CN1265068A - Suspension structure in particular for motor vehicle - Google Patents

Suspension structure in particular for motor vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1265068A
CN1265068A CN98807479A CN98807479A CN1265068A CN 1265068 A CN1265068 A CN 1265068A CN 98807479 A CN98807479 A CN 98807479A CN 98807479 A CN98807479 A CN 98807479A CN 1265068 A CN1265068 A CN 1265068A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
suspension
frame structure
suspension frame
attaching parts
automobile
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN98807479A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
帕特里克·帕斯卡尔·拉贝
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication of CN1265068A publication Critical patent/CN1265068A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F1/00—Springs
    • F16F1/36—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers
    • F16F1/366—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers made of fibre-reinforced plastics, i.e. characterised by their special construction from such materials
    • F16F1/368—Leaf springs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G11/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs
    • B60G11/02—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having leaf springs only
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G21/00—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces
    • B60G21/02—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected
    • B60G21/04—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2200/00—Indexing codes relating to suspension types
    • B60G2200/10—Independent suspensions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2200/00—Indexing codes relating to suspension types
    • B60G2200/10—Independent suspensions
    • B60G2200/13—Independent suspensions with longitudinal arms only
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2200/00—Indexing codes relating to suspension types
    • B60G2200/10—Independent suspensions
    • B60G2200/13—Independent suspensions with longitudinal arms only
    • B60G2200/132—Independent suspensions with longitudinal arms only with a single trailing arm
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2200/00—Indexing codes relating to suspension types
    • B60G2200/10—Independent suspensions
    • B60G2200/14—Independent suspensions with lateral arms
    • B60G2200/142—Independent suspensions with lateral arms with a single lateral arm, e.g. MacPherson type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
    • B60G2202/10—Type of spring
    • B60G2202/11—Leaf spring
    • B60G2202/112—Leaf spring longitudinally arranged
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
    • B60G2202/10—Type of spring
    • B60G2202/11—Leaf spring
    • B60G2202/114—Leaf spring transversally arranged
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
    • B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
    • B60G2204/15—Mounting of subframes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
    • B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
    • B60G2204/16—Mounting of vehicle body on chassis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/011—Modular constructions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/10—Constructional features of arms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/60—Subframe construction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/60—Subframe construction
    • B60G2206/605—Flexible constructions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/70—Materials used in suspensions
    • B60G2206/71—Light weight materials
    • B60G2206/7101—Fiber-reinforced plastics [FRP]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns an elastic suspension structure (1), in particular for motor vehicle, preferably made in composite material, consisting of at least three flexible arms (11), (12), (13) mutually connected at one end (19) where they merge. The invention is characterised in that each arm of the elastic suspension structure is connected to a wheel support and to the vehicle passenger space (3) by an articulation with rigidity anisotropy. The suspension structure (1) can be connected to the vehicle passenger space (3) through an elastic cradle (5) with low distorting rigidity to improve the dynamic performance. The invention is applicable in particular to minivans and cross-country vehicles.

Description

Be used in particular for the suspension frame structure of automobile
The present invention relates to be used in particular for automobile but be not only the suspension frame structure that is used for four-wheel automobile.
In the prior art, use member separately to guarantee directional tagging and rigidity effect: on the one hand, using its effect is with respect to the suspend member (triangle part, supporting arm etc.) that leads of relative motion of part of automobile to each wheel, on the other hand, using its effect of formation is the elastic component of the spring (coil spring, torsion bar spring etc.) of storage and released energy.
The defective of this technology is a large amount of parts of configuration, and this means that especially set-up cost is with high.
Make the occupant have good comfort, just need make wheel when automobile carries out the inclination campaign time, ratio carried out hunting motion, has bigger rigidity (automobile of self-supporting body with big inclination inertia is especially true), so that for certain transverse acceleration, obtain minimum angle of roll, and swing rigidity is consistent with the natural frequency of people's walking.
Traditional terms of settlement is that each axletree increases an anti-roll stable bar.
Like this, except increasing number of components, when wheel is crossed an isolated obstacle under load condition, also make wheel increase rigidity.
Be delivered to the corresponding increase of application force of automotive suspension structure, therefore, the acceleration change that the occupant stands is bigger, and this has influence on occupant's traveling comfort.
On the other hand, this additional stiffness is inoperative in the luffing of automobile, for certain deceleration, is very beneficial for limiting retro-angle.
Therefore, this known terms of settlement can not be satisfactory.
Limit beating of suspension frame structure, make the occupant have good comfort, just need variable rigidity: when no matter being compression or when loosening, rigidity is little when the static load balance position, wants big when dispatching a car.
Like this, wheel is little around the change in location of static load balance position, causes acceleration change little, and this helps traveling comfort.
On the contrary, big obstacle needs big rigidity, so that make a concerted effort to be enough to autoroute is adjusted, thereby creates the condition that clears the jumps smoothly.
Document FR 2563301 (Bertin) has proposed a kind of device that is not subjected to the inclination motion effects, and this device is arranged in two transverse elasticity steel springs between the rigid end by one and constitutes.
But comparatively speaking the rigidity when this makes the rigidity of wheel under load condition with its hunting motion double, and this intensity that impact is jolted increases, and is unfavorable for traveling comfort.
In order to limit this ill-effect, a way is to reduce the rigidity of device when swing, and the big static deflection that produced of the prestress adjustment by steel spring.
In order not apply prestress (this can increase time of setting up) on automobile assembly line, document FR2600016 (Bertin) is installed in the prestress steel laminated spring on the suspension bracket, then this suspension bracket is assembled on the automobile.
But the defective of this way is to dispose a large amount of parts.
Document FR 2624446 (Bertin) reduces the quantity of parts based on a steel spring with rigid end, adopts gradual change rigidity rule, eliminates above-mentioned ill-effect.
But this way need be carried out the nested of complexity by way of compensation in each end of steel spring.
In addition, except these problems, all there is very big defective in the way of the horizontal steel spring of any use, promptly hinders between the wheel of axle drives engine cylinder block is installed.
Therefore, this structure needs:
-or engine cylinder block is located with cantilevered fashion, and to increase pitching moment of inertia like this, be unfavorable for traveling comfort,
-or engine cylinder block is moved towards seating accommodation, so especially to have influence on occupant's available space, and have influence on the performance state of handling frontal impact.
The structure of traditional suspension structure all produces bigger application force to front-end and back-end in the relative motion process of wheel with respect to automobile, this need have the bigger rigidity of structure aspect torsional deflection and the flexural deformation.
Like this, having limited the possibility that alleviates these construction weights, all is disadvantageous to dynamic property, safety and consumption of power.
Because known light-duty deformable material can be guaranteed to carry out shock treatment at least partly, so the simplification of front-end and back-end is feasible, this helps alleviating the weight of automobile.
Therefore, reduced on the size, also alleviated on the weight.
Known anti-rolling device (for example anti-roll stable bar) produces rigidity to the tetragonal torsional deflection of ground supporting, and this is unfavorable to the direction control stiffness.
Document FR 2640205 (Renault) proposes a kind of suspension of equilibrium, and for example the tetragonal torsional deflection of ground loading capacity and ground supporting is irrelevant, and purpose is torsional deflection and the flexural deformation stress that the restricting vehicle structure is born.
But the horizontal steel spring on axle axis hinders the location of driving engine, and this way also needs to dispose a large amount of parts and attaching parts.
In addition, by the description of the terms of settlement that is proposed as seen, autoroute not because wheel with respect to automobile the suspend this motion of part and change.Therefore, this relatively moving is easy to reach the maxim that geometric configuration allowed of suspension, jolts thereby produce impact.
This impact is jolted and is unfavorable for traveling comfort on the one hand, makes vehicle structure bear very big stress on the other hand, and this has run counter to intended purposes.
Must be proofreaied and correct this by increasing additional stiffness, like this, also will increase number of components, thereby weaken the benefit of described terms of settlement.
At last, suspension must have vertically flexible, especially will limit with certain speed and cross the limit application force that very precipitous obstacle (for example limit, footway) is produced.
Normally used pivot and elastic supporting piece only have limited flexible in known structure owing to need to keep the geometric configuration of allowing.
The Popinet suspension frame structure that document FR 2552718 describes is connected four wheels by a flexible framework that is made of two horizontal steel springs and two longitudinal leaf springs, is actv. from this angle especially.But the defective that this structure exists is to hinder between the wheel of an axletree driving engine to be installed, and roll rate is less than swing rigidity.
At last, suspension must reduce the tire vibrations that rolling caused on the ground as far as possible.
Known structure is connected on the vehicle structure suspension by suspension bracket in the middle of by two flexible-disc joint stages, still, this in the middle of suspension bracket inoperative to the anisotropy of the rigidity of the device that constitutes therefrom.
The present invention proposes a kind of suspension that remedies above-mentioned defective.
Resilient suspension structure of the present invention is carried out symmetric arrangement with respect to the perpendicular by the automobile longitudinal axis, secondly main in the vertical direction has flexible in the horizontal direction, at least constitute by three flexing arms, these flexing arms connect at the end that it crosses each other, be connected to a free end to alternate arm in the vertical projection face area of described suspension frame structure and carry out in the bonded assembly polygon, the described end of each of suspension frame structure is connected with a wheel support spare directly or indirectly.
In general, each arm of resilient suspension structure of the present invention is connected on the seating accommodation between its end that links to each other with other arm and its end that links to each other with wheel support spare.
More generally, attaching parts is a kind of flexible connector with rigidity anisotropism, mainly provide around one near the degree of freedom that carries out rotational motion with the perpendicular horizontal axis of described arm at described connecting portion, next is provided at carries out suitably selected motion, especially moves and center on certain degree of freedom of vertical axis rotation along its hinge axes on every axis in other five axis.
This attaching parts can be made a flexible pivot, oblong supporting member, a pair of elastic supporting piece or any other have the springing of rigidity anisotropism.
The width and thickness ratio of the common part of each arm preferably has a minimum value at least near the connecting portion of arm and seating accommodation, and has a maxim near the position that crosses of arm.
The horizontal projection of the profile of each arm on a perpendicular under big vertical pressure, from its end that links to each other with wheel support spare until its connecting portion, substantially linearly with seating accommodation.
Under big vertical pressure, the part between end that the same wheel support spare of arm links to each other and the connecting portion that links to each other with seating accommodation thereof, owing to be applied to horizontal applied force on its end that links to each other with wheel support spare, therefore, torsional deflection disappears.
In order to increase the ability of its stored energy, each arm can have one or several horizontal strengthening ribs at the middle body between its end that links to each other with other arm and the connecting portion that links to each other with seating accommodation thereof.
At least one can be installed between middle body that is limited by its attaching parts that links to each other with seating accommodation of seating accommodation and suspension frame structure, and the member of additional stiffness is provided is spring or bearing preferably, described bearing is made with elastomeric material, comprises that a same car speed and/or a load that is full of pressurization gas carries out good fit chamber.
Especially for four-wheel automobile, suspension frame structure can link to each other with seating accommodation by a suspension bracket, described suspension bracket is rigidity on its plane, carry out symmetric arrangement with respect to perpendicular by the automobile longitudinal axis, it is flexible to have torsional deflection, except torsional deflection, other stress had bigger rigidity, form a rectangular substantially support, but, its limit can be crooked, it partly preferably dwindles towards the point of connection of supporting with the continuous attaching parts of suspension frame structure usually, therebetween, suspension bracket is connected on the automobile by four attaching partss, two attaching partss are called " vertically " attaching parts because be positioned on vertical symmetrical plane of suspension bracket, two attaching partss are called " laterally " attaching parts because be positioned on the axis of pitch, described axis of pitch is basic crossing with the vertical equidistant selection of attaching parts suitable point and described symmetrical plane at one.
In general, attaching parts is the flexible connector with rigidity anisotropism, each attaching parts has the degree of freedom that rotates around separately longitudinal axis or axis of pitch, also has to select suitable motion on every axis in other five axis, especially move and center on certain degree of freedom of vertical axis rotation along hinge axes.
Each attaching parts can be made a flexible pivot especially in these attaching partss, oblong supporting member, a pair of elastic supporting piece or any other have the springing of rigidity anisotropism.
The flexible rigidity of suspension frame structure in the torsional deflection motion that reduces that so obtains can make dynamic property like this, particularly make traveling comfort reach optimization.
Suspension frame structure of the present invention and suspension bracket can be used the fatigue resistance any material high with the ratio of bending modulus, preferably by the synthetic material that constitutes along the fiber in a kind of synthetic resin of being embedded in of both direction orientation at least, particularly the glass-epoxy laminated plastics is made.
Embodiment referring now to Fig. 1 to 10 and four-wheel automobile is illustrated feature of the present invention.
Accompanying drawing is as follows:
Fig. 1 is the longitudinal sectional drawing along B2-B2 ' among Fig. 2 of the suspension frame structure of the present invention shown in automobile profile of contrast;
Fig. 2 is the top plan view along A1-A1 ' among Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the view of a suspension frame structure of the present invention when a wheel is crossed an obstacle;
Fig. 4 is a birds-eye view in this case;
Fig. 5 is the longitudinal sectional drawing along B6-B6 ' among Fig. 6 of a resilient suspension structure of the present invention when a wheel is crossed the stone on limit, footway with certain speed;
Fig. 6 is a birds-eye view in this case;
Fig. 7-the 1st, the front elevation of an arm of a suspension frame structure of the present invention, gap are positioned at the intersection of this arm with other arm;
Fig. 7-the 2nd, the birds-eye view of same arm, gap are positioned at the intersection of this arm with other arm;
Fig. 8 is the longitudinal sectional drawing along B9-B9 ' among Fig. 9 of the suspension frame structure of the present invention shown in automobile profile of contrast;
Fig. 9 is the longitudinal sectional drawing along A8-A8 ' among Fig. 8 of the suspension frame structure of the present invention shown in automobile profile of contrast;
Figure 10 is the longitudinal profile detail drawing.

Claims (8)

1. according to the described suspension frame structure of one of claim 2 to 6 (1), it is characterized in that, between the middle body (199) that the attaching parts (6) that is linked to each other by same seating accommodation (3) of seating accommodation (3) and suspension frame structure (1) is limited installation at least one provide additional stiffness member (7), be spring or bearing preferably, described bearing is made with elastomeric material, comprises that a same car speed and/or a load that is full of pressurization gas carries out good fit chamber.
2. according to the described suspension frame structure of one of claim 1 to 7 (1), it is characterized in that this suspension frame structure comprises four arms (11,12,13,14), each arm was connected with a wheel (2) or (2 ') of automobile.
3. suspension frame structure according to claim 8 (1), it is characterized in that, this suspension frame structure links to each other by the same seating accommodation of a suspension bracket (5) (3), described suspension bracket carries out symmetric arrangement with respect to the perpendicular by the automobile longitudinal axis, on its plane, be rigidity, it is flexible to have torsional deflection, other stress had bigger rigidity, especially be a rectangular substantially support, but, its limit can be crooked, it partly preferably dwindles towards the point of connection that supports the continuous attaching parts (6) of same suspension frame structure (1) usually, therebetween, suspension bracket (5) is connected on the automobile by four attaching partss, two attaching partss (41) are called " vertically " attaching parts because be positioned on vertical symmetrical plane of suspension bracket, two attaching partss (42) are called " laterally " attaching parts because be positioned on the axis of pitch, and described axis of pitch is basic crossing with vertical equidistant selection of attaching parts suitable point and described symmetrical plane at one.
4. suspension frame structure according to claim 9 (1), it is characterized in that, each attaching parts that is called " vertically " attaching parts (41) or " laterally " attaching parts (42) of suspension bracket is a flexible connector with rigidity anisotropism, the degree of freedom that carries out rotational motion around longitudinal axis or horizontal axis mainly is provided, and next is provided at the certain degree of freedom that moves, especially moves and center on along its hinge axes the vertical axis rotation on every axis of other five axis.
5. according to the described suspension frame structure of one of claim 1 to 10 (1), it is characterized in that this suspension frame structure is made by the material that constitutes along the fiber in a kind of synthetic resin of being embedded in of both direction orientation at least with a kind of.
6. a wheel suspension is characterized in that, it comprises at least one arm, and this arm belongs to according to the described suspension frame structure of one of claim 1 to 11 (1).
7. a suspension that is used in particular for automobile comprises one according to the described resilient suspension structure of one of claim 1 to 11 (1).
8. the automobile that has a suspension according to claim 13.
CN98807479A 1997-06-16 1998-06-16 Suspension structure in particular for motor vehicle Pending CN1265068A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9707416A FR2764546B1 (en) 1997-06-16 1997-06-16 SUSPENSION FOR VEHICLE MAINLY WITH FOUR WHEELS, WITH ELASTIC STRUCTURES PREFERABLY MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL INTEGRATING GUIDANCE AND DIFFERENTIATED STRAIGHTNESSES
FR97/07416 1997-06-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN1265068A true CN1265068A (en) 2000-08-30

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ID=9508005

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN98807479A Pending CN1265068A (en) 1997-06-16 1998-06-16 Suspension structure in particular for motor vehicle

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0988162A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2001508726A (en)
KR (1) KR20010013819A (en)
CN (1) CN1265068A (en)
AU (1) AU8219598A (en)
BR (1) BR9810140A (en)
CA (1) CA2295166A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2764546B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1998057814A1 (en)

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CN109340286A (en) * 2018-09-13 2019-02-15 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司 The method that multistage gradual change steel-degree band spring, vehicle and multistage gradual change steel-degree band spring manufacture and design

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JP6020992B2 (en) * 2012-06-13 2016-11-02 今井　修一 Integrated all-wheel suspension system for automobiles
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101462464B (en) * 2007-12-19 2011-04-13 通用汽车环球科技运作公司 Independently suspended and driven asymmetric axle shafts
CN109340286A (en) * 2018-09-13 2019-02-15 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司 The method that multistage gradual change steel-degree band spring, vehicle and multistage gradual change steel-degree band spring manufacture and design
CN109340286B (en) * 2018-09-13 2020-07-21 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司 Multi-stage gradient steel spring, vehicle and method for designing and manufacturing multi-stage gradient steel spring

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JP2001508726A (en) 2001-07-03
EP0988162A1 (en) 2000-03-29
BR9810140A (en) 2000-08-08
FR2764546B1 (en) 1999-10-15
KR20010013819A (en) 2001-02-26
AU8219598A (en) 1999-01-04
WO1998057814A1 (en) 1998-12-23
CA2295166A1 (en) 1998-12-23
FR2764546A1 (en) 1998-12-18

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