deoxygenation again, transfer to again in the total backwater deposit of the geothermal heating settling tank 27, reach circulation heating heating repeatedly and use; Additional clear water source when (2) the total backwater circulation of geothermal heating is not enough
During by underground heat station clear water conservation tank 25 full-water level, the fine filtering jar in geothermal heating water water quality optimizing treatment system 29 replenishes required clear water; (3) in geothermal heating global cycle water, add anticorrosion scale removal medicament
By the anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump of full multi-purpose station house system 30, come the grug feeding jar dosing chemical reaction in the total backwater water quality optimizing of geothermal heating treatment system 29 regularly; (4) full multi-purpose station is unified blowdown
By the shared total sewage well 33 of full multi-purpose station, clear impurities removal matter sewage is effluxed the common sewer blowdown to municipal administration.
Embodiment 1: be selected in the coal-fired firepower thermo-power station of existing 600,000 KW of non-geothermal area, for taking over butt joint of super deep geothermal heat power station and site, newly-built underground heat station; Be drilled to the super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well of a bite major diameter with special ultra-large type rig, be drilled into well depth 1.8 ten thousand m, level pre-hot well elongated segment in shaft bottom is drilled into 2000m.Can obtain 540 ℃ of the super deep layer hot dry rock of non-geothermal area ground temperature of thermal field naturally, in 120 ℃ of the omnidistance output in the down-hole temperature drop losses, adopt to well head residue geothermal energy temperature and reach more than 420 ℃.The well head high pressure injects water pressure 20Mpa, makes blowing extraction well head high temperature and high pressure steam pressure energy greater than more than the 21Mpa and have the down-hole thermal expansion stresses additional.In addition can in straight well section ground thermal field, obtain the geothermal heating water vapour more than 300 ℃, in 100 ℃ of the omnidistance output in the down-hole GEOTHERMAL WATER steam temperature drop losses, adopt to well head residue geothermal energy temperature and reach more than 200 ℃.Pressure injection water pressure 10Mpa in the well head can make blowing extraction well head medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER steam pressure energy greater than more than the 11Mpa and have the down-hole thermal expansion stresses additional.Geothermal power generation every day institute reaches 800,000 m from spraying the high temperature and high pressure steam energy
3, geothermal heating heating every day institute reaches 320,000 m from spraying medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER steam energy
3, heat exchange every day produces pure domestic hot-water's amount and reaches 180,000 m
3Geothermal power generation can obtain the above high-power generated energy of 600,000 KW, but geothermal heating heating multi-user supplies the residential block heating of 160,000 family.Heat exchange produces pure domestic hot-water and can supply 160,000 family residents and use the domestic hot-water throughout the year.
Embodiment 2: be selected in the coal-fired firepower thermo-power station of existing 600,000 KW in the shallow geothermal area, for taking over butt joint of super deep geothermal heat power station and site, newly-built underground heat station; Be drilled to the super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well of a bite major diameter with special ultra-large type rig, be drilled into well depth 1.5 ten thousand m, level pre-hot well section in shaft bottom still prolongs and is drilled into 2000m.Can obtain 800 ℃ of the super deep geothermal heat of shallow geothermal area field temperature naturally, all export in 120 ℃ of the temperature drop losses down-hole, adopts to well head residue geothermal energy temperature to reach more than 780 ℃.The well head high pressure injects water pressure 20Mpa, makes blowing extraction well head high temperature and high pressure steam pressure energy greater than more than the 21Mpa and have the down-hole thermal expansion stresses additional.In addition can in straight well section ground thermal field, obtain 660 ℃ of geothermal heating steam temperatures, in 100 ℃ of the omnidistance output in the down-hole GEOTHERMAL WATER steam temperature drop losses, adopt to well head residue geothermal energy temperature more than 520 ℃.Pressure injection water pressure 10Mpa in the well head of ground,, can make blowing extraction well head medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER steam pressure energy greater than more than the 11Mpa and have the down-hole thermal expansion stresses additional.Geothermal power generation every day institute reaches 900,000 m from spraying the high temperature and high pressure steam energy
3, geothermal heating heating every day institute is from spraying medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER steam energy 400,000 m
3, heat exchange every day produces pure domestic hot-water and reaches 200,000 m
3, geothermal power generation can obtain the above high-power generated energy of 700,000 Kw, but geothermal heating heating multi-user supplies the residential block heating of 180,000 family, and heat exchange produces pure domestic hot-water and can supply 180,000 family residents and use the domestic hot-water throughout the year.
Claims (3)
1. the exploitation of a geothermal area deep layer and the super deep geothermal heat energy of non-geothermal area utilizes method, it is characterized in that:
A. dark geothermal well or the super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well that bores at geothermal area or non-geothermal area
Low in no commercial mining value, in warm geothermal area or non-geothermal area beat dark geothermal well of a bite and super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, make ground and super deep geothermal heat field set up one and adopt the heat utilization passage, this casing programme is that the outermost layer at well bore has surface pipe (1), deep layer sleeve pipe (2) is arranged in it, again toward the internal layer production casing (3) that conducts heat in addition, in the heat transfer production casing (3) in shaft bottom level heat transfer well section, the total backwater high pressure water injection of geothermal power generation condensation well casing (10) and down-hole output high temperature and high pressure steam adiabatic heat-insulation well casing (11) is arranged, and import and export joining down-hole helix tube type thermal balance energy heat exchanger (4) with two well casings, for while geothermal power generation and heat supply heating, in super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, also with a cover straight well section deep production geothermal heating water pipe post is arranged under the pit shaft, its structure is in heat transfer production casing (3), pressure injection well pipe (9) and the interior output of well medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER adiabatic heat-insulation well casing (17) in the total backwater of geothermal heating are arranged, and import and export joining down-hole straight pipe type thermal balance energy heat exchanger (6) with two well casings, and the anticorrosion anti-interior safe heat transfer medium oil (5) of pressing is full of middle part straight well section to the shaft bottom, in upper wellbore section, there are top layer drilling well conduit (7) and support to adopt the thickened reinforced cast basis, ground (8) of hot heapstead (13), top at super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well mouth place, be equipped with the shared hot well mouth device (12) of adopting in adopting inside, hot heapstead (13), on the top of adopting hot heapstead (13), well logging derrick (14) and straight well section well logging lubricator (15) is housed also, the pre-hot well section well logging of level lubricator (16);
B. being provided with super deep geothermal heat on ground can the power station
A. in the ground of super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, import electric energy outward to external input power transformer (19) by municipal electrical network, again electric energy is input in the external input power supply power distribution cabinet system (21) of underground heat station factory building, by the interior buried cable of standing, the municipal administration input is started electric energy first, be assigned to high pressure water injection pump station system (40), after sucking the total backwater supercharging of generating condensation by the high-tension electricity pump in the generating condensation total backwater deposit settling tank (36), the heat exchange condensed water that pumps in the total backwater high pressure water injection of the geothermal power generation condensation well casing (10) is injected in the super deep layer mine water horizontal well section ground thermal field, after super deep geothermal heat by down-hole helix tube type thermal balance energy heat exchanger (4) can heat exchange becomes high temperature and high pressure steam, come the extraction geothermal power generation can be along down-hole output high temperature and high pressure steam adiabatic heat-insulation well casing (11) again to ground, directly enter shared preliminary current stabilization control of adopting hot well mouth device (12), be input in the ground HTHP dehydration pressurizer system (38), carry out high temperature and high pressure steam dehydration and again after the voltage stabilizing control, input to the Turbo-generator Set (43) in the geothermal power generation factory building at last, realize that super deep geothermal heat can generate electricity by super high power, institute sends the ground thermoelectric power earlier through behind outer output total distribution system (44) distribution, be input to outer output boostering transformer (45) boosted voltage of geothermal power station factory building outside earlier, again to power supply heat supply user district (32), personal electrical network and municipal external power grid power supply in standing, personal mains supply in standing, earlier by after a step-down transformer of auxiliary power supply (46) step-down, be input to power autonomous secondary step-down transformer (18) more again behind the step-down piezoelectricity, spontaneous electric energy is input in the interior power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system (20) of underground heat station factory building, outside can realizing, interior power supply switches automatically fast, finally reach and utilize the spontaneous electric energy of super deep geothermal heat to safeguard that full multi-purpose station power generation and heat supply always moves
B. the back afterheat steam generates electricity, at first being input to the overhead condensing tower can system of generating waste-heat steam holds concurrently outer defeated for carrying out first condensation in pure domestic hot-water's heat exchange columns can system (34), after this, be input to again in the increase-volume hot water conservation tank (26), tank storage increase-volume heating is carried out after the gain of heat is heated again with hot water, realize time condensation, time condensation water is input in the underground heat station clear water conservation tank (25) again, realize three condensations and winter the water storage anti-freezing and heat-insulating effect, at this moment generating waste-heat steam working medium warm water during total condensation has become, be input in generating condensation total backwater water quality optimizing treatment system (35) along Returning pipe again, carry out total precipitation of circulating generation water quality after the condensation, the clear impurities removal matter of coarse filtration, replenish clear water, fine filtering is arranged thin impurity clearly again, anticorrosion scale removal adding medicine, carbonated drink is separated, totally-enclosed water quality optimizings such as water quality deoxygenation are handled, to realize the repetitive cycling utilization of the total backwater of geothermal power generation condensation
C. in the ground of super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, the clear water supplementary device of the total backwater of condensation in addition generates electricity, mainly be by by the external input clear water of municipal administration source capsule road (48), defeated for the pure clear water of deposit to the generating condensation with clear water conservation tank (37), or by outer input clear water source pumping station system (39), defeated for clear water to the generating condensation with clear water conservation tank (37) pump.At last by the generating hydrophobic pumping station system of condensation (41), from generating condensation pure clear water of suction in the clear water conservation tank (37), failing on the fresh water pipeline to the pump of the overhead condensing tower can system of geothermal power generation afterheat steam (34) after the supercharging, draw and pick out the defeated fresh water pipeline that supplies of a branch, pure clear water is inputed in the interior fine filtering jar of generating condensation total backwater water quality optimizing treatment system (35), the regularly automatic water transfer position of the realization water yield is replenished the not enough needs of power generation cycle water
D. in the ground of super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, also be equipped with the shared anticorrosion scale removal adding medicine of the full multi-purpose station process unit in geothermal power station and underground heat station, mainly by anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump house system (30), utilize pump delivery of medicaments pipeline, regular dosing chemical reaction in the dosing retort in generating condensation total backwater water quality optimizing treatment system (35), with the corrosion scaliness that guarantees to prevent the underground heat production tubing, adopt hot well jaws equipment and turbine blade
E. the clear impurities removal matter sewage of geothermal power station, drain outside the total blow-off line of municipal administration by the total sewage well of full multi-purpose station (33), the monitoring control safe operation management and the Maintenance and Repair of geothermal power station, by the geothermal power station central computer master control room (42) that places in the power plant building, realize automatic monitoring safe operation management and finish maintenance and service work by the total Maintenance and Repair of the full multi-purpose station workshops (22) in the factory building of underground heat station
F. for guaranteeing not interruption maintenance of geothermal power station, other is equipped with the standby geothermal power station facility system of two covers, is linked with geothermal well by the two cover geothermal power station input generating steam total interface pipelines of working medium (47);
C. heat exchange produces the outer defeated of pure domestic hot-water during the condensation of generating waste-heat steam
It is mainly by the generating hydrophobic pumping station system of condensation (41), it is defeated for pure domestic hot-water's heat exchange columns can system (34) outside the overhead condensing tower can system of generating waste-heat steam is held concurrently, the full pure clear water of infusion storage, by generating waste-heat steam in the tower jar with the deposit pure clear water heat exchange after, directly produce pure domestic hot-water, utilize the water level discrepancy in elevation of overhead tower jar, to full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district (32) users, the defeated throughout the year needs of supplying with pure domestic hot-water;
D. utilize super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well to adopt the heat pipe post, realize deep geothermal heat heating with following pair of cover
Ground at super dark GEOTHERMAL WATER horizontal well, have underground heat station system with the geothermal power station parallel arrangement, at first by a power autonomous transformer (46) to spontaneous high voltage electric energy transformation after, be input to power autonomous secondary transformer (18) and carry out the secondary step-down transformation of spontaneous electric energy, be directly inputted into again in the power autonomous total power distribution cabinet system (20) in the factory building of underground heat station, to the personal electric energy unified distribution of full multi-purpose station, by the ground cable connection, the personal underground heat station operation electric energy that starts, be input to and make the electric-motor pump running in the pressure injection water pump station (24), thereby make electric-motor pump in the total backwater deposit settling tank of heating (27), suck the total backwater of geothermal heating, after in electric-motor pump, pressing supercharging, pressure injection well pipe (9) in the total backwater of geothermal heating, the total backwater of BADIRE heating injects in straight well section ground, middle part, the down-hole thermal field, after geothermal energy by down-hole straight pipe type thermal balance energy heat exchanger (6) is replaced as the medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER, again along down-hole output medium temperature and medium pressure GEOTHERMAL WATER adiabatic heat-insulation well casing (17), extraction deep geothermal heat heating water energy is to ground, directly enter shared preliminary current stabilization control of adopting hot well mouth device (12), BADIRE heating water is input to deposit in the increase-volume hot water conservation tank (26) again, another branch fails the geothermal heating waterpipe, defeated heating water subtracts and subtracts voltage stabilizing control in the vacuum tank control system (31) outside being input to, directly BADIRE heating water flows to full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district (32) users' Winter heat supply heating again, in the factory building of underground heat station, other is equipped with underground heat station central computer master control room (23), carry out automation heat supply heating safe operation management control, also be provided with between the total operation maintenance tool car of full multi-purpose station (22), reach at any time the safe operation of full multi-purpose station is safeguarded and the maintenance assurance, the underground heat station also is equipped with and shared hot well mouth device (12) the joining increase-volume hot water conservation tank (26) of adopting, playing increase-volume deposit heat supply heating water uses, the adjacent underground heat station clear water conservation tank (25) that also is provided with is laid in geothermal heating with replenishing clear water, in the joining underground heat station hot increase-volume pump house system (28) in addition of increase-volume hot water conservation tank (26), the expansion heating user who guarantees full multi-purpose station power supply heat supply user district (32) is used, the shared anticorrosion scale removal dosing pump house system of full multi-purpose station (30) also is set at the underground heat station, also undertake underground heat station water quality optimizing and handle required regular dosing function, the underground heat station is equipped with the total backwater water quality optimizing of heat supply heating treatment system (29) in addition, the total backwater of heat supply heating that also has that is adjacent is laid in settling tank (27), is undertaking to the defeated water supply effect for the total backwater of deposit heat supply heating after the optimization process in middle pressure injection water pump station (24).
2. in accordance with the method for claim 1, the downhole well tubulars, the ground that it is characterized in that the used adiabatic heat-insulation in super deep geothermal heat power station and deep geothermal heat station supply systems such as heat supply pipeline, tower jar, storage tank, all adopt the thermal insulation material and optimize the adiabatic heat-insulation technical finesse.
3. in accordance with the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that this method is applicable to fully that also 5000m are with interior shallow naturally geothermal area application.
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| CN102536174A (en) * | 2012-03-01 | 2012-07-04 | 邱世军 | Method for longitudinally mining geothermal energy |
| CN102635966A (en) * | 2012-05-03 | 2012-08-15 | 张宇 | System for utilizing geothermal energy of earthquake-weakened/averted deep water injection wells |
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| CN104863654A (en) * | 2015-04-21 | 2015-08-26 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Device and method for exploitation of terrestrial heat through supercritical carbon dioxide |
| CN105184035A (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2015-12-23 | 河南理工大学 | Exploitation well optimized-layout method for determining exploitable amount of underground hot water |
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| CN115342662A (en) * | 2022-07-11 | 2022-11-15 | 中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所 | Heat exchange device and method for deep geothermal thermovoltaic power generation and step heating |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101965486B (en) * | 2008-02-25 | 2012-12-05 | 威廉·赖利 | Utilizing aquifer pressure to generate electrical energy |
| CN102536174A (en) * | 2012-03-01 | 2012-07-04 | 邱世军 | Method for longitudinally mining geothermal energy |
| CN102536174B (en) * | 2012-03-01 | 2015-09-09 | 邱世军 | A kind of longitudinal mining geothermal energy method |
| CN102635966A (en) * | 2012-05-03 | 2012-08-15 | 张宇 | System for utilizing geothermal energy of earthquake-weakened/averted deep water injection wells |
| CN105184035A (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2015-12-23 | 河南理工大学 | Exploitation well optimized-layout method for determining exploitable amount of underground hot water |
| CN104863654A (en) * | 2015-04-21 | 2015-08-26 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Device and method for exploitation of terrestrial heat through supercritical carbon dioxide |
| CN104863654B (en) * | 2015-04-21 | 2016-03-02 | 中国石油大学(华东) | A kind of supercritical carbon dioxide underground heat quarrying apparatus and method |
| CN108087382A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-05-29 | 上海航天控制技术研究所 | A kind of Dual-energy source electrohydraudic servomechanism reliability growth test system and method |
| CN115342662A (en) * | 2022-07-11 | 2022-11-15 | 中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所 | Heat exchange device and method for deep geothermal thermovoltaic power generation and step heating |
| CN115342662B (en) * | 2022-07-11 | 2024-07-23 | 中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所 | Heat exchange device and method for deep geothermal heat-photovoltaic power generation and cascade heating |
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