CN1200256C - Absolute self-demarcating method for single photon detector quantum efficiency and private equipment thereof - Google Patents
Absolute self-demarcating method for single photon detector quantum efficiency and private equipment thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN1200256C CN1200256C CN 02123660 CN02123660A CN1200256C CN 1200256 C CN1200256 C CN 1200256C CN 02123660 CN02123660 CN 02123660 CN 02123660 A CN02123660 A CN 02123660A CN 1200256 C CN1200256 C CN 1200256C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to an absolute self-calibration method and a special device for the quantum efficiency of a single photon detector. The method utilizes the temporal correlativity of photon pairs generated in optical parameter down conversion process and comprises the following steps: firstly, parameter light beams are divided into two paths; then, relative time delay is led in so that twin photons which are simultaneously generated enter a single photon detector; afterwards, a circuit behind the detector is divided into three circuits, wherein one circuit directly enters a counter so as to obtain the gross counting rate NA of the photons detected by the detector; relative time delays equivalent to the light path are respectively led in the other two circuits through a circuit method; the relative time delays pass through a coincidence circuit and then enter the counter to obtain the coincidence rate NC between the photon pairs which are sequentially reach the detector. Thus, the quantum efficiency of the detector, namely eta=2*NC/NA, can be obtained under the condition of no other detectors or reference standards.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of scaling method that does not rely on the single-photon detector quantum efficiency of extra measurement standard, refer to a kind of absolute self scaling method and isolated plant thereof of single-photon detector quantum efficiency especially.
Background technology
The quantum efficiency of so-called single-photon detector is meant the light induced electron stream of outflow detector and the ratio of incident photon stream.In field of measuring techniques, in scientific experiment and Photoelectric Detection field, especially in the quantum communications field in future, the staking-out work of the quantum efficiency of single-photon detector has extremely important meaning.Traditional scaling method need have bigger uncertainty of measurement with a blackbody radiation source up to K more than 3000 as measurement standard.The eighties occurred in early days with quantum efficiency near 100% silicon photoelectric diode be standard detector the self calibration technology (referring to " Applied Optics " go up E.F.Zalewski and J.Geist and E.F.Zalewski and C.R.Duda respectively at 1980 the 19th volume 1214-1216 pages or leaves and nineteen eighty-three the 22nd article delivered of volume 2867-2874 page or leaf), but its uncertainty of measurement depends on the diode quantum efficiency and approaches 100% degree, so there is big defective.After the eighties, a kind of absolute calibration's method that does not also relate to the single photon quantum efficiency of other indexs of single-photon detector by any normative reference is proposed newly.After the article of D.N.Klyshko on " Sov.J.Quantum Electronics " the 10th volume 1112-1118 page or leaf in 1980 provided the theoretical foundation of this method, J.G.Rarity, K.D.Ridley etc. are at the article " Absolute Measurement ofDetector Quantum Efficiency Using Parametric Down Conversion " and the P.G.Kwiat of " Applied Optics " the 26th volume 4616-4619 page or leaf in 1987, article " Absolute Efficiency and Time-Response Measurement of Single-PhotonDetectors " on the 1844th page-1853 pages of " Applied Optics " the 33rd volumes in 1994 such as A.M.Steinberg all is the realization of this method, its ultimate principle is to utilize nonlinear optical process---the photon that produced in the transfer process under the parameter is right tangles character, referring to accompanying drawing 1, a photon of pumping laser produces a pair of photon under proper condition in some nonlinear optical crystal, this process is followed energy conservation and momentum conservation, that is:
ω
p＝ω
s+ω
i (1)
k
p＝k
s+k
i (2)
Wherein ω and k are respectively photon frequency and wave vector, and subscript p, s, i correspond respectively to pump light (pump) and parameter is changed a pair of photon that produces, i.e. flashlight (signal) and idle light (idler) down.Because (1) restricting relation that formula contained after the information of having known pump light and arbitrary emergent light, just can be known another emergent light for information about.The typical absolute calibration's who grows up thus device such as accompanying drawing 2, detector A and detector B are used for catching respectively pumping laser a pair of photon that transfer process produced under the parameter take place in nonlinear crystal.Detector B can be used as the triggering detector, and its read table is understood the existence of an idle photon, and counting rate is made as N
BBecause the parameter photon is to produce in pairs, therefore at detector A place a signal photon (A also can be called the conjugation detector) must be arranged also, for being detected the incident that device B detects each time, detect detector A by coincidence circuit and whether detect events corresponding, the coincidence counting rate is made as N
CTherefore can release the quantum efficiency η of detector A
AJust equal coincidence counting rate N
CCounting rate N with detector B
BRatio, promptly
η
A＝N
C/N
B (3)
As can be seen from the above equation, the quantum efficiency of the mensuration of the quantum efficiency of detector A and detector B is irrelevant, also without any need for other normative reference, so this is a kind of absolute scaling method.But, from top also as can be seen, this method must two detector could realize demarcation to the quantum efficiency of a detector, thereby limited its application surface to a certain extent.
A.Czitrovszky, only need to have proposed the scheme of its quantum efficiency of absolute calibration of a detector in the article " Measurement of Quantum Efficiency Using Correlated Photon Pairsand a Single-Detector Technique " that A.Sergienko etc. delivered in 2000 on " Metrologia " the 37th volume 617-620 page or leaf, but this scheme there are two defectives.One, require detector can differentiate a photon or two photons arrival detector photosurfaces, this method just can only be applicable to photomultiplier like this, can not be applied to avalanche diode single-photon detector (can arrive near infrared and quantum efficiency height) and the advantage of such detector is a wavelength coverage, even in addition for photomultiplier, this requirement also is too to be difficult near ideal situation reach.They are two years old, their method is actually notion with photon stream (photon flux) and replaces (in section sometime) photon number (photonnumber) in absolute calibration's method previously discussed, thereby with detector in different time respectively to the response of signal photon and idle photon, be applied in similar above-mentioned absolute calibration's the calculating and go.This method of substitution is measured is not the corresponding one by one of real signal photon and idle photon, has ignored the influence of transfer process stability under pump laser source and the parameter, thereby no longer has been a kind of absolute scaling method in essence.
Therefore, need a kind of like this method, this method only to use a detector can realize absolute calibration, and can be applied to various types of single-photon detectors maximum magnitude himself quantum efficiency.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to provide a kind of to use a detector can realize absolute calibration, and can maximum magnitude be applicable to absolute self scaling method of the single-photon detector quantum efficiency of various types of single-photon detectors himself quantum efficiency for the shortcoming that solves prior art.
The present invention also aims to provide a kind of to use a detector can realize absolute calibration, and can maximum magnitude be applicable to absolute self caliberating device of the single-photon detector quantum efficiency of various types of single-photon detectors himself quantum efficiency.
Purpose of the present invention can realize by following measure:
A kind of absolute self scaling method of single-photon detector quantum efficiency, conversion produces the identical signal of wavelength down, idle parameter photon is right through nonlinear crystal degeneracy parameter to comprise the steps: (i) to produce pumping laser by laser instrument; (ii) fall remaining pumping laser and keep parameteric light by mirror reflects; By a polarization beam apparatus parameteric light of degeneracy is divided into two branch roads then, wherein one the tunnel is made as signal light path o, the one tunnel is made as idle light path e; (iii) select the arbitrary branch road light among above-mentioned signal light path o and the idle light path e to carry out light time-delay Δ t, then two branch road light beams are merged into same light path by another polarization beam apparatus and enter single-photon detector; (iv) with quantum efficiency η the photon that successively arrives is made response and produced a negative pulse electric signal by single-photon detector; (v) the negative pulse electric signal is divided into three the tunnel, wherein one the tunnel directly counts to get a total photon count rate N
A, N
A=2N η; Another road pulse signals is carried out a Δ t circuit delay identical with light path time-delay, after will being met by coincidence circuit through the pulse of circuit delay and Third Road pulse signal, counts to get coincidence counting rate N
C, N
C=N η η; (vi) according to counting rate N
AAnd N
CCan draw η=2N
C/ N
AThereby, realized that the absolute of quantum efficiency of single-photon detector self demarcated.
The laser that described laser instrument produces incides in the nonlinear crystal, produces two bundle parameteric lights through transfer process under the parameter, and parametric process is preferably selected II type phase matching.
Two polarization beam apparatus of described time-delay optical routing and two catoptrons are formed, and wherein the reflected light of a catoptron is the incident light of another catoptron.
Described light time-delay Δ t is circuit time window and smaller or equal to the time interval that produces two pairs of parameter photons in the nonlinear crystal greater-than match.
In light path, use catoptron and interference filter in addition, filter pumping laser and parasitic light respectively.
Described coincidence circuit is a logical and circuit.
Purpose of the present invention also can realize by following measure:
A kind of absolute self caliberating device of single-photon detector quantum efficiency comprises laser instrument, nonlinear crystal and single-photon detector; On the parameteric light light path of nonlinear crystal, establish catoptron, catoptron will be used to produce the pumping laser that converted photons is right under the parameter and reflect away, on the transmitted light path of catoptron, polarization beam apparatus is set then, according to polarization state parameteric light is divided into two branch roads, establish the time-delay light path on a light path therein, another polarization beam apparatus of these two optical routings is merged, the emergent light of process polarization beam apparatus is transmitted to single-photon detector again; Single-photon detector produces pulse electrical signal to the photon that successively arrives on its photosurface, this pulse signal is divided into three the tunnel, wherein one the tunnel directly links to each other with counting circuit and carries out tale, another road pulse signals is undertaken and the identical time-delay of light time-delay by delay circuit, with pulse signal after the time-delay and Third Road pulse signal input coincidence circuit, output signal links to each other with counting circuit and counts after meeting, and can draw absolute self calibration value of single-photon detector quantum efficiency according to two counting rates.
The laser that described laser instrument produces incides in the nonlinear crystal, produces convert light under the two bundle parameters.
Two polarization beam apparatus of described time-delay optical routing and two catoptrons are formed, and wherein the reflected light of a level crossing is the incident light of another level crossing.
In light path, use catoptron and interference filter in addition, filter pumping laser and parasitic light respectively.
Described coincidence circuit is a logical and circuit.
The invention has the advantages that: the present invention utilizes the photon that produces in the transfer process under the optical parameter in time correlativity, earlier the parameter light beam is divided into two-way, introduce relative time delay then, make produced simultaneously twin photon successively enter single-photon detector, then the circuit after the detector is divided into three beams, wherein one the tunnel directly enters the gross-count rate N that counter obtains the photon that detector detects
A, in addition two-way is introduced the relative time delay suitable with light path with circuit methods, enters counter behind coincidence circuit, before and after obtaining the photon of arrival detector between coincidence counting rate N
CLike this, can obtain the quantum efficiency of detector, thereby realize the absolute of single-photon detector quantum efficiency self demarcated under the situation of other detectors or reference standard.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a transfer process under the known typical nonlinear crystal parameter
The known detector efficiency absolute calibration of Fig. 2 method flow diagram
Fig. 3 is a caliberating device structural representation of the present invention
Fig. 4 a, b are the process flow diagrams of circuit part of the present invention
Embodiment
The present invention also will be described in further detail embodiment in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
Referring to Fig. 3, be the structural representation of caliberating device of the present invention.Pump laser 1 is that wavelength is the He-Cd laser instrument of 441.6nm, its laser is through nonlinear crystal such as BBO2, right by the degeneracy photon that tangles that transfer process under the II type parameter produces, the flashlight photon is that ordinary light is that o light and idle light photon are extraordinary ray, i.e. e light.Use 45 ° of total reflective mirrors 3 of 441.6nm to reflect away remaining pumping laser in the emergent light, make flashlight and idle light enter polarization beam apparatus P simultaneously then
14, propagate along o, e light light path respectively, utilize two plane mirrors to make o light light path light path than e light light path optical length Δ tc/n, c is a vacuum light speed in the formula, n is an air refraction, make so originally the idle photon of produced simultaneously signal between time-delay Δ t appears, and by another polarization beam apparatus P
24 merge two light paths again, and idle light, flashlight photon successively enter single-photon detector 7 through interference filter 6.Time delays Δ t will select suitable value, greater-than match circuit time window and smaller or equal to the time interval that produces two pairs of parameter photons in the nonlinear crystal 2.To be detector with a certain probability η respond to the photon that arrives to the quantum efficiency of this wave band photon single-photon detector 7, and each response provides a negative pulse electric current with regard to correspondence, enters circuit part of the present invention.
Fig. 4 provides the principle of work of circuit part of the present invention.Fig. 4 (a) is a situation of considering successively two photons that successively arrive all to have been had for detector response, differentiate corresponding former and later two standards NIM signal (surrounding time interval of delta t) of amplifier 8 outputs, and be divided into three tunnel outputs: the one tunnel directly outputs to counter A9, obtains counting N
A=2; Coincidence circuit 11 is delivered on second, third road, but the Third Road electricity time-delay of process delay circuit 10 Δ t earlier, its two NIM signals move Δ t after the while in time.Relative like this second road electric signal has formed situation as shown in the drawing, and the back NIM signal on the previous NIM signal and the second tunnel on the Third Road is overlapping in time.After the second road signal and Third Road signal enter coincidence circuit 11 simultaneously, just export a standard NIM signal like this, the counting of counter B12 advances one, obtains N
C=1, expression detector 7 has successfully detected produced simultaneously a pair of parameter photon.Fig. 4 (b) considers that detector 7 just made reaction to some in two photons that successively arrive, has only exported a undersuing, so amplify the situations of a standard NIM signal of 8 output of Discr..For article one branch road, rolling counters forward N
A=1, characterize detector 7 and detect a photon.For the 3rd branch road, the NIM signal that transmits in relative second branch road of Chuan Shu NIM signal has the hysteresis of Δ t in time therein, so as shown in FIG., article two, there is not the pulse of appearance simultaneously in time on the circuit, coincidence circuit 11 is not exported the NIM signal, and counter B12 counting is constant, N
C=0, characterize detector and do not detect the whole of produced simultaneously a pair of photon, and only detect one of them photon.
Circuit part of the present invention can adopt known circuits.
If two photons that detector arrives front and back all do not have response, counter A9 can not count, and counter B12 does not count certainly yet.
Counting according to the counting sum counter B12 that counts A9 can draw quantum efficiency like this.So just realized the absolute certainly demarcation of the quantum efficiency of a typical single-photon detector.
Scaling method of the present invention is as follows:
The light source used in the present invention degeneracy that preferably transfer process produced under the II type parameter be that the signal of identical wavelength, same direction outgoing, idle photon are right, produce under suitable condition as bbo crystal by nonlinear crystal 2 by pumping laser.Its light field polarization characteristic is respectively: pumping laser is extraordinary (extraodinary) light, and flashlight is ordinary (ordinary) light, and idle light is extraordinary ray.The present invention filters pump light earlier fully, allows parameteric light pass through fully, as Glan prism two of wavelength degeneracy is restrainted emergent lights with a polarization beam apparatus 4 then and is divided into two branch roads according to its polarization state, is made as flashlight light path o and idle light light path e respectively.If every bundle parameteric light subnumber is N in the unit interval, utilize two plane mirrors 5 that light time-delay Δ t is set in idle light light path, utilize another Glan prism 4 that two light paths are merged into same light path then, enter detector 7.Detector 7 produces the output of photogenerated current formation negative pulse with a certain quantum efficiency η after receiving photon, becomes standard NIM signal after differentiating amplifier 8, is divided into three tunnel outputs then.The first via directly enters counter A9, obtains total photon count rate
N
A＝2N·η (4)
Wherein η is the quantum efficiency of detector to be measured; Third Road obtains the time-delay Δ t identical with light path by the circuit delay chip, carries out coincidence counting with the second the tunnel then, obtains coincidence counting
N
C＝N·η·η (5)
So obtain
η＝2N
C/N
A (6)
Above reference embodiment that provide as an example, accompanying drawings describes the present invention in more detail.Though above description relates to the pumping laser of specific wavelength, those of ordinary skill in the art understands that the present invention can be widely used in the laser of other wavelength, also is applicable to the various single-photon detectors of present application.
Claims (11)
1, a kind of absolute self scaling method of single-photon detector quantum efficiency, conversion produces the identical signal of wavelength down, idle parameter photon is right through nonlinear crystal (2) II type parameter to comprise the steps: (i) to produce pumping laser by laser instrument (1); (ii) dropped out remaining pumping laser and kept parameteric light by catoptron (3) reflection, by a polarization beam apparatus (4) parameteric light of II type is divided into two branch roads then, wherein one the tunnel be made as signal light path o, the one tunnel is made as idle light path e; (iii) select the arbitrary branch road light among above-mentioned signal light path o and the idle light path e to carry out light time-delay Δ t, then two branch road light beams are merged into same light path by another polarization beam apparatus (4) and enter single-photon detector (7); (iv) with quantum efficiency η the photon that successively arrives is made response and produced a negative pulse electric signal by single-photon detector (7); (v) the negative pulse electric signal is divided into three the tunnel, wherein one the tunnel directly counts to get a total photon count rate N
A, N
A=2N η; Another road pulse signals is carried out a Δ t circuit delay identical with light path time-delay, after will being met by coincidence circuit (11) through the pulse of circuit delay and Third Road pulse signal, counts to get coincidence counting rate N
cN
c=N η η; (vi) according to counting rate N
AAnd N
cCan draw η=2N
c/ N
AThereby, realized that the absolute of quantum efficiency of single-photon detector (7) self demarcated.
2, absolute self scaling method of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that inciding in the nonlinear crystal (2) by the laser that a laser instrument (1) produces, produce two bundle parameteric lights through transfer process under the parameter, parametric process is selected II type phase matching.
3, absolute self scaling method of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that two polarization beam apparatus of described time-delay optical routing (4) and two catoptrons (5) composition, wherein the reflected light of a catoptron (5) is the incident light of another catoptron (5).
4, absolute self scaling method of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that greater-than match circuit time window and smaller or equal to the time interval that produces two pairs of parameter photons in the nonlinear crystal (2) of described light time-delay Δ t.
5, absolute self scaling method of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that filtering pumping laser and parasitic light respectively with catoptron (3) and interferometric filter (6) in light path.
6, absolute self scaling method of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described coincidence circuit (11) is a logical and circuit.
7, a kind of absolute self caliberating device of single-photon detector quantum efficiency comprises laser instrument (1), nonlinear crystal (2) and single-photon detector (7); It is characterized in that on the parameteric light light path of nonlinear crystal (2), establishing catoptron (3), catoptron (3) will be used to produce the pumping laser that converted photons is right under the parameter and reflect away, polarization beam apparatus (4) is set on the transmitted light path of catoptron (3) then, according to polarization state parameteric light is divided into two branch roads, establish the time-delay light path on a light path therein, these two another polarization beam apparatus of optical routing (4) are merged, the emergent light of process polarization beam apparatus (4) is transmitted to single-photon detector (7) again; Single-photon detector (7) produces pulse electrical signal to the photon that successively arrives on its photosurface, this pulse signal is divided into three the tunnel, wherein one the tunnel directly links to each other with counting circuit and carries out tale, another road pulse signals is undertaken and the identical time-delay of light time-delay by delay circuit, with pulse signal after the time-delay and Third Road pulse signal input coincidence circuit (11), output signal links to each other with counting circuit and counts after meeting, and can draw absolute self calibration value of single-photon detector (7) quantum efficiency according to two counting rates.
8, absolute self caliberating device of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that being incided in the nonlinear crystal (2) by the laser that a laser instrument (1) produces, and produces convert light under the two bundle parameters.
9, absolute self caliberating device of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 7, it is characterized in that two polarization beam apparatus of described time-delay optical routing (4) and two catoptrons (5) composition, wherein the reflected light of a level crossing (5) is the incident light of another level crossing (5).
10, absolute self caliberating device of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that in light path filtering pumping laser and parasitic light respectively with catoptron (3) and interference filter (6).
11, absolute self caliberating device of single-photon detector quantum efficiency as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that described coincidence circuit (11) is a logical and circuit.
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Cited By (1)
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| CN108663870A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-10-16 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十研究所 | One kind can forecast single-photon source generation device |
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| CN102004003B (en) * | 2010-09-27 | 2012-02-08 | 南通墨禾量子科技发展有限公司 | High time resolution low noise single photon detector based on optical pulse synchronization |
| CN102819116A (en) * | 2012-08-03 | 2012-12-12 | 中国科学院上海技术物理研究所 | Small-scaled high polarization-preserving quantum receiving module optical path on basis of polarization beam splitting of Glan prism |
| CN103076085B (en) * | 2012-12-31 | 2016-12-28 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十一研究所 | A kind of method that broadband visible light and near-infrared radiation are measured simultaneously |
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| CN110521144B (en) * | 2017-04-07 | 2020-12-15 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method, device and system for outputting photons |
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| CN113776665B (en) * | 2021-09-07 | 2023-11-21 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十一研究所 | Device and method for testing detection efficiency of single photon detector in communication band |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN108663870A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-10-16 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十研究所 | One kind can forecast single-photon source generation device |
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