CN1211633C - Non-continuous double diagonal internal rib reinforced heat exchange tube - Google Patents
Non-continuous double diagonal internal rib reinforced heat exchange tube Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1211633C CN1211633C CNB031251323A CN03125132A CN1211633C CN 1211633 C CN1211633 C CN 1211633C CN B031251323 A CNB031251323 A CN B031251323A CN 03125132 A CN03125132 A CN 03125132A CN 1211633 C CN1211633 C CN 1211633C
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- Prior art keywords
- rib
- double diagonal
- discontinuous
- thermoexcell
- internal rib
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- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003416 augmentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/42—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
- F28F1/424—Means comprising outside portions integral with inside portions
- F28F1/426—Means comprising outside portions integral with inside portions the outside portions and the inside portions forming parts of complementary shape, e.g. concave and convex
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/42—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a reinforced heat exchanging tube with a discontinuous diclinic inner rib, which belongs to the technical field of heat exchange reinforcement and heat exchangers. The present invention is characterized in that a discontinuous rid-shaped projecting object-a diclinic inner rib which has a certain included angle with a shaft line and is inclined to two directions exists on the inner wall surface of the tube; the height of the diclinic inner rib is equal to or smaller than 0.2d, the width is equal to or smaller than 0.5d, the length is equal to or smaller than 2d, and d is the hydraulic inner diameter of a parent tube; the diclinic inner rib has an included angle of +/-(5 to 85 DEG) with the shaft line of the parent tube. The present invention can increase the heat exchange coefficient by 80% to 150% to turbulent flow, the heat exchange coefficient of the present invention is 30% higher than that of a cross slot tube with a favorable heat exchanging effect, but the flow resistance is 20% to 50% smaller than that of the cross slot tube. The present invention has the advantages of obvious function of heat exchange reinforcement, small flow resistance, simple forming and high productive efficiency. Simultaneously, back flow is not easy to generate near the diclinic inner rib, and no flow dead zone exist, so that the present invention has a favorable scale forming effect.
Description
Technical field
Discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell belongs to enhanced heat exchange and technical field of heat exchangers.
Background technology
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger has extensive and a large amount of application at numerous areas such as oil, chemical industry, power.Shell-and-tube heat exchanger adopts smooth circular tube usually, it has, and manufacturing process is simple, security good, low cost and other advantages, but, make the common tube shell heat exchanger exist deficiencies such as volume is big, consumptive material is many simultaneously because the heat exchange property of smooth circular tube is not ideal enough.In order to change this situation, people have invented various thermoexcells and have replaced common pipe.Thinking based on wall flow-disturbing and extended surface reinforcement has developed many heat convection reinforced elements over nearly 30 years.The rough surface heat exchanger tube that obtains by roller system particularly, in engineering, obtained comparatively general and successful application, as spiral grooved tube (spirally grooved tube), translot pipe (transverse grooved tube) and little finned tube (micro fin tube) etc.In addition, pipe interpolation thing also has a lot of application as pipe interpolation distortion band (twisted～tape inserts), pipe interpolation spring wire etc.The common drawback of these heat exchanger tubes is that flow resistance is big, near the easy fouling in recirculating zone rib, wing or the groove, and working (machining) efficiency is lower, and manufacturing expense is higher.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of new thermoexcell---" discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell " promptly is provided with many strip projected parts---double diagonal internal ribs discontinuous, that certain angle is arranged and tilt to both direction with axis in pipe.Under the effect of many double diagonal internal ribs, fluid particularly produces the bore of longitudinal turbulence and/or alternate manner to mobile near internal face in pipe, thereby can significant enhanced heat exchange.It meets " principle is worked in coordination with in the heat convection field " (Guo Z.Y, Mechanism and Control of Convective Heat Transfer-Coordination of Velocityand Heat Flow Field, Chinese Science Bulletin, 46 (7): 596～599 Apr.2001.), the collaborative degree that promptly improves fluid velocity field and temperature gradient field just can increase under the less condition strengthening heat transfer preferably at resistance.Carry out theory analysis to flowing in managing with heat exchange according to the collaborative principle in heat convection field and show that longitudinal turbulence is the effective means of heat convection in the enhanced tube.Longitudinal turbulence and bore can significantly improve the collaborative degree of velocity field and temperature gradient field usually to flowing, thus the interior Convective Heat Transfer of enhanced tube preferably.The present invention's " discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell " has better enhanced heat exchange effect and lower drag losses than spiral grooved tube, translot pipe, screwed pipe and coarse ribbed pipe in turbulent flow and transition region, more little finned tube, screwed pipe etc. have less scaling characteristics, can overcome or remedy the deficiencies in the prior art.
The invention is characterized in: there is strip projected parts thing---double diagonal internal rib discontinuous and that certain angle is arranged and tilt to both direction with the parent tube axis in the internal face of described thermoexcell, be oblique internal-rib of left hand direction and the oblique internal-rib of dextrorotation direction, the normal direction height of double diagonal internal rib is equal to or less than 0.2d, circumferential width is equal to or less than 0.5d, the axial length of double diagonal internal rib be equal to or less than 2d and, d is a parent tube waterpower internal diameter; Become between the axis of double diagonal internal rib and the parent tube axis ± angle of (30～85) degree, positive sign is expressed as left hand direction, and negative sign is expressed as the dextrorotation direction;
It is characterized in that: become between the axis of described double diagonal internal rib and the parent tube axis ± angles of 45 degree, positive sign is expressed as left hand direction, and negative sign is expressed as the dextrorotation direction;
It is characterized in that: the shape of the cross section of described double diagonal internal rib is following any or several combination in various: circular arc, rectangle, triangle, fan-shaped, streamlined and the arbitrary shape that is made of several sections curves and straight line;
It is characterized in that: the axis of described double diagonal internal rib is following any one or a few combination in various: straight line, broken line, camber line, helix and curve;
It is characterized in that: the internal face of described thermoexcell is following any or several combination in various: smooth surface, thread surface and low rib surface;
It is characterized in that: the outside wall surface of described thermoexcell is the surface of trough of belt, or smooth surface, or thread surface, or low rib surface, or fin surface;
The present invention compared with prior art has that the augmentation of heat transfer effect is remarkable, flow resistance is less and advantage such as moulding is simple.Embodiment 1～3 compares with common pipe, generally can improve heat transfer coefficient 80%～150% for turbulent flow, can exceed 30% than the good translot pipe of heat-transfer effect, but its flow resistance is littler by 20%～50% than translot pipe; For transition region and laminar convection heat exchange, its enhanced heat exchange effect is also very remarkable, and heat exchange strengthens even is better than managing interpolation distortion band and resistance has only 40%～60% of pipe interpolation distortion band, thereby has the important project actual application value.In addition, compare, be difficult for producing reflux (laterally eddy current) near the double diagonal internal rib of the present invention, do not have flow dead in the pipe, thereby have resistive connection dirt effect preferably with translot pipe, little finned tube or screwed pipe.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1, discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell structural representation;
A among Fig. 2, Fig. 1～A profile;
The partial enlarged drawing of B among Fig. 3, Fig. 2;
The part circumferentially deploying structural representation of Fig. 4, another kind of discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell;
The part circumferentially deploying structural representation of Fig. 5, another discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell.
The specific embodiment
Discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell is that internal face at heat exchanger tube is provided with many strip projected parts thing---double diagonal internal ribs discontinuous, that certain angle is arranged and tilt to both direction with axis.The normal direction height of double diagonal internal rib generally is not more than 0.2 d, and circumferential width generally is not more than 0.5d, and axial length generally is not more than 2d (d is a parent tube waterpower internal diameter); Become between the axis of double diagonal internal rib and the parent tube axis ± angle of (30～85) degree, positive sign is expressed as left hand direction, and negative sign is expressed as the dextrorotation direction.So-called " discontinuous " is for spiral grooved tube (spiral is continuous), screwed pipe (spiral is continuous), translot pipe (circumferentially continuously), is a kind of roughness element (strip projected parts) with certain-length.The manufacture method of discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell can also can be shaped when rolling seamless pipe with common pipe or low ribbed pipe, screwed pipe etc. through mold pressing or rolling, also can be shaped when being welded with slit-tube.Tube fluid produces a plurality of longitudinal turbulences and/or other secondary stream under the effect of a plurality of double diagonal internal ribs on the tube wall, and eddy current and/or other secondary stream mainly concentrate near the tube wall face, thereby turbulent heat transfer and transition region Convective Heat Transfer are had strengthening effect preferably.
Embodiment 1:
Fig. 1 is a kind of discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell structural representation.This pipe inboard has discontinuous bidirectional screw projection (being called for short " discontinuous bidirectional screw internal-rib "), and the pipe outside has discontinuous two-way spiral groove.
Fig. 2 is the A among Fig. 1---the A profile.
Fig. 3 is the partial enlarged drawing of B among Fig. 2.
In Fig. 1 and Fig. 2,1 is discontinuous bidirectional screw rib in the pipe, and 2 are the outer discontinuous two-way spiral groove of pipe; Spiral ribs and helicla flute are that work in-process forms simultaneously.D among Fig. 1 is the waterpower internal diameter of heat exchanger tube, and L is the axial length of single double diagonal internal rib, and C is the double diagonal internal rib helical angle.Among Fig. 3, h is the normal direction height of double diagonal internal rib, and w is the circumferential width of double diagonal internal rib.L＝0.3d，h＝0.05d。C ≈ ± 45 degree represents left-handed on the occasion of expression dextrorotation, negative value.
Embodiment 2:
Fig. 4 is the part circumferentially deploying structural representation of another kind of discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell.This pipe inboard has discontinuous bidirectional screw projection (double diagonal internal rib), and pipe is outer to be hydraulically smooth surface.
Among Fig. 4,3 is discontinuous bidirectional screw rib and symmetric arrangement; A dextrorotation diagonal rib circumferentially faces vortex generator of left-handed diagonal rib composition mutually with one; Two vortex generators are circumferentially formed by 4 diagonal ribs in the edge in same cross section.The C of Fig. 4 is the double diagonal internal rib helical angle, C ≈ ± 50 degree; Represent left-handedly on the occasion of expression dextrorotation, negative value, C is the dextrorotation angle herein.Among Fig. 4, near the 4 longitudinal turbulence signals that under the effect of discontinuous bidirectional screw internal-rib, internal face, produce for fluid.Because the longitudinal turbulence that double diagonal internal rib produces mainly is present near the wall, thereby has enhanced heat exchange effect preferably under turbulent-flow conditions.Discontinuous and have the double diagonal internal rib of constant slope to be difficult for making fluid to produce horizontal eddy current, simultaneously it that circulation area is reduced is little, thereby the flow resistance of this pipe is much smaller than helicla flute, translot and screw thread heat exchanger tube.In addition, compare, be difficult for producing reflux (laterally eddy current) near the double diagonal internal rib of the present invention, do not have flow dead in the pipe, thereby have resistive connection dirt effect preferably with translot pipe, little finned tube or screwed pipe.
Embodiment 3:
Fig. 5 is the part circumferentially deploying structural representation of another discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell.This pipe inboard has discontinuous bidirectional screw projection (double diagonal internal rib), and the pipe outside has discontinuous two-way spiral groove.
Among Fig. 5,5 for managing interior discontinuous bidirectional screw rib and being asymmetric layout, and 6 for managing outer discontinuous two-way spiral groove and being asymmetric layout; Manage an interior dextrorotation diagonal rib and circumferentially face vortex generator of left-handed diagonal rib composition mutually with one; On the internal face of a bit of pipe (less than 0.5d), form three vortex generators by 6 diagonal ribs.
The preferred forms of discontinuous double diagonal internal rib heat exchanger tube is rolling or compression molding.Type technology is made in the rolling of rolling of bidirectional screw rib in the discontinuous pipe-outer two-way spiral groove heat exchanger tube of pipe, be the discontinuous low sword that rolls to be set rolling on the molded surface that rolls, when heat exchanger tube when rolling rolling system, the outside wall surface of heat exchanger tube is discontinuous two-way spiral groove at the low squeezing action compacted under that rolls sword, then is shaped to discontinuous bidirectional screw rib in its pipe.Have discontinuous bidirectional screw rib in the pipe, and the smooth heat exchanger tube of pipe outer wall, one of its manufacturing process is similar with the manufacturing process of the outer plain tube of internal thread; Two of manufacturing process is with the outer two-way spiral groove heat exchanger tube reprocessing of bidirectional screw rib-pipe in the discontinuous pipe of rolling or compression molding (cold-drawn etc.).The manufacturing efficient of the rolling of discontinuous double diagonal internal rib heat exchanger tube or compression molding processing method is than high several times of the manufacturing efficient of common helicla flute, translot and thread surface heat exchanger tube, this is the advantage of bringing owing to the discontinuity of diagonal rib, thereby the also corresponding reduction of its manufacturing cost.
Claims (6)
1, continuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell, contain internal-rib, it is characterized in that: there is strip projected parts thing---double diagonal internal rib discontinuous and that certain angle is arranged and tilt to both direction with the parent tube axis in the tube wall face, be oblique internal-rib of left hand direction and the oblique internal-rib of dextrorotation direction, the normal direction height of double diagonal internal rib is equal to or less than 0.2d, circumferential width is equal to or less than 0.5d, and axial length is equal to or less than 2d, and d is a parent tube waterpower internal diameter; Become between the axis of double diagonal internal rib and the parent tube axis ± angle of (30～85) degree, positive sign is expressed as the dextrorotation direction, and negative sign is expressed as left hand direction.
2, discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell according to claim 1 is characterized in that: become between the axis of described double diagonal internal rib and the parent tube axis ± 45 angle, positive sign is expressed as the dextrorotation direction, and negative sign is expressed as left hand direction.
3, discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the shape of the cross section of described double diagonal internal rib is following any or several combination in various: circular arc, rectangle, triangle, fan-shaped, streamlined and the arbitrary shape that is made of several sections curves and straight line.
4, discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the axis of described double diagonal internal rib is following any or several combination in various: straight line, broken line, camber line, helix and curve.
5, discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the internal face of described thermoexcell is following any or several combination in various: smooth surface, thread surface and low rib surface.
6, discontinuous double diagonal internal rib thermoexcell according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the outside wall surface of described thermoexcell is the surface of trough of belt, or smooth surface, or thread surface, or low rib surface, or fin surface.
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031251323A CN1211633C (en) | 2003-05-10 | 2003-05-10 | Non-continuous double diagonal internal rib reinforced heat exchange tube |
| US10/555,837 US20070000651A1 (en) | 2003-05-10 | 2003-10-27 | An enhanced heat transfer tube with discrete bidirectionally inclined ribs |
| JP2004571496A JP4355294B2 (en) | 2003-05-10 | 2003-10-27 | Enhanced heat exchanger tube with discontinuous bi-directionally inclined internal ribs |
| AU2003280545A AU2003280545A1 (en) | 2003-05-10 | 2003-10-27 | Intensive heat exchange tube with discontinuous ribs |
| PCT/CN2003/000905 WO2004099698A1 (en) | 2003-05-10 | 2003-10-27 | Intensive heat exchange tube with discontinuous ribs |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031251323A CN1211633C (en) | 2003-05-10 | 2003-05-10 | Non-continuous double diagonal internal rib reinforced heat exchange tube |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1451937A CN1451937A (en) | 2003-10-29 |
| CN1211633C true CN1211633C (en) | 2005-07-20 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031251323A Expired - Fee Related CN1211633C (en) | 2003-05-10 | 2003-05-10 | Non-continuous double diagonal internal rib reinforced heat exchange tube |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20070000651A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4355294B2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1211633C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003280545A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004099698A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN100451531C (en) * | 2005-03-25 | 2009-01-14 | 清华大学 | Water heater heat exchange tube |
| JP2007333254A (en) * | 2006-06-13 | 2007-12-27 | Calsonic Kansei Corp | Tube for heat-exchanger |
| JP2009264644A (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2009-11-12 | Panasonic Corp | Heat exchanger |
| JP5513738B2 (en) * | 2008-12-24 | 2014-06-04 | 東芝キヤリア株式会社 | Heat exchanger and heat pump water heater |
| CN102435087A (en) * | 2011-09-21 | 2012-05-02 | 西安交通大学 | E-shaped axially-symmetrical strengthened heat-exchanging element |
| CN102570696A (en) * | 2012-03-20 | 2012-07-11 | 中科盛创（青岛）电气有限公司 | Expansion tube type water-cooling base for motor |
| CN102706180A (en) * | 2012-05-25 | 2012-10-03 | 南京白云化工环境监测有限公司 | Immersive coil type heat-exchanger |
| DE102012022363A1 (en) * | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-15 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC (n. d. Gesetzen des Staates Delaware) | Internal heat exchanger for a motor vehicle air conditioning system |
| CN103940283B (en) * | 2014-04-02 | 2016-03-30 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | A kind of longitudinal turbulence works in coordination with generating polynomial heat transfer element |
| CN105509534A (en) * | 2014-09-25 | 2016-04-20 | 天津市华春新能源技术发展有限公司 | Oblique-cone-shaped low-resistance fin tube |
| CN104833256B (en) * | 2015-04-30 | 2016-10-05 | 湖南众合节能环保有限公司 | Manage interior compound intensified heat-transfer element and be provided with its heat exchanger tube |
| CN104930880B (en) * | 2015-06-06 | 2017-04-05 | 浙江工业大学 | A kind of pulsation flow tube shell type heat exchanger and its heat-exchange method |
| CN105115338B (en) * | 2015-08-31 | 2017-08-25 | 东南大学 | A kind of phase transition heat accumulation unit |
| CN105486143A (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2016-04-13 | 重庆东京散热器有限公司 | Radiating tube structure |
| SE540857C2 (en) * | 2017-02-03 | 2018-12-04 | Valmet Oy | Heat transfer tube and method for manufacturing a heat transfer tube |
| CN107270763B (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2023-09-05 | 托普工业(江苏)有限公司 | Inner fin tube heat exchanger |
| CN109724448B (en) * | 2017-10-27 | 2021-04-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Enhanced heat transfer tube, cracking furnace and atmospheric and vacuum heating furnace |
| CN109029020A (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2018-12-18 | 芜湖盘云石磨新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of carbon dioxide refrigeration gas cooler |
| JP6679810B1 (en) * | 2018-07-13 | 2020-04-15 | マレリ株式会社 | Heat exchange tube, heat exchange tube manufacturing method, and heat exchanger |
| CN111250028B (en) * | 2020-03-26 | 2022-02-08 | 河南城建学院 | Maillard reactor for recycling rectifying tower bottoms in soybean processing |
| CN113701137B (en) * | 2020-11-03 | 2022-07-26 | 中北大学 | Steam boiler with optimized distribution of temperature-equalizing plates |
| CN114100539A (en) * | 2021-11-02 | 2022-03-01 | 中国石化工程建设有限公司 | Intraductal enhanced heat transfer plug-in components and pyrolysis furnace |
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2003
- 2003-05-10 CN CNB031251323A patent/CN1211633C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-10-27 US US10/555,837 patent/US20070000651A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-27 AU AU2003280545A patent/AU2003280545A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-27 WO PCT/CN2003/000905 patent/WO2004099698A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-10-27 JP JP2004571496A patent/JP4355294B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP4355294B2 (en) | 2009-10-28 |
| WO2004099698A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
| JP2006514733A (en) | 2006-05-11 |
| AU2003280545A1 (en) | 2004-11-26 |
| US20070000651A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
| CN1451937A (en) | 2003-10-29 |
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