CN1264460A - 在气化过程中的空气抽取 - Google Patents
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Abstract
在燃气涡轮内用合成气体产生动力的方法,燃气涡轮具有空气压缩机(18),燃烧室(20)及膨胀涡轮(22)。本发明包括由空气压缩机(18)连续排出部分压缩空气(26)以及供给压缩空气(26)至制造合成气体用的空气分离装置(12),而供给的压缩空气(26)保证了制造合成气体用的空气分离装置(12)需要的压缩空气比率。本发明还包括连续混合气体碳氢化合物(24)与合成气体(16)以产生燃料气体,控制添加至燃料气体的气体碳氢化合物量(24)以便空气压缩机的输出与燃烧室的空气需要量相匹配以及引入燃料气体至燃烧室(20)。将此两个方法结合起来以便由燃气涡轮获得最大的动力是有利的。
Description
本发明涉及用于产生动力的合成气体的制造和燃烧。更具体地说,本发明涉及燃气涡轮更有效的利用。
某些含碳材料的气化和随后的燃烧提供了有利于环境的产生动力方法,与其它的不利于环境的原料不同。煤炭,包括石油焦和其他含碳原料的石油基原料,碳氢化合物废料,残留油脂,和重原油副产品经常用于气化反应以产生氢和一氧化碳混合物,通常称为“合成气体”。合成气体常含有许多杂质,例如氨和硫化氢。在气体燃烧之前需清除这些杂质。因此合成气体可作为清洁燃料用于发电。
含碳材料的气化过程需要高压空气。效率较高的气化反应器在压力超过10大气压工作,常常超过80大气压。含碳材料在局部氧化反应器内与有限量的含氧气体反应而气化。最有效的气化过程使用实质上纯氧,即超过95%克分子的氧。为了获得这种氧要使用供给压缩空气的空气分离工厂。空气分离工厂的产品为两种气流,一种为实质上的纯氧气,一种为氮气。氧气的压力低于供给分离设备空气流的压力,以及在引入反应器之前氧气常常还需要再次压缩。这些气化反应器需要大量的压缩空气,而过程的经济性取决于任何副产品的有效利用。
用于气化含碳材料的局部氧化反应是放热反应,氧化反应器产生的热量最好利用于发电。但是与碳氢化合物比较,合成气体是部分氧化产品。因此合成气体的随后燃烧所需的氧气比相同量碳氢化合物要少。
气化/产生动力的装置通常具有空气分离装置,气化器,以及燃气涡轮。空气分离装置为气化器供氧。气化器将氧气和碳氢化合物转化为可燃的清洁气体燃料,即合成气体。燃气涡轮使用来自气化器的燃料来产生动力。
燃气涡轮在商业上以各种预定尺寸供应。因此,在希望的功率量已经固定或对气化器供给量已固定的项目而言,希望用途的燃气涡轮往往过大而损害项目的经济性。典型的系统的说明可参见美国专利号,4,017,272;5,081,845;5,295,350;5,394,686;5,410,869;5,421,166;5,501,078;5,609,041,这些文件结合作为本发明的参考。
因此要求有更有效地利用燃气涡轮的方法,而不管合成气体的供给是否确定或者所希望的功率量是否确定。
本发明是在燃气涡轮内用合成气体产生动力的方法,燃气涡轮包括空气压缩机,燃烧室和膨胀涡轮。本发明包括由空气压缩机连续排出部分压缩空气和将压缩空气供给至制造合成气体使用的空气分离装置,而供给的压缩空气保证了制造合成气体使用的空气分离装置部分压缩空气的需要。本发明还包括连续混合气化的碳氢化合物与合成气体以产生燃料气体,控制燃料气体中添加的气化的碳氢化合物量使空气压缩机的输出与燃烧室空气需要相匹配,以及引入燃料气体至燃烧室。这两个方法结合使用是有利的。
这里使用的术语“燃气涡轮”系指包括空气压缩机、燃烧室和涡轮膨胀器的装置。空气被压缩供给燃烧所用的氧气。压缩空气随后与燃料气体一起供给进入燃烧室。燃烧产物通过膨胀器运动以产生动力。
这里使用的术语“合成气体”系指含有氢气,一氧化碳或它们的混合气体,氢气/一氧化碳比可以达到但并非必须达到约1∶1。在合成气体中常有一些惰性气体,特别是氮气。
本发明为用合成气体产生动力的方法。合成气体可用任何局部氧化法制造。典型的方法是合成气体用局部氧化或气化反应器制造,在其中燃料与氧气反应生成氢气和一氧化碳。气化过程为本专业已知的,可参见美国专利Nos.4,099,382和4,178,758。最好气化过程使用实质上的纯氧,即超过95%克分子氧的气体。
燃气涡轮为一个整体设备,包括空气压缩机,燃烧室和膨胀涡轮。这些设备设计使用普通燃料,例如天然气。天然气的主要成分为甲烷。一个甲烷分子与由空气压缩机获得的两个氧分子在燃烧过程中结合。另一方面,两个合成气体分子,它们是氢气,一氧化碳或两者,仅与一个氧分子在燃烧过程中反应。因此,给定量的合成气体的燃烧大致需要相同量天然气的燃烧需要的空气量的1/4。
在燃气涡轮中空气压缩机、燃烧室和涡轮与燃料,如天然气的较高的压缩空气要求相匹配。当使用来自气化器的合成气体作为燃料时,燃气涡轮的空气压缩机部分为超尺寸的。因为这些设备按分散的尺寸制造和销售,对于特殊的用途它们经常是超尺寸的。
如果需要涡轮的动力量固定,则联合循环的输出动力必须降低。在本发明中是采用由供给空气分离装置用的燃气涡轮的空气压缩机抽取空气来完成上述要求。这样就降低了燃气涡轮的输出动力和减少了项目的投资费用,因为空气分离装置内空气压缩机的尺寸减小了。
因此本发明为在燃气涡轮内使用合成气体产生动力的方法,使用的燃气涡轮具有空气压缩机,燃烧室和膨胀涡轮。该方法包括由空气压缩机连续抽出部分压缩空气以及把压缩空气供给至制造合成气体的空气分离装置,其中供给的压缩空气保证了空气分离装置部分要求的一部分压缩空气。空气分离装置提供了制造合成气体使用的氧气。至少约20%,优选地为至少约40%,更优选地为至少50%的由燃气涡轮提供的空气压缩机的输出传送至空气分离装置。压缩空气随后转换成部分含氧的气体供给至气化反应器。
由燃气涡轮传送至空气分离装置的压缩空气量最好能够调节,例如使用可变位置控制阀调节。在气化反应器以降低的输出工作时,气化反应器所需的氧量也减少。如果添加辅助燃料(如天然气)来保持涡轮工作,则燃气涡轮的氧需要量增加。最好用可变位置控制阀将压缩空气转移到最需要空气的产生动力系统,无论是燃烧室或空气分离装置。
本发明的另一目的是添加辅助燃料以提高最终燃料气体的热量以便获得较平坦的工作涡轮的输出或更有效地利用燃气涡轮的全部能力。因此本发明为在燃气涡轮内用合成气体产生动力的方法,所用燃气涡轮包括空气压缩机、燃烧室和膨胀涡轮。本发明还包括监控合成气体流以探测合成气体流率的增加或增少,连续混合气体碳氢化合物与合成气体以生成燃料气体,控制添加到燃料气体中的气体碳氢量以便空气压缩机的输出与燃烧室的空气需要匹配或者燃烧室的绝对能力匹配,以及引导燃料气体至燃烧室。
监控合成气体流以简单探测合成气体流率增减的方法可用于改变添加的气体碳氢化合物量。如果添加的气体碳氢化合物量实质上固定,则没有必要监控合成气体流率。
本方法可更充分地利用燃气涡轮的能力。借助空气压缩和输出与燃烧室空气需要量匹配,这意味空气压缩机至燃烧室的输出提供了引入燃烧室燃料气体完全燃烧所需空气量的约90%至130%,最好为约96%至104%。借助燃料气体的完全燃烧,这意味燃料气体中的可燃成分,即一氧化碳,氢和碳氢化合物的至少95%重量氧化为二氧化碳和水。
合成气体连续地与气体碳氢化合物混合。气体的混合可在管子或燃烧室内进行。如果气体碳氢化合物为细弥散液滴,那么液滴可悬浮在合成气体内或者呈分离的气流,随后与合成气体混合。
气体碳氢化合物含有一种或多种天然气,气体轻碳氢化合物或在气体中细弥散的液体燃料滴。气体轻碳氢化合物包括液化天然气,如甲烷,丙烷,丁烷,戊烷,己烷或其混合物。
在燃烧室的额定功率下操作燃气涡轮常常是有利的。如果燃料是天然气和合成气体的混合气,则常常有过剩的压缩空气能力,以及燃烧室能力可能受其气体通过能力的限制。然而,如果辅助燃料为气体轻碳氢化合物或细弥散液体碳氢化合物,则燃烧室的能力可能受压缩空气供给的限制。最后,燃烧室额定功率可能受燃气涡轮产生动力的额定功率的限制。
借助添加辅助燃料至燃烧室,可以平衡燃气涡轮的输出。这样就可在气化器不工作时使燃气涡轮把压缩空气供给至空气分离装置。在合成气体生产严重受限制或停顿时,辅助燃料可使涡轮继续运转。
为了在气化过程受干扰时使涡轮工作不停顿,最好至少25%的燃料气体热量由正常工作时的辅助气体碳氢化合物产生。
气体碳氢化合物与合成气体最好在引入之前已混合好,以保证燃料气体混合良好。在气体碳氢化合物输入管路上最好设置可变位置控制阀,从而可使引入燃料气体的气体碳氢化合物量可以变化以满足动力要求,或者使合成气体生产率的变化平坦,以保持燃气涡轮在希望的额定功率下工作,或者使燃气涡轮空气压缩机的输出与燃烧室内燃料气体的氧气需要量匹配。当合成气体产量高时,添加至燃料的气体碳氢化合物量可以减少。然而,常常增加一些气体碳氢化合物至燃料气体是有利的。
具有足够的辅助的气体碳氢化合物燃料容量也是有利的,这样一来如果气化过程中断,随后引入的气体碳氢化合物量足以保持涡轮工作。当气化器恢复工作后,气体碳氢化合物量可以降低以便平缓转回至混合燃料气体,而不使燃气涡轮的工作停顿。
具有燃料气体即辅助的气体碳氢化合物的比率的探测或计算装置也是有利的。燃料气体的热值以及达到完全燃烧所需的空气量均与此比率有关。因此,最好具有控制阀装置,使由燃气涡轮转送至空气分离装置的压缩空气受燃料气体中气体碳氢化合物量的影响。如果燃料气体具有较大比例的气体碳氢量,则转送至空气分离装置的压缩空气量可以减少以供给足够的空气至燃烧室。
优选的气体碳氢化合物为天然气。管路质量的天然气为通常至少含95%克分子甲烷的气体。本发明使用的天然气不要求是管路质量,可以含有一定量的惰性气体,如二氧化碳和氮气。天然气优选地含有至少约50%,更优选地含有至少75%克分子甲烷。在气体碳氢化合物含有天然气的应用中,优选地至少约25%,更优选地至少约40%,最优选地至少约50%体积的燃料气体为天然气。
在许多用途中,抽取燃气涡轮的部分压缩空气用于空气分离装置以及添加辅助的气体碳氢化合物至燃料气体两者都是有利的。这样做可以更有效地利用燃气涡轮的容量,发挥燃气涡轮空气压缩机的过剩容量,以及在气化过程出现干扰时使燃气涡轮不停顿地工作。当本发明的两方面同时使用时,气体碳氢化合物优选地含有至少约20%,更优选地至少约30%的燃料气体的热量,以及优选地至少约15%,更优选地至少约30%的燃气涡轮的空气压缩机输出由旁路传送至空气分离装置。
图1为本发明实施例的示意图。它包括一个气化器10,一个空气分离装置12,通过连接管28向气化器10供给氧气,空气压缩机14从连接管32抽取低压或大气压的空气和供给空气分离装置12所需的至少部分压缩空气,燃气涡轮包括一个燃气涡轮空气压缩机18,一个燃烧室20和一个膨胀涡轮22。合成气体通过连接管16传送至燃烧室20,以及随后辅助的气体碳氢化合物燃料通过连接管24传送至燃烧室20。合成气体和辅助的气体碳氢化合物在到达燃烧室20之前最好混合。燃气涡轮空气压缩机过剩的压缩空气通过连接管24传送至空气分离装置12。
Claims (15)
1.一种在具有空气压缩机,燃烧室及膨胀涡轮的燃气涡轮内用合成气体产生动力的方法,它包括
a.连续混合气体碳氢化合物与合成气体以产生燃料气体,
b.控制添加至燃料气体的气体碳氢化合物的量使空气压缩机的输出与燃烧室的空气需要量匹配,以满足希望的燃烧室能力,以及
c.将燃料气体引入燃烧室。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特在于气体碳氢化合物包括一种或多种天然气,气化的轻碳氢化合物,或在气体中细弥散的液体燃料滴。
3.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于还包括控制燃料气体的引入率,使空气压缩机的输出供应为燃料气体完全燃烧所需空气的约90%和130%之间。
4.按照权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于气体碳氢化合物含有至少约25%燃料气体的热值。
5.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于气体碳氢化合物含有天然气。
6.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于天然气具有至少约25%燃料气体的体积。
7.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于天然气具有至少约40%燃料气体的体积。
8.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于天然气具有至少约50%燃料气体的体积。
9.一种在具有空气压缩机,燃烧室及膨胀涡轮的燃气涡轮内用合成气体产生动力的方法,包括由空气压缩机连续排出部分压缩空气以及供应压缩空气至制造合成气体用的空气分离装置,其中供应的压缩空气提供了空气分离装置要求的压缩空气比率。
10.按照权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于至少约20%的空气压缩机输出由旁路传送至空气分离装置。
11.按照权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于至少约40%的空气压缩机输出由旁路传送至空气分离装置。
12.按照权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于至少约50%的空气压缩机输出由旁路传送至空气分离装置。
13.按照权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于还包括:
a.连续混合气体碳氢化合物与合成气体以产生燃料气体,
b.控制添加至燃料气体的气体碳氢化合物的量使空气压缩机的输出与燃烧室的空气需要量匹配,以满足希望的燃烧室能力,以及
c.引入燃料气体至燃烧室。
14.按照权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于气体碳氢化合物含有至少约20%的燃料气体热量,以及至少约15%的空气压缩机输出由旁路传送至空气分离装置。
15.按照权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于气体碳氢化合物含有至少约30%的燃料气体热量,以及至少约30%的空气压缩机输出由旁路传送至空气分离装置。
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US7874139B2 (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2011-01-25 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | IGCC design and operation for maximum plant output and minimum heat rate |
US9080513B2 (en) * | 2007-10-31 | 2015-07-14 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for combusting syngas within a combustor |
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US5295350A (en) * | 1992-06-26 | 1994-03-22 | Texaco Inc. | Combined power cycle with liquefied natural gas (LNG) and synthesis or fuel gas |
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US5666800A (en) * | 1994-06-14 | 1997-09-16 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Gasification combined cycle power generation process with heat-integrated chemical production |
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CN104040274B (zh) * | 2011-05-26 | 2016-09-14 | 普莱克斯技术有限公司 | 空气分离、功率生成的集成 |
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AU741118B2 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
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