CN100426117C - Whole-optical fiber narrow-bandwidth single-photon source - Google Patents

Whole-optical fiber narrow-bandwidth single-photon source Download PDF

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CN100426117C
CN100426117C CNB2006100144056A CN200610014405A CN100426117C CN 100426117 C CN100426117 C CN 100426117C CN B2006100144056 A CNB2006100144056 A CN B2006100144056A CN 200610014405 A CN200610014405 A CN 200610014405A CN 100426117 C CN100426117 C CN 100426117C
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fiber
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CN1888968A (en
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李小英
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Tianjin University
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Abstract

An entire fiber narrow-band width single photon source, including: the fiber laser, the band-pass filter, the zero dispersion displacement fiber or micro-structure fiber, the FPC (fiber polarization controller, the FPBS (fiber polarization beam splitter), the filter, the single photon detector, and the single photon outputting end. The invention is: uses the transmitted utmost of the pump pulse that the bandwidth is about 1 nanometer, in order that the filter spectrum of the signal light and the free light-wave sect is matching with the pump light and the efficiency of the single photon light that the band width is smaller than 1 nanometer is about 0.8. The system of the invention can use the pulse laser with 40GHz repeat frequency as the pump source, therefore the repeat frequency of the creating single photon can be more than 3GHz. The single photon source is consists of fiber parts and is the switch-like integrating photons parts, that can use for secret key distribution, quanta logical gate and the quanta entanglement condition. The entire parts can integrate in a 3U standard box.

Description

Whole-optical fiber narrow-bandwidth single-photon source
[technical field]:
The invention belongs to the quantum information processing technology field, is a kind of single-photon source.
[background technology]:
The definition of single-photon source is the light source that can launch and only launch a photon at any time, and mathematical notation is: n=|1＞.Be to realize that Quantum logic gates, quantum-key distribution, entangled photons are to reaching the essential tool of the quantum information processing technologies such as high precision quantum measurement.Although people are attempting adopting the whole bag of tricks to produce this special light source, in fact, the existing various attainable single-photon source that maybe will have all has more or less gap with the single-photon source of this perfect condition of definition.From the practical angle of quantum information treatment technology, for single-photon source, two most important parameters that people are concerned about are: but the request of responding system single photon and time interval of sending single photon, just repetition frequency; And responding system request and launch the probability of single photon.
The single photon that is widely used in quantum-key distribution at present is to be simulated by the laser pulse of decay.The distribution of photons of laser is obeyed Poisson distribution, finds the probability of n photon from a pulse p ( n , μ ) = μ n n ! e - μ , Wherein, the average photon number that comprises for each pulse of μ; From a pulse, find probability greater than a photon p ( n > 1 , μ ) ≈ μ 2 ; And the probability that does not comprise any photon in the pulse is p (n=0, μ) ≈ 1-μ.Because the multi-photon incident can make the confidentiality of quantum-key distribution be affected, so single-photon source in order to obtain being similar to, make probability that a pulse comprises two above photons much smaller than the probability that only comprises a photon, laser pulse need decay to μ ≈ 0.1.But in this case, most pulse all is not comprise photon, therefore data transfer rate is very low, and because the existence of single-photon detector dark counts, survey each time, even all can be owing to noise is introduced in the existence of dark counts to a detection that does not comprise the pulse of any photon, therefore this communication system signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) be also lower.
A method that effectively improves quantum communication data transfer rate and signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) adopts better single-photon source exactly, not only improves the repetition frequency of total system but also improves the probability that each trigger pulse all comprises single photon.Approach has following several usually:
1) utilizes quantum dot, though it is right that the single photon that is produced by quantum dot has been used to demonstrate the quantum-key distribution experiment and has produced the photon that polarization tangles, but because this technical requirement is lower than the temperature of 10k, and the wavelength of the entangled photons that produces is non-adjustable, in addition, this photon is also relatively more difficult with the single-mode fiber coupling efficiently.
2) utilize the monatomic or molecule be trapped in the high-fineness cavity, though can produce on this engineering philosophy very near the single photon of perfect condition, monatomic and capturing of molecule itself are exactly unusual complicated technology.
3) utilization is right, comparatively speaking, simpler on this method and technology based on the photon of the quantum association of transfer process under the parameter of crystal second order nonlinear effect.Describe the key index of this single-photon source and announce efficient H exactly, its physical significance is when a photon appears in the flashlight wave band, and twin photon appears at the probability of idle optical band.Yet, because pattern match, when this photon and single-mode fiber are coupled efficiently, also have technical difficulty.The declaration efficiency ratio of present this single-photon source is lower, and when especially bandwidth was less than 1 nanometer, the value of H was less than 0.5 at present.
[summary of the invention]:
The objective of the invention is to solve the deficiency in the said method, a kind of whole-optical fiber narrow-bandwidth single-photon source is provided, be about to laser pump (ing) pulse input optical fibre, utilize spontaneous four-wave mixing parametric process in the optical fiber and photon detection of photon centering of the quantum association that produces announces that as triggering the method that its twin photon exists produces single photon.
The invention provides and improve the method that single-photon source is announced efficient, and improved a kind of can with the integrated single-photon source of existing optical fiber communication network.Apply to improve the data transfer rate and the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) of system in the quantum information processing.
This whole-optical fiber narrow-bandwidth single-photon source comprises successively:
1) fiber laser: the laser pump (ing) pulse that is used to produce high repetition frequency, transmission limit;
2) bandpass filter: the frequency that is comprised in the elimination laser pump (ing) pulse is at the photon of flashlight ω s and idle light ω i wave band;
3) zero dispersion shift fiber or microstructured optical fibers: the twin photon that is used to produce the quantum association is right; It is right that the spontaneous four-wave mixing process simultaneously scattering of the pump photon that two centre frequencies are ω p by zero dispersion shift fiber or microstructured optical fibers is that frequency is respectively flashlight and the twin photon of idle light of ω s and ω i, wherein 2 ω p=ω s+ ω i, this parametric process satisfies energy conservation and momentum conservation condition;
4) optical fiber polarization controller FPC: be used to adjust the right polarization direction of quantum associated light, make photon to passing through polarization beam apparatus;
5) fibre optic polarizing beam splitter FPBS: be used to select the right polarization of quantum associated light,, select the photon parallel or vertical right with the laser pump (ing) pulse according to the position condition that is complementary;
6) wave filter: the frequency spectrum of its frequency spectrum and laser pump (ing) pulse is complementary, be used for isolation laser pumping pulse effectively, it is right that the extraction frequency is positioned at the photon of selected flashlight ω s and idle light ω i wave band, make single-photon detector APD whenever detect a photon, announce that promptly its twin photon occurs;
7) single-photon detector: be used for the signal photon of detectable signal optical channel, each detection incident can produce a corresponding electric pulse, and this electric pulse can be used for announcing that it is positioned at the existence of the twin photon of idle optical channel;
8) single photon output terminal: outwards export single photon by idle optical channel.
Advantage of the present invention and good effect: thus the present invention not only can utilize the optical fiber laser pump of high repetition frequency to improve the repetition frequency of single photon, and because the wave filter that adopts frequency spectrum and pumping pulse to be complementary in flashlight and idle optical band, thereby when having improved declaration efficient, especially bandwidth less than 1 nanometer.This invention has following advantage with comparing based on the single-photon source of the second order nonlinear effect parametric process of crystal: the single photon pattern of 1) being exported is pure, is Gaussian mode; 2) owing to the guide properties of optical fiber, action length can be very long, and therefore total nonlinear effect is than higher, and is therefore lower to the power requirement of pumping laser; 3) not only efficient is high but also be easy to realize for the coupling between the optical fiber, the welding loss of general single mode fiber is approximately 0.01dB, the welding loss of microstructured optical fibers and standard fiber is also less than 0.3dB, therefore be more convenient for studying the interaction of a plurality of photons based on the single-photon source of optical fiber, be more convenient for studying Quantum logic gates, be more convenient for and existing optical communication network integration, can be widely used in the quantum information treatment technology.It is the pumping pulse that is approximately the transmission limit of 1 nanometer that key of the present invention is to adopt bandwidth, be to make the frequency spectrum of wave filter and being complementary of pump light of flashlight and idle optical band, make bandwidth be approximately 0.8 less than the declaration efficient of the single-photon light source of 1 nanometer.And since system proposed by the invention can adopt repetition frequency greater than the pulsed laser of 40GHz as pumping source, therefore the repetition frequency of the single photon that produces can be greater than 3GHz.
The transmission limit condition is satisfied in the pump light pulse that fiber laser of the present invention sent, in bandwidth one regularly, pulse width, the peak power height helps suppressing the ground unrest in the spontaneous four-wave mixing process in the optical fiber.
The full optical fiber single-photon source of this narrow bandwidth all is made of optical fibre device, for switching regulator can integrated light quantum device, can be widely used in quantum-key distribution, in the quantum information processings such as realization of Quantum logic gates and quantum entanglement attitude.All device can be integrated in the standard machine box of a 3U.
[description of drawings]:
Fig. 1 is the full optical fiber single-photon source of an apparatus of the present invention structural representation;
Fig. 2 measures the photon that produced by the optical fiber device synoptic diagram to the frequency spectrum associate feature;
Fig. 3 is by the experimental result that experimental provision produced shown in Figure 2, the function relation figure of promptly very compound counting and idle optical filter centre wavelength;
Fig. 4 adopts when having the wave filter of Gaussian spectrum and approximate rectangular frequency spectrum the function relation figure of very compound counting and flashlight passage photon detection rate and the total detection efficiency product of idle optical channel.
[embodiment]:
Embodiment 1: single-photon source
As shown in Figure 1, the fiber laser of the high repetition frequency of small size, the laser pump (ing) pulse of emission transmission limit, the process centre frequency is ω before pumping optical fiber pBandpass filter, to eliminate the frequency that comprised in the laser pump (ing) pulse at ω sAnd ω iThe photon of wave band.The right 300-500 rice zero dispersion frequency that results from of the related photon of quantum is approximately ω pZero dispersion shift fiber or 10-20 rice has high nonlinear coefficient and at the higher microstructured optical fibers (MF of the spontaneous four-wave mixing of optical communication wave band gain, microstructure fiber) in, the output of optical fiber selects frequency to be respectively ω through the wave filter of frequency spectrum and laser pump (ing) pulsion phase coupling efficiently sAnd ω iFlashlight, isolation laser pumping pulse effectively, wherein 2 ω when the idle twin photon of light is right p=ω s+ ω iOptical fiber polarization controller FPC and fibre optic polarizing beam splitter FPBS are used to select the right polarization of quantum associated light, according to the different positions condition that is complementary, it is right to also selecting with the photon of laser pump (ing) pulse polarization orthogonal to select with the photon of laser pump (ing) pulse polarization parallel.The single photon trigger request of the system electric pulse that to be single-photon detector produce the detection of flashlight channel signal photon, idle optical band rectangular filter is output as single photon.The declaration efficient of this single-photon source is about 80%, and repetition frequency can reach 3GHz, and all device can be integrated in the standard machine box of a 3U.
Embodiment 2: the frequency spectrum associate feature experiment that the photon that optical fiber produces is right
If the photon that utilizes the quantum association in the spontaneous four-wave mixing process of optical fiber is to producing single photon, the photon that so just both can utilize the quantum association that produces in the technical simple relatively parameter transfer process is to producing single photon, can improve the coupling efficiency of single-photon source and optical fiber again, especially the right frequency spectrum associate feature of the photon of optical fiber generation announces that for improving efficient provides foundation.
The right frequency spectrum associate feature of photon that optical fiber produces is recorded by experimental provision shown in Figure 2.Centre frequency is respectively ω sAnd ω iThe signal with quantum associate feature and the twin photon of idle light to being ω by centre frequency pThe spontaneous four-wave mixing process simultaneously scattering of two laser pump (ing) pulse photons by optical fiber produce 2 ω wherein p=ω s+ ω i, this parametric process satisfies energy conservation and momentum conservation condition.When the position is complementary condition when satisfying, the possibility of this scattering increases greatly.The laser pump (ing) pulse that pulsewidth is approximately 4 psecs is amplified through fiber amplifier EDFA, and through bandpass filter Filter to eliminate the frequency that comprised in the laser pump (ing) pulse at ω sAnd ω iBehind the photon of wave band, centre frequency ω pBe that 1536 nanometers, pulsewidth are 5 psecs, and three dB bandwidth is the Sagnac ring that zero dispersion shift fiber that the laser pump (ing) pulse of the Gaussian frequency spectrum of 0.8 nanometer is approximately 1536 nanometers by 50/50 beam splitter and 300 meters zero-dispersion wavelengths constitutes, adjust optical fiber polarization controller FPC and make when the Sagnac ring is a high reflective mirror, output terminal can obtain Raman scattered photon, related photon to decay 30dB after residue laser pump (ing) pulse.Holographic grating G with high reflection and low polarization dependency characteristic 1-G 3The frequency spectrum that constitutes is that Gaussian, three dB bandwidth are the wave filter of 0.6 nanometer, is used for isolation laser pumping pulse effectively (isolation is greater than 75dB), and it is right that the extraction frequency is positioned at the photon of selected flashlight ω s and idle light ω i wave band.Because twin photon is to being produced simultaneously, therefore to inevitable corresponding another the twin photon that produces together with it of the detection of one of them photon, the also i.e. generation of a single photon incident.In fact, owing to exist the frequency spectrum mismatch of loss and flashlight ω s and idle light ω i path filter in the system inevitably, be not the generation that each photon detection signal can both trigger single photon.Detect the probability R=ξ η of single photon at idle optical channel Ifη IdR s, wherein Rs is the probability that the flashlight passage detects photon, η IdBe that photon outputs to the efficient of arrival single-photon detector and the product of detector efficiency, η by fiber optic loop IfBe the idle efficient of light in fiber optic loop, coefficient ξ derives from the frequency spectrum mismatch of wave filter at laser pump (ing) pulse, flashlight and idle optical channel, ideally ξ=1.Announce that efficient H can be expressed as H=ξ η, because the optical fibre device of optical fiber and formation fiber optic loop, loss as 50/50 beam splitter can be very little, so that ignore, therefore improve the key of announcing efficient H here and be and understand the right frequency spectrum associate feature of laser pump (ing) pulse and related photon to find out the scheme of dealing with problems.It is pointed out that detection with the flashlight of twin photon centering records the single photon of idle optical band as triggering detectivity in fact is exactly the right very compound counting probability R of flashlight and idle light photon t, also be R=R tWhat very compound counting was compound counting with compound counting at random is poor, can be expressed as R t=R c-R a=ξ η Ifη IdR s, R wherein cAnd R aBe respectively the signal of same laser pump (ing) pulse and adjacent laser pump (ing) pulse generation and the compound counting and the compound at random counting of idle photon.When the centre frequency of laser pump (ing) pulse and flashlight wave band wave filter is separately fixed at 1536 and 1547.5 nanometers, with step-length is the centre wavelength of the idle optical filter of 0.1 nanometer from 1523 to 1527 nano scannings, and write down the compound counting of signal and idle photon under the different laser pump (ing) pulse powers and at random during compound counting by single-photon detector APD1 and APD2, can obtain the very compound counting Rt of the right frequency spectrum associate feature of as shown in Figure 3 sign laser pump (ing) pulse and related photon and the function of idle optical filter centre wavelength.Square among Fig. 3 and triangle are represented respectively to comprise 10 in each laser pump (ing) pulse 8With 0.4 * 10 8The data that record during individual photon; Pink colour is respectively Gaussian function f (λ)=exp[((λ-1524.69 with the curve of green)/2 * 0.9) 2] and f (λ)=0.11exp[((λ-1524.69)/2 * 0.75) 2], be the matched curve of two groups of data.Illustration among Fig. 3 be the laser pump (ing) pulse under above two different power, at the frequency spectrum of output terminal, their three dB bandwidth is respectively 0.9 and 1.4 nanometers.Frequency spectrum associate feature shown in Figure 3 shows, if be that the wave filter of rectangle replaces Gaussian with spectral shape, the value of coefficient ξ will increase.
Fig. 4 is that to adopt the spectral shape that is made of wave-division multiplexer filter (WDM) respectively be the very compound counting that records of the DGF Gaussian wave filter of approximate rectangular this mode filter of quadravalence superelevation and optical grating constitution and the funtcional relationship at the product of total detection efficiency η of the photon detection rate of flashlight passage and idle optical channel that produced by four-wave mixing, wherein η=η Ifη IdWDM and DGF wave filter are 1541 and 1531 nanometers in the centre wavelength of signal and idle optical band, and three dB bandwidth is respectively 1 nanometer and 0.9 nanometer.The data that round dot among the figure and square record when representing with WDM and DGF wave filter respectively; Straight line is a function R t=R c-R a=ξ η Ifη IdR sTo the match of data, its slope is two kinds of coefficient ξ under the experiment condition.Obviously, adopt when having the wave filter of approximate rectangular super Gaussian frequency spectrum ξ=0.6 that coefficient ξ=0.76 that draws obtains when adopting Gaussian DGF.This result shows that further adopting spectral shape is that the wave filter of rectangle can obtain higher ξ value.
Not only relevant with the spectral shape of wave filter and the bandwidth of the value of coefficient ξ also has relation.In general, if the photon that is produced all derives from spontaneous four-wave mixing, suppose that the wave filter of laser pump (ing) pulse, flashlight and idle light is Gaussian, coefficient ξ and filter bandwidht have following relation: ξ ∝ 1 / ( Δ ω p / Δ ω F ) 2 + 1 , Δ ω wherein pWith Δ ω FBe respectively laser pump (ing) pulse and the bandwidth of related photon, obviously Δ ω to wave filter FBig more, the ξ value is tending towards 1 more.
Quantum information processing requirements single-photon source produces the probability of multi-photon incident much smaller than the probability that only produces a photon.The right photon number of considering related photon is distributed as Bose einstein and distributes, from a pulse, find n photon Probability p (n n) can be expressed as: p ( n , n ‾ ) = n ‾ n ( 1 + n ‾ ) n + 1 , Wherein n produces the right average of photon for each pulse.Therefore for the probability that satisfies the multi-photon incident much smaller than the probability that the single photon incident takes place, the right generation rate of photon need be lower than 0.1 pair of each pulse.Because the right generation rate of photon becomes Δ ω with signal with the pulsewidth of the wave filter of idle photon FBe directly proportional, so Δ ω FBig more, it is low more to obtain certain needed pump power of photon creation rate.Because be accompanied by Raman scattering inevitably in the spontaneous four-wave mixing process of optical fiber; Because the peak power of generation that twin photon is right and laser pump (ing) pulse square be directly proportional and the intensity of Raman scattering and the average power of laser pump (ing) pulse are directly proportional, so Δ ω FCan not be too big, otherwise the shared ratio of the photon of Raman scattering is incited somebody to action in the photon that is detected, thus cause the quality of single-photon source to descend.For example, for and the frequency detuning consistent four-wave mixing hour of twin photon to polarization with the laser pump (ing) pulse ξ ∝ 1 / [ ( ( Δ ω p / Δ ω F ) 2 + 1 ) · ( 1 + 1 / Δ ω p / Δ ω F ) 2 ] , At this moment, as Δ ω p/ Δ ω FNear value 1 time, ξ has maximum value.In addition, because the arrowband photon has long coherent length, many quantum informations are handled needs the single-photon source of arrowband to realize, this need make also that selected filter bandwidht can not be excessive.
In view of above analysis, we can reach a conclusion: to being suitable for use as the single-photon source of arrowband, can announce its twin photon to one of them photon detection expeditiously as triggering based on the photon of the quantum association of optical fiber, also be the generation of single photon.Adopt the high fiber laser of repetition frequency can improve the repetition rate of single photon; Adopt the laser pump (ing) pulse of narrow pulsewidth to help improving peak power, reduce ground unrest; Signal helps raising with idle twin photon to the approximate rectangular wave filter that is approximately 1 nanometer and frequency spectrum and laser pump (ing) pulsion phase coupling through three dB bandwidth and announces efficient.

Claims (1)

1, a kind of whole-optical fiber narrow-bandwidth single-photon source is characterized in that this device comprises successively:
1) fiber laser: the laser pump (ing) pulse that is used to produce high repetition frequency, transmission limit;
2) bandpass filter: the frequency that is comprised in the elimination laser pump (ing) pulse is at the photon of flashlight ω s and idle light ω i wave band;
3) zero dispersion shift fiber or microstructured optical fibers: the twin photon that is used to produce the quantum association is right; It is right that the spontaneous four-wave mixing process simultaneously scattering of the pump photon that two centre frequencies are ω p by zero dispersion shift fiber or microstructured optical fibers is that frequency is respectively flashlight and the twin photon of idle light of ω s and ω i, wherein 2 ω p=ω s+ ω i, this parametric process satisfies energy conservation and momentum conservation condition;
4) optical fiber polarization controller FPC: be used to adjust the right polarization direction of quantum associated light, make photon to passing through polarization beam apparatus;
5) fibre optic polarizing beam splitter FPBS: be used to select the right polarization of quantum associated light,, select the photon parallel or vertical right with the laser pump (ing) pulse according to the position condition that is complementary;
6) wave filter: the frequency spectrum of its frequency spectrum and laser pump (ing) pulse is complementary, be used for isolation laser pumping pulse effectively, it is right that the extraction frequency is positioned at the photon of selected flashlight ω s and idle light ω i wave band, make single-photon detector APD whenever detect a flashlight photon ω s, promptly announce the generation of the idle twin photon ω of light i;
7) single-photon detector: be used for the signal photon of detectable signal optical channel, each detection incident can produce a corresponding electric pulse, and this electric pulse can be used for announcing that it is positioned at the existence of the twin photon of idle optical channel;
8) single photon output terminal: outwards export single photon by idle optical channel.
CNB2006100144056A 2006-06-22 2006-06-22 Whole-optical fiber narrow-bandwidth single-photon source Expired - Fee Related CN100426117C (en)

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