CN1220747A - 自动记帐系统 - Google Patents

自动记帐系统 Download PDF

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CN1220747A
CN1220747A CN95195365A CN95195365A CN1220747A CN 1220747 A CN1220747 A CN 1220747A CN 95195365 A CN95195365 A CN 95195365A CN 95195365 A CN95195365 A CN 95195365A CN 1220747 A CN1220747 A CN 1220747A
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戈登·T·布朗
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Abstract

为诸如个人或商业企业等实体提供了自动记帐系统,其中为该实体建立至少一个文件并向该文件提供多个数据输入。该数据输入包括该实体与其它实体之间进行的电子记录交易。为该实体的经理人员提供了该文件的使用权,从而该经理人员之一可以进行一项或多项与该数据输入有关的操作,比如对其进行输入、删除、审阅、调整及加工。

Description

自动记帐系统
本发明涉及自动记帐系统，具体而言，涉及适用于个人或商业企业等实体的自动记帐系统，其中可向为该实体而建立的文件形成多个数据输入，该数据输入包括该实体与其它实体之间所进行的电子记录金融交易。该接受服务之实体的经理人员可使用该文件，以便该经理人员之一可进行一项或多项与该数据输入有关的操作，比如输入、删除、审阅、调整和加工该数据输入。
现已提出了一些用电子计算机处理财政和商业企业信息的系统与方法。No.5,193,055美国专利公开了一种记帐系统，其中使用标准类别编码表列将货币转移凭证(例如支票)编码而成为计算机文件。然后使用该计算机文件中的信息产生各种财务报告。可以将标准类别编码个性化以便满足用户的特殊需求。例如，可以将工作号编码于支票上以便在个人项目中跟踪收入与支出。
No.5,220,501美国专利公开了一种用于远距离提供零售金融服务的方法和系统。用户可以从指定远距离数据终端进入ATM(自动出纳机)以便将资金从某个银行帐号转予第三方受款人。中心计算机从该远距离终端接收指令，将资金记入用户银行帐号的借方并将该资金转给用户所指定的受款人。还可参阅No.5,202,826美国专利。
尽管存在有这些系统，但无人给出一个完整的记帐系统，其中用户(比如商业企业、个人、商人、金融机构及其它实体)被连成网络，通过该网络可以获取、分析、审阅、调整和加工金融信息然后再利用其生成财务报告。
随着计算机硬件技术的不断进步及其成本的降低，许多金融交易(尽管可能不占大多数)将以电子记录的方式进行。例如，客户向建筑产品经销商购买某种建筑产品(比如窗户)，该项销售将以电子记录的方式记录在该建筑产品经销商计算机中的分类帐上。然而，无人设计出这样一种系统，其中用户与建筑产品经销商被连成网络，从而可利用所记录的该项金融交易以及网上所记录的所有其它金融交易生成有利于网络成员的财务记录。
为了有利于网络上众多不同用户、记录的金融交易必须为各种经理人员所能接近。因而需要经理人员(比如会计人员)能够在该项金融交易进行之前、期间及之后使用所记录的金融交易。因此，可以对电子记录的金融交易进行输入、删除、审阅、调整和/或加工以便向系统提供适当的输入数据。
在数据输入和审阅之后，可能会要求用户能选择向系统请求何种服务。例如，个人可能只关心得到税务记帐服务，而商业企业则可能会需要更为完整的一套财政报告。
最后，一个有效的系统必须具备象No.5,220,501和No.5,202,826美国专利中所公开的资金转移交换所。
因此，所需要的是一种用户(比如个人、商业企业、商人、金融机构及其它实体)互联系统(或网络)，该系统可向其用户提供一种对该用户与网络上其它实体之间所进行的全部金融交易进行自动记帐的方法。
本发明提供了一种适用于个人或商业企业等实体的自动记帐系统，其中至少为该实体建立一个文件，且向该文件提供多个数据输入。该数据输入包括该实体与其它实体之间所进行的电子记录金融交易。该实体的经理人员可使用该文件，以便该经理人员之一可进行输入、删除、审阅、调整和加工等一项或多项操作。
以下参考附图对优选方案的说明可以增加对本发明的全面理解。
图1至4为描述本发明方法和系统的流程图。
本发明的方法和系统提供了一种自动记帐系统，它将所用涉及第一实体(比如个人或商业企业)与其它实体(比如商人、金融机构等)之间金融交易的各种实体连接在一起形成网络。该金融交易作为数据输入记录在为第一实体所建立的文件中。该数据输入可以由第一实体的经理人员(比如会计人员、财产经理和该实体本身)使用，以便对该数据输入进行输入、删除、审阅、调整或加工。
第一实体可以是商业企业或个人。接受服务的实体将在中心或主计算机上建立总分类帐，用于接收电子记录金融交易形式的数据输入。然而，将会知道，中心或主计算机可以是各个实体的专用自动计算设备(比如个人计算机或电话计算设备)，它可以接收数据输入，且在个人计算机的情况下可以利用成品记帐软件对该数据输入进行加工。因此，尽管此处所做说明着重于中心或主计算机，但将会理解到，上述个人计算机或电话计算设备之类等效设备也在本发明的考虑之中。
图1至4为描述本发明的流程图。特别参考图1，在逻辑框20中，驻留在主计算机总分类帐上的个人及商业企业帐户被初始化。例如，这可能包括选择所偏好的自动编码方式、原始资料内含、业务记帐规则、报告细节、个人工作记录保存以及交互式用户授权注册。所有这些选择使总分类帐具体化并形成特定规格以便更有效地利用本发明。另外，可以建立两册总分类帐，比如说独立的现金和增值分类帐，以便能够将所需数据输入这些分类帐中并利用其提供税款准备和现金报告。
该系统随后通过流程线21行至逻辑框22，在此以上所建立的帐户被指定编码数字。然而，商业企业及个人金融交易的标准帐户菜单常常成倍地建立(例如可参见No.5,193,055美国专利)，建立收入和支出项的子分类可能会导致一个以上详细子编码表。标准帐户格式通常用以为外部经理人员提供信息，而较为复杂的子编码细节则通常由使用该系统的实体保存以仅供内部使用。
接着，流程线23引至逻辑框24，此处选择自动记录保存和报告的子分类帐。总分类帐建立在中心或主计算机上，而子分类帐则建立在第一实体将会与其进行金融交易的所有实体的计算机(比如个人计算机)上。可以与金融机构、商人以及该接受服务之实体将会与其进行金融交易的其它实体建立这些子分类帐，其中包括(但并不局限于)自动出纳机、电话计算设备、银行(比如对于支票和储蓄帐户)、投资/代理公司、商人及其它自动系统/记录保存设备。自动编码装置可以与这些子分类帐相连以便在进行金融交易时记录并传输与该金融交易有关的数据。关键的概念是所有这些实体均能够以电子的方式对与某个特定实体进行金融交易的全部实体(包括第一实体)的全部金融交易进行记录、收集、加工、存储和传输。这样，所有实体可以联结成网络，从而财务信息可以在所有这些实体之间得到完整而精确的开发利用。下面将参考图2较详细地说明从子分类帐到总分类帐数据的建立、操作和转移。
重新参考图1，需要包含在总分类帐中的子分类帐在逻辑框24处选择。尽管每个与第一实体相连的实体都将有一册子分类帐，但第一实体可能只需要将某些数据输入从子分类帐转移到总分类帐。例如，第一实体可能只需要来自金融机构的数据输入而不需要来自商人的。在此逻辑框24中，可以进行这样的选择。
逻辑框24之后，系统通过流程线25行至逻辑框26，在此输入收入、支出、财产、银行帐户和债务的初始余额。之后，流程线27引至逻辑框32，在此向经许可的交互帐户用户和经理人员发布通行码。经理人员可包括会计人员、代理人或其它财政顾问。该帐户用户可包括第一实体以及第一实体的授权用户，比如商业企业的会计主任或簿记员。对总分类帐和子分类帐的这种使用允许该经理人员从一组操作中选择操作，其中包括在总分类帐和子分类帐中输入、删除、审阅、调整和加互数据输入。这种使用允许经理人员在金融交易之前、期间和之后输入、删除、审阅、调整和加工数据输入，以便规范该交易使之适合于各个实体的记帐方案。
下面，流程线引至逻辑框40，在此来自子分类帐的最新资料被输入总分类帐。参考图2，将讨论来自子分类帐数据的建立、操作和转移。将会了解到，网络上的其它各个实体将拥有用于记录、收集、加工、存储和传输第一实体(以及其它实体)与某个特定实体之间所有金融交易的设备(通常为计算机且可能为PC)。
在逻辑框100中，帐户在子分类帐计算机中进行初始化。此步骤与图1逻辑框20中的初始化步骤类似。然后，流程线101引至逻辑框102，在此也与图1逻辑框22中类似地指定用于交易记录的人个/商业企业编码数字。另外，个人工作帐户(收入与花销)可以在进入点通过字母数字标识符而自动方便地得到。卖主和受款人可以按自动分类帐登记项与编码分类列表。
再以下，流程线103引至逻辑框104，在此选择分类帐数据加工与转移的选项。例如，自动编码和/或指令被输入ATM、现场销售机、支票录入设备以及其它拥有子分类帐的系统之中。这些编码可以指明各个子分类帐资金转移和记帐的方法。例如，帐户自动保持信贷余额，直到资金转移请求得到汇款答复。如果在预定时间内未收到付款，则余额自动地或通过命令方式加入个人公司的应付和应收单。
此后，流程线105引至逻辑框106，在此建立总分类帐与外部资料源的通讯联系。将会了解到，尽管经理人员可以使用总分类帐和子分类帐，但也可以通过设置预定通讯规则而限定使用权。然而，如下所述，交易记录和帐户余额经常从子分类帐传输到总分类帐。流程线107引至逻辑框108，在此输入收入/支出及财产分类初始余额。
接下来，流程线109引至逻辑框110，在此向授权经理人员发布通行码。为了保证第一实体和接受服务实体经理人员对子分类帐的使用权，在逻辑框110处向包括接受服务实体经理人员在内的授权交互帐户用户发布通行码。
该系统接着由流程线111引至逻辑框112，在此将通过帐户的金融交易记录在子分类帐上。例如，在商人的情况下，第一实体可能购买一件商品，而这项交易将被记录。可以设计支票成像设备以读取支票表面信息，其中包括用于自动进入该实体与其它实体之间金融交易子分类帐的编码。类似地，可以在ATM交易文件中安装4至5位数字的编码序列以便用户识别资金来源与使用。然而，信用卡交易也可能会要求在现场输入适当的编码信息。
然后，流程线113引至判断逻辑框130，在此对该输入进行审查以确定其是否有效。如果无效，则流程线131引至逻辑框132，在此打印出错误提示。此后，流程线137引至判断逻辑框140，在此必须决定是通过流程线141返回通行码输入还是通过流程线143退出分类帐例程144。
如果该输入有效，则流程线151引至判断逻辑框152，在此审查指令的有效性。有效性的确定通过将数量、编码、卖主和受款人与在逻辑框22、24和102、104处选择的预定编码和判定规则加以比较而进行。无效输入出于安全原因而被单独记录。有效输入被包括进子分类帐和总分类帐计算之中。具体而言，如果指令无效，流程线153引至逻辑框132并重复上述同样的过程。如果指令有效，则流程线155引至逻辑框160，在此累加用于外部审阅和报告子分类帐余额。
该系统随后由流程线161引至逻辑框170，在此进行由子分类帐向总分类帐数据输入的周期性转移。这可以通过调制解调器或其它数据转移设备而实现。这由流程线171所表示，该流程线行至图1中流程线33。
再参考图1，来自子分类帐的数据输入被转移到总分类帐。然后，流程线41引至逻辑框44，在此对总分类帐中的数据输入进行使用。该使用权可以提供给第一实体的交互用户和经理人员。在逻辑框44处，该经理人员或交互用户可输入改变命令，记录指令调整，相互交易等内容。
然后，流程线51引至判断逻辑框52，在此确定输入的有效性。如果输入无效，流程线53引至逻辑框54，在此打印出错误提示。一旦打印出错误提示，本方法通过流程线61返回逻辑框44。如果输入有效，流程线63引至判断选择框64，在此确定指令的有效性。有效性的确定由通行码是否与授权通行码的预定表列相匹配以及该输入的形式和内容是否完整而加以判断。例如，若该试图输入的形式或内容与该用户过去的交易记录不同，则将会要求提供进一步的信息。如果指令无效，则流程线引至逻辑框54，在此打印出错误提示。如果指令有效，则流程线引至判断逻辑框70。
在判断逻辑框70中，询问用户是否需要资金转移装置。如果不需要资金转移装置，流程线75引至图3中所示的财务报表模块。如果需要资金转移装置，则流程线81引至图4中所示的网络转移装置。
现在更详细地参考图3，流程线75引至判断逻辑框200，在此询问用户是否需要记帐例程。如果不需要，流程线201引回到流程线61处(见图1)。如果需要记帐子程序，流程线203引至逻辑框204，在此根据该实体的报告选择对文件进行更新。如果选择了简单的现金记帐例程，则只有相应的记帐子程序会起作用。如果请求税款准备报告，则所有完成该税款报告所必需的记帐子程序将起作用。此后流程线207引至逻辑框210，在此完成用于将来处理的记帐工序。例如，日、周、月及年度报告，包括对此及其它用途的统计比较可随后按用户的意愿而打印出来。各个方案的子程序使得用户可将个人和商业企业记录保存及报告专门化。
流程线211随后引至逻辑框214，在此使用第一实体所选择的记帐子程序。因此，第一实体可选择一项、多项或现有全部所需的财务报表。这样，该系统成为真正的自我服务系统，其中第一实体可从现有报告的大菜单中选择所需的记帐报告。可以将系统的计价定得适合于这种选择。例如，只需要两份报告的第一实体将比需要十份报告的用户支付较少的系统使用费。
此后，流程线215引至判断逻辑框216，在此将确定财务报表文件是否平衡。如果不平衡，流程线221引至逻辑框222，在此打印出错误提示。如果财务报表是平衡的，流程线225从逻辑框216中引出。流程线227在打印错误提示之后从逻辑框222中引出以便与流程线225相接。错误提示将引导该实体(或经理人员)对编码交易进行适当调整，从而使得子分类帐和总分类帐均呈现平衡帐目。
此后，所要求的报告在逻辑框240处被传送给接收服务的实体。在逻辑框240中给出了10份不同的报告。这些报告可通过电子邮件传送，也可制成硬拷贝并通过传真、信使、夜间急件信差或头等邮件而送至用户。该系统的优点在于能够比现有服务更快地处理这些报告。
接下来，流程线261引至逻辑框262，在此请求下一个待处理的帐户。
如果需要资金转移装置，流程线81引至判断逻辑框300，在此询问是否需要转移资金的指令。资金转移装置按照指令允许该实体帐户(例如银行)及其之间进行资金/支付款项的自动(电子)转移。对任意和全部支付款交换所的使用与该资金转移装置一起预先进行考虑。流程线301引至逻辑框302，在此将资金记入帐户No.1(比如商人帐户)的借方，再经流程线303引至逻辑框304，在此记入帐户No.2(接受服务实体帐户)的贷方。如果需要，贷方余额可以由帐户自动保存，直到收到对资金转移请求的汇款应答为止。如果在预定时间内未收到付款，余额自动地或通过命令方式加入公司的应付和应收单。随后，流程线305引至逻辑框306，在此请求下一个指令，再经流程线307返回逻辑框300以便重新开始进行操作。
如果不要求资金转移指令，流程线311引至判断逻辑框312，在此询问用户是否存在转移数据的指令。例如，某个实体可能选择向银行人员传送重要的工作统计以便用于贷款监管的目的。材料供应商可快速精确地与当前销售情况记载和库存补给运输请求一道传送备件清单。最后，常常会多次要求实体向政府部门、健康部分、劳动互会等机构提供工资单统计资料。如果是这样，流程线313引至逻辑框314，在此传输数据，再经流程线315引至逻辑框316，在此记录数据、时间、所传送的记录、转移名称和地址。此后，流程线317引至逻辑框306，在此请求下一条指令。
如果不要求数据转移指令，流程线321此至逻辑框322，在此询问用户是否存在调整当前记录的指令。当某些交易者被系统自动记录以及当先前输入发生错误时，实体或经理人员可输入金融交易的编码记录或调整当前帐户记录。如果是这样，流程线323引至逻辑框324，在此按照当前操作调整记录，然后经流程线325引至逻辑框326，在此记录日期、时间、所传送记录以及转移授权。此后，流程线327引至逻辑框306，在此要求下一条指令。
如果不要求当前记录调整指令，流程线331引至判断逻辑框332，在此询问用户是否存在调整将来操作的指令。实体和用户必须定期改变原先输入该系统的判定规则。对系统记录或报告的调整可能由如下内容的变化而引起，即普遍接受的记帐原理、报告周期改变、折旧调整、收入或支出增加或删除、现金对增值的解释、统计对比定义等等。流程线333引至逻辑框334，在此调整指令以便于将来操作。然后，流程线引至逻辑框336，在此记录日期、时间、所传送记录以及转移授权。此后，流程线337引回到网络转移装置模块初始端的逻辑框300。
如果不要求将来操作调整指令，流程线351引至判断逻辑框352，在此询问用户这是否为最后指令。如果不是，流程线引至逻辑框354，在此该方法进入下一条指令。如果是最后指令，则流程线361引至逻辑框362，在此退出资金转移装置。
应当认识到，在所给出的自动记帐系统中，第一实体和与该第一实体进行金融交易的其它实体被连接成网络。为第一实体的经理人员(比如会计人员)提供了电子记录金融交易的使用权。这些经理人员可进行诸如输入、删除、审阅、调整和加工数据输入的操作。另外，可生成记帐报告并提供资金转移装置。
尽管所公开的是本发明的特定方案，但熟知本技术的人应当认识到，根据本发明的全面介绍可以对细节部分进行各种修改和变化。因此，以上所公开的特定方案只是为了叙述方便，它不会限定本发明的范围。本发明的整个范围由后附的权利要求给出，其中包括了任一权利要求及其所有等价物。

Claims (27)

1．为第一实体(比如个人或商业企业)提供自动记帐系统的方法，该方法包括：为该第一实体建立至少一个文件；为该文件提供多个数据输入，该数据输入包括该第一实体与其它实体之间所进行的电子记录金融交易；以及为该第一实体的经理人员提供该文件的使用权，以便该经理人员之一可进行一项或多项选自如下一组操作的操作，这组操作包括对该数据输入进行输入、删除、审阅、调整以及加工。
2．根据权利要求1的方法，其中包括向该文件输入与该第一实体有关的信息。
3．根据权利要求2的方法，其中该信息包括收入、支出、财产、债务、银行帐户等的初始余额。
4．根据权利要求3的方法，其中包括向该文件输入适合于该第一实体的编码信息。
5．根据权利要求1的方法，其中包括为该第一实体和该经理人员提供通行码以便使用该文件。
6．根据权利要求1的方法，其中包括为该其它实体各自提供子分类帐以及将选定子分类帐从该其它实体转移到该文件。
7．根据权利要求6的方法，其中包括向该第一实体的经理人员提供该子分类帐的使用权，从而该经理人员可以进行一项或多项选自如下一组操作的操作，这组操作包括对该选定子分类帐中的数据输入进行输入、删除、审阅、调整及加工。
8．根据权利要求1的方法，其中包括对该数据输入进行编码。
9．根据权利要求8的方法，其中包括在该数据输入提供给该文件之前对该数据输入进行编码。
10．根据权利要求8的方法，其中包括在记录该金融交易时对该数据输入进行编码。
11．根据权利要求8的方法，其中包括在该数据输入提供给该文件之后对该数据输入进行编码。
12．根据权利要求8的方法，其中包括在该数据输入被编码并提供给该文件之后改变该数据输入的编码。
13．根据权利要求8的方法，其中该编码包括将帐户编码和金融交易编码输入该文件。
14．根据权利要求1的方法，其中包括提供资金转移装置，以便方便地对该第一实体和其它实体进行资金的移入及移出。
15．根据权利要求14的方法，其中包括利用该资金转移装置接收资金转移指令并根据该指令将资金从该第一实体转移到该其它实体。
16．根据权利要求14的方法，其中包括利用该资金转移装置传输与该资金转移有关的数据。
17．根据权利要求14的方法，其中包括利用该资金转移装置调整当前记录。
18．根据权利要求14的方法，其中包括利用该资金转移装置调整将来操作。
19．根据权利要求1的方法，其中包括利用该数据输入生成至少一份财务报表。
20．根据权利要求19的方法，其中包括将该财务报表提供给该第一实体。
21．第一实体(比如个人或商业企业)的自动记帐系统，该系统包括：具有至少一个文件的第一计算机；用于接收数据输入的第二计算机，该数据输入包括该第一实体与第二实体之间进行的电子记录金融交易；用于将该数据输入从该第二计算机转移到该第一计算机文件的第一通讯装置；以及为该第一实体经理人员提供该第一计算机文件使用权的装置，以便该经理人员之一可以进行一项或多项选自如下一组操作的操作，这组操作包括对该数据输入进行输入、删除、审阅、调整及加工。
22．根据权利要求21的系统，其中该第一计算机具有根据该数据输入生成至少一份记帐报告的装置。
23．根据权利要求21的系统，其中包括该第一计算机中用于接收增值数据输入的第一文件以及该第一计算机中用于接收现金帐户数据输入的第二文件。
24．根据权利要求21的系统，其中包括用于从该第一实体向该第二实体转移资金的装置。
25．根据权利要求21的系统，其中该第二计算机具有对该金融交易进行电子记录、收集、加工、存储和传输的装置。
26．根据权利要求21的系统，其中该第一计算机为个人计算机或电话计算设备。
27．根据权利要求21的系统，其中该第二计算机为个人计算机。
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