CN1213270A - 杀虫或除莠组合物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种粒状的构成复合颗粒的杀虫或除莠组合物,每个颗粒包括与杀虫剂或除莠剂相结合的惰性基质的核、和环绕在所述核四周的一层电阻材料的涂层,这些颗粒带有静电电荷。
Description
本发明涉及杀虫或除莠组合物。
最普通的室内虫害为家蝇、蚊子和蟑螂。
普通家蝇，家蝇，世界各种室内环境均有。除种属相同之外，如较小家蝇类、丽蝇类及肉蝇类，它们都污染食物，传播疾病，如伤寒和霍乱，而且还携带寄生虫卵。
家蝇对垃圾场也是一种麻烦，而且在农业上也变得越来越令人厌恶，在这些地方它们繁殖于家禽和其它动物养殖场所的深层垃圾(deeplitter)之中。
蟑螂在热带或亚热带的都市环境中也是普遍存在的，而在英国以及其它欧洲和北美制备食品的暖室建筑中都是很普通的。在污水沟和下水道都可发现有大量蟑螂种群，从它们身上也已查出许多疾病微生物。
蚊子是严重有害的虫子，也是血液产生疾患如疟疾、黄热病、登革热等的非常重要的媒体。
由于人类人口增加，为它们提供了更多的吸血源，控制这些虫害已十分迫切。
国际专利申请No.WO94/00980描述了带静电荷的粉粒能粘附在昆虫外皮、植株表面或昆虫罗网的表面上。但是，杀虫粉末，如用杀虫剂浸渍过的硅酸镁或二氧化硅颗粒，并不具备产生静电或保留这种静电电荷所必须的特性，因而这些颗粒不能牢固地附着在昆虫外皮、植株表面或昆虫罗网的表面上。
粒状除莠组合物也有缺点，经喷雾或喷粉的除莠颗粒不能牢固地粘附在植株上。
现在，我们研制成了一些粘附性能增强、能更牢固地粘附在被喷雾或喷粉昆虫、植株或表面上的粒状杀虫或除莠组合物。
因此，本发明提供了一种粒状的构成复合颗粒的杀虫或除莠组合物，每个颗粒均包括与杀虫剂或除莠剂相结合的惰性基质的核，一层环绕所述核的电阻材料涂层，这些颗粒载有静电电荷。
这里所用术语“杀虫剂”指的是用于控制农业、自然环境和室内的害虫如昆虫的任何物质。因此，此术语还包括有自然生成的或化学合成的杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀螨剂、昆虫生长调节剂和化学不育剂；昆虫病原体如细菌、病毒或霉菌；寄生虫；和行为改变化学品如信息素、异种信息素和种间激素。这里所用的术语“除莠剂”指的是用于农业控制或改变植物生长的任何物质。
本发明组合物包括惰性基质的核，即只起到杀虫剂和除莠剂的载体作用，而在化学和生理上都是惰性的材料。此惰性基质优选为多孔的强吸收剂。这类材料适宜的实施例有二氧化硅、硅酸镁(滑石)、双原子稀土、纤维素、或天然或合成的聚合物如壳质、脱乙酰壳多糖或橡胶。此惰性基质通过浸渍可使杀虫剂或除莠剂结合其内，或可通过其它方式如吸附或吸收使杀虫剂或除莠剂结合其内。
在复合颗粒的核上涂布一层电阻材料的涂层，即涂布一种易于接受电荷的材料，如石蜡、类脂体、天然或合成树脂、或天然或合成的聚合物材料。可采用石蜡的实例有巴西棕榈蜡(Carnauba wax)、石蜡、小烛树蜡和蜂蜡。聚合物涂层材料的实例有聚四氟乙烯，或烯烃的聚合物。树脂的实例有虫胶和合成丙烯酸树脂。可用的类脂体实例有卵磷脂。
本发明复合颗粒粒度一般要在1至100μm的范围、优选20至60μm。如果颗粒太小，它们对人体健康会有危害。而如果太大，它们则易于因重力作用或因静电吸引力不足而脱离开昆虫、植株或其它所施用的表面。对电阻材料涂层的厚度要求并不严格，只要它分布于颗粒核的四周，且易于接受电荷。一般，此涂层材料构成至少为0.1％(体积)，优选5至20％(体积)的颗粒体积，核的体积构成多至99.9％(体积)，优选75至95％(体积)的颗粒体积。
可以用任何适宜涂布方法，如流化床涂布、喷雾或混合的方法，将电阻材料涂料涂布于颗粒的核上。
浸渍或结合于惰性基质中的杀虫剂或除莠剂量，一般包括至少为惰性基质重量的0.1％(重)。杀虫剂或除莠剂量的多少取决于所希望达到的组合物的释放速率％和所希望的释放持续时间。也取决于电阻涂层的性质及其它因数。
如所周知，昆虫携带静电电荷。对于蟑螂，其表皮外侧带正电荷，而且横越表皮还有一定静电梯度(Beament,J.W.L.in Nature Lond.Vol.191,1961,pp 217-221)。
因此，优选的是，要使本发明组合物的颗粒带有与目标害虫极性相反的静电电荷。这样一来就提高了带电颗粒对害虫的粘附力。
本发明所用的杀虫剂可专门瞄准控制各种具体害虫。例如，可将一种杀虫剂施用于性成熟的雄性昆虫，通过群集接触或配对时使之分散于其它种群之中。按照这种方式传播时，未必能使这种杀虫剂分散于其它物种昆虫中。
可选择各种功能谱窄的杀虫剂。昆虫病原体是特别适用于这一点。另一种实施方案是将杀虫剂用作为吸引昆虫扑向组合物的专门诱饵。例如，此诱饵可以是一种性信息素。此外，性诱饵信息素可用于制造雄性混乱。这种方法取决于雄性昆虫对同种雌性放出的易挥发的性诱饵具有非常高的敏感性。(只有少数例子，雄性可产生这种诱饵)。雌性信息素作用于雄性的导向系统，此导向系统与它逆向飞行在充满嗅味的空气流中相关，从而阻止了雄性确定雌性的位置，干扰了配对。
另一方面，可将含易挥发信息素的带静电颗粒覆盖在昆虫可着陆的表面上。于是通过昆虫就使这些表面上的颗粒粘着一起。在昆虫身体试探运动或进行清洁时，通过这种方式粘着的颗粒就被转移至它的触须或其它部位。颗粒保持原位，继续释放信息素，颗粒的涂层能确保其良好附着和控制释放速率。由于触须接受器对信息素发射的习性或饱和，昆虫不能根据空气中雌性昆虫的痕量信息素进行定向。致使配对失败，雌性产下的卵成为不可繁殖的。此外，雄性自身也起到拟雌性对象的作用，使未配对的雄性转向，而远离呼唤着的雌性。
在本发明的具体实施方案中，电阻涂层是光滑的。涂层的光滑度取决于涂层材料的性质和所用涂布的方法。因此，触及带电颗粒上光滑涂层的昆虫或蜱螨将颗粒抓在脚上，颗粒的光滑表面降低了摩擦力，从而使它们不能满意地抓牢它们爬行的近表面。例如，以这种方式可阻止蜜蜂螨类(Varroa)爬在蜂窝壁上和接蜜蜂。于是它们就落到蜂槽底部，并被颗粒中包含的杀螨剂或用此领域已知方法杀死。
本发明的一个优选之点在于，可使第二杀虫剂或除莠剂粘附于电阻材料的涂层上，即粘附于复合颗粒的外表面上。
其上结合两种杀虫剂的颗粒，可有两种可能对同类昆虫起作用的方式。例如，浸渍或结合于惰性基质中的杀虫剂可以是一种通过吸收使昆虫中毒的杆菌属。第二杀虫剂可以侵入昆虫外表皮使之中毒的霉菌。
为达到目标特性的理想范围，可以调节掺混到单粒中的杀虫剂的种数，或可混合成分不同的颗粒，以达到上述目的。
另一方面，本发明复合颗粒可以包含除莠剂。例如，除莠剂可以是能喷雾到作物上并可达到作物植株及任何与作物共生杂草两者之上的除草剂，这样除草剂就能杀死杂草。另一方面，可用含除莠剂的颗粒对作物植株进行喷雾或喷粉，以达到其它如可促进或延缓生长效果。
在遇有特殊昆虫或霉菌虫害损坏作物之时，可在颗粒中掺入适合此昆虫或霉菌的杀虫剂，并用此组合物对作物植株进行喷雾或喷粉。使昆虫或霉菌孢子与粘附它们的颗粒相接触，并通过组合物颗粒释放出来的杀虫剂杀死昆虫或霉菌孢子。可以认为，包括由杀虫剂及/或杀菌剂与除莠剂结合的组合物属于本发明范围之内。
可以采用摩擦或使之处于放电、高压电场之下或用其它方法，使颗粒带电。对于直接用分布器如空气溶胶喷雾分布器将颗粒施加于害虫、植株或如表面上的场合，可采用适宜分布器设计，尤其是其上特殊的喷嘴结构实现摩擦生电。
本发明颗粒在含有慢作用的化学杀虫药剂如化学杀虫剂时，优选为其静电电荷至少要能保持24小时的颗粒，而当其中含有生物杀虫药剂时则其静电电荷至少要能保持4至5天。
现参照附图对本发明作进一步叙述，其中：
图1说明按照本发明一种控制体颗粒。
参照图1，颗粒4包括一种其四周环绕一层电阻材料涂层2的强吸收剂核或多孔核1。核1是用一种杀虫药剂诸如生物杀虫剂如Metarhizium anisopliae浸渍过的。电阻类脂体涂层例如可为巴西棕榈蜡。
如图1所示，颗粒4还有涂敷于涂层2外表面的另一种杀虫剂3。此另一杀虫剂可包括霉菌孢子。可用电晕放电方法使许多颗粒充电，如图1所示。
现参照下述实施例对本发明作进一步描述。
实施例1
取直径0.5至10μm的二氧化硅颗粒10克(Sigma Chemical Co.，公司)，与10克的杀虫剂Sulfluramid(商品名---Griffin Corporation公司)相混合。由此形成浸渍的复合二氧化硅颗粒，再将此颗粒与80克直径20至80μm的巴西棕榈蜡颗粒充分混合。这种已知可吸收类脂体材料的二氧化硅颗粒从石蜡颗粒中获取了一层类脂体分子的涂层。巴西棕榈蜡属于一种高电阻材料。因此，将石蜡加到二氧化硅颗粒上及由此形成的二氧化硅颗粒的涂层，提高了由于粉末振荡摩擦使颗粒产生的电荷水平。
以精细鸵毛刷将细粒均匀的涂料分布到昆虫整个脊背面上，用已配制好的干粉混合物对10只成熟德国小蠊(blattellagermanica)进行处理。对每组10只经此混合物处理过的昆虫，再用按90克二氧化硅和10克sulfluramid的比例配制的混合物以完全同样的方式对同一组的昆虫进行处理。对每组10只昆虫，每次试验均重复四次。
将这些处理后的蟑螂放在单独容器中，容器室内保持温度25℃及相对湿度30～40％的条件。然后按24小时身体无任何移动表现的昆虫每10只数记录昆虫死亡。
图2表示四次重复试验的蟑螂平均死亡数。结果表明，当载体颗粒的静电特性由于与石蜡颗粒相关而增强时，杀虫效果明显较高。对于用石蜡涂敷过的二氧化硅颗粒，72小时后发生的死亡数证明了这一点，而无石蜡涂层的颗粒，96小时后尚不能证明这一点。
实施例2
利用脱乙酰壳多糖(Seacure CL210,Pronova Biopolymer的产品)作为sulfluramid的载体，重复实施例1的步骤。
对照试验基本上是按照实施例1所述方法利用脱乙酰壳多糖和sulfluramid的混合物进行的。
试验结果列于图3中，由图可以看出，当载体颗粒涂敷类脂体时，sulfluramid的杀虫效果增强。
实施例3
利用成熟美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)重复实施例1及2的步骤。得到基本相同的结果。
Claims (13)
1、一种粒状的构成复合颗粒的杀虫或除莠组合物，每个颗粒包括其与杀虫剂或除莠剂结合的惰性基质的核，和一层在所述核四周环绕的电阻材料涂层，这些颗粒带有静电电荷。
2、按照权利要求1的组合物，其中惰性基质包括二氧化硅、硅酸镁、双原子稀土、纤维素、或天然或合成的聚合物。
3、按照权利要求1或2的组合物，其中颗粒的平均粒度在1至100μm的范围
4、按照权利要求3的组合物，其中颗粒的平均粒度在20至60μm的范围。
5、按照权利要求前述各项中任一项的组合物，其中杀虫剂为杀昆虫剂、杀菌剂、杀螨剂、昆虫生长调节剂或化学不育剂。
6、按照权利要求1至4中任一项的组合物，其中杀虫剂为细菌、病毒或霉菌。
7、按照权利要求1至4中任一项的组合物，其中杀虫剂为行为改变化学品。
8、按照权利要求前述各项中任一项的组合物，其中杀虫剂或除莠剂构成至少0.1％(重)重量的颗粒核。
9、按照权利要求前述各项中任一项的组合物，其中涂层材料构成5至25％(体积)颗粒的体积。
10、按照权利要求前述各项中任一项的组合物，其中电阻涂层包括石蜡、类脂体、天然或合成的树脂或天然合成聚合物。
11、按照权利要求前述各项中任一项的组合物，其中第二杀虫剂或除莠剂是粘附在电阻材料涂层上的。
12、按照权利要求11的组合物，其中第二杀虫剂包括霉菌孢子。
13、按照权利要求1至4项，或8至12项中任一项的组合物，其中除莠剂是一种除草剂或植物生长调节剂。
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| CN106998681A (zh) * | 2014-11-11 | 2017-08-01 | 利托斯天然股份有限公司 | 用于释放有效成分的颗粒 |
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1996
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- 1997-03-12 DE DE69706968T patent/DE69706968T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1997-03-12 CN CN97192976A patent/CN1131668C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-12 ZA ZA9702140A patent/ZA972140B/xx unknown
- 1997-03-12 BR BR9707625A patent/BR9707625A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-03-12 AT AT97907192T patent/ATE206004T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-12 AU AU19337/97A patent/AU711300B2/en not_active Expired
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106998681A (zh) * | 2014-11-11 | 2017-08-01 | 利托斯天然股份有限公司 | 用于释放有效成分的颗粒 |
| CN106998681B (zh) * | 2014-11-11 | 2021-03-26 | 利托斯作物保护股份有限公司 | 用于释放有效成分的颗粒 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69706968D1 (de) | 2001-10-31 |
| MX9806233A (es) | 1998-11-30 |
| AU711300B2 (en) | 1999-10-07 |
| HK1017235A1 (en) | 1999-11-19 |
| US6221375B1 (en) | 2001-04-24 |
| MY123780A (en) | 2006-06-30 |
| BR9707625A (pt) | 1999-07-27 |
| ID19646A (id) | 1998-07-23 |
| ZA972140B (en) | 1998-03-12 |
| WO1997033472A1 (en) | 1997-09-18 |
| ES2162253T3 (es) | 2001-12-16 |
| CN1131668C (zh) | 2003-12-24 |
| AU1933797A (en) | 1997-10-01 |
| GB9605203D0 (en) | 1996-05-15 |
| EP0888048A1 (en) | 1999-01-07 |
| EP0888048B1 (en) | 2001-09-26 |
| ATE206004T1 (de) | 2001-10-15 |
| DE69706968T2 (de) | 2002-04-11 |
| NZ330929A (en) | 2000-02-28 |
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