CN1195919A - Magnetic and superconductive electromagnetic driving device and manufacturing method - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a magnetic and superconducting electromagnetic driving device--called superconducting magnetic power device for short. It is a power device capable of producing electric energy and mechanical energy. The key of its preparation method lies in that said power device possesses a superconducting switch with some control characteristics, said superconducting switch can make the work of superconducting magnet coil making magnets produce interaction be in superconducting state and non-superconducting state, and its two sides are respectively equipped with parallelly-connected general conductive leakage current output loop. Said device is moved by the action of diamagnetic magnetic force, and the output with different powers can be obtained by means of unidirectional magnetic force drive provided by operation of superconducting switch on-off and turn-on time.

Description

Magnetic and superconductive electromagnetic driving device and manufacture method

The invention belongs to the pioneer invention in electric power energy and machine power field.Magnetic of making by this new principle and technical method and superconductive electromagnetic power device-abbreviate superconductive magnetic motor as, be a kind of device that can outwards export electric energy and mechanical energy.It is invented substantially is that superconduction closing coil with the superconducting magnet of magnetic and magnetic interaction works in superconduct on-state and non-superconducting electricity on-state and is provided with the superconduct switch of certain controlling features, and connects the leakage current output loop of being made up of common electric conducting material in its switch both sides.The operation of device is to utilize superconducting coil critical condition following time to be excited the diamagnetic current magnetic field that produced and the magneticaction between external magnetic field by external magnetic field, and providing a kind of intermittence or unidirectional magnetic action campaign by the break-make of handling superconducting switch, to be assurance device electromagnetic action or motion vector potential continue to go forward one by one and continuous motion takes place and reach control magnetic and magnetic interaction degree and whether promote the pith of purpose to setting the direction of motion for superconducting switch and regulation and control device.[operating state of superconducting switch has (equivalence) closure and disconnects two kinds, that is: when the regulation and control superconducting switch is in closure state, play the loop circuit closed, produce diamagnetic current and magnetic field under the outside magnetic field, and form magnetic interaction (comprising that the promotion magnet overcomes resistance and produces mechanical movement) between external magnetic field; When regulation and control superconducting switch when being in off-state, the diamagnetic current in the superconducting coil is released through the outer galvanic circle of put and is become electric energy and export.This superconducting switch can have mechanical performance, physical property or chemical property etc. variety classes].The design concept of this invention and operation principle have essence different with theoretical method in the past, belong to a kind of novel concept, the device of building by this new principle and method can obtain huge energy output, and input can be very little or be zero, the good manufacture method of a kind of novel energy generation device of real meaning.Superconductivity, perfect diamganetism are the principal characters of superconduction behavior

1) superconductivity:refer under certain external condition (P, T, H), the characteristic of the unexpected vanishing of resistance when superconductor drops to critical temperature (Tc) in temperature, this moment, electric current can without hindrancely therein pass through, and did not have loss.If method or other method with electromagnetic induction produce circulation therein, extraneous condition value (P, H, T,＜Pc, Hc, Tc) down this electric current can maintain a long-term stability mobile.The critical temperature of superconductor has at present reached more than the 100K, and (as Tc=110K De system, the thallium system of Tc=120K, oxide superconductors such as the mercury system of Tc=150K), and constantly be improved.The superconduction energy is composed and deposited ring [SMES] promptly is one of its superconductivity practical application.

2) perfect diamganetism (Meisner Meissner effect): outside magnetic field (among the H＜Hc) is cooled to superconductor (or ring) critical temperature Tc when following, originally the magnetic induction density B that was present in the superconductor in transformation temperature is excreted by complete equivalence, the interior E=0.B=0 of superconductor this moment, keep T＜Tc, H＜Hc condition, it just remain internal magnetic field be zero ( ) state, only there is a very thin magnetic field permeable formation on the surface.At this moment, strong repulsive interaction takes place in the diamagnetic current magnetic field cancellation external magnetic field that superconductor produces between two magnetic fields.Add external magnetic field again after the cooling earlier, superconductor intrinsic inductance B also is zero.Be everlasting in the lecture experiment that people know and place a permanent magnet on the superconductor in the container, thereafter side is gone into cryogenic coolant refrigeration superconductor when critical temperature is following in container, magnet promptly rises under the repulsion effect and floats, certainly, in a single day superconductor transfers normal state to, this repulsive interaction termination that promptly disappears.Critical temperature, critical current, critical magnetic field etc. are its superconductor essential condition values

1) critical temperature (Tc): superconductor is called critical temperature Tc by the temperature of normal path (obstruct) when attitude changes superconducting state into, and critical transition temperature often is distributed in a little temperature transition interval, as the critical temperature 4.22K of mercury, initial transition temperature 4.27K.The critical temperature of high-temperature superconductor at present has been in liquid nitrogen and fluorine Lyons cooling agent warm area, and report is also arranged, and the superconducting material of critical temperature 250K is made in state-run research center, Paris, and further research is carried out.

2) critical magnetic field (Hc): when externally-applied magnetic field was better than certain certain value, superconducting state was destroyed and no longer have superconductivity and diamagnetism, and superconductor changes normal state into by superconducting state.This magnetic field intensity is called critical magnetic field hc.The superconductor critical magnetic field is removed with also relevant with temperature outside the Pass the architectural feature of material own has, and its empirical equation is:

In the current material particularly II type I superconductors I critical magnetic field up to more than tens of teslas, as Pb _0.7Eu _0.3Gd _0.2Mo ₆S ₆Hc when 4.2K ₂Reach 60 teslas.

3) critical current (Ic): superconductor transfers normal state to by superconducting state when being in the superconductor of superconducting state current strength and reaching a certain critical numerical value of this material, and this electric current is called critical current Ic.Supercurrent is excited by magnetic field, occurs as diamagnetic current.Critical magnetic field (electric current) is actually the another kind of form of expression of critical current (magnetic field).Critical current not only is function with temperature and external magnetic field, and relevant with the direction of external magnetic field.Some critical current can reach tens thousand of amperes centimetres in the present superconductor ^-2, as Japanese superconduction engineering research department development in 91 years gained yttrium series superconducting material, at 31K temperature and 35T magnetic field condition, critical current density 220KAcm ^-277K, 10T condition are 24KAcm ^-2Film highest level 11MAcm ^-2Superconductor critical state salient feature

1) phase transformation and latent heat: according to the superconduction thermodynamic argument, every molar latent heat of phase change during superconductor normal state-superconducting state phase transformation $Q=-\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="T"\; filenames="A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">T</figure-callout>}}{4\mathrm{\&pi;}}\mathrm{Hc}\frac{\&PartialD;\mathrm{Hc}}{\&PartialD;T}\mathrm{Vm}----\left(2\right)$ Vm is a molar volume in the formula, and formula shows that latent heat of phase change was zero when external magnetic field was zero, and the non-vanishing specific heat of latent heat of phase change had discontinuous jump when external magnetic field was non-vanishing.The size of specific heat is relevant with superconductor characteristic and configuration state, and is irrelevant with loaded current intensity.The conversion of material normal state-superconducting state is relevant with general phase structure state, and is irrelevant with loaded current intensity.The conversion of material normal state～superconducting state is different with general phase transition process, and it only relates to is the change of electronic state and there is no crystal structure and change.

2) transformation time: the fringe time between superconductor normal state and the superconducting state is extremely short, generally becomes 10 mutually ^-13Second (under the no external magnetic field condition), this point has been confirmed in superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) application devices such as (SQUID), and the transformation of superconducting state had certain hour to lag behind when part material outside magnetic field existed.If we know in addition:

1, the superconducting magnetic interaction characteristic is identical with conventional the action of a magnetic field feature,

2, the forceful electric power superconductor is often made film in commercial Application, wire rod, hollow tubular or thousands of extremely trickle filaments are embedded in the heat-conductivity conducting good matrix or overcoat, when in case the generation quenching loses the superconductivity situation, supercurrent " is clamp-oned " in the conducting base, and this matrix or sheath can be used as another current path leakage current.Generally used this technology in the 10-300 megawatt superconducting motor that state such as the former Soviet Union, American and Britain makes.Because of forming by countless fine filaments, suppressing flux creep, the anchoring magnetic line of force, stoping in the flux jumping unstability has its superiority, then also has flexible deformation characteristics in addition, and experiment shows repeatedly still have good tension cracking resistance after the cold cycling.These materials are at nuclear fusion device, the superelectron collider, and superconducting generator, numerous aspects such as super-conductive magnetic suspension find application and service check, and applying a magnetic field intensity often reaches tens teslas, the hundreds thousand of amperes of electric current.There are Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute and NEC industrial group to develop the superconducting magnet that is used for nuclear fusion device as is known, by aluminium niobium (Nb ₃Al) superconductor is formed cooling at the liquid helium warm area, under 12 tesla's high-intensity magnetic fields, work, be applied to an electromagnetic force on the magnet up to 40,000 tons, still can keep superconducting state even flow through the electric current of 4 Wan An training, only produce 0.4% ess-strain, the deterioration ratio of value of current flowing only 5% with this understanding.

Based on these basic conceptions of lift and the commercial Application fact, will help the correctly clear understanding of those skilled in the art proposed by the invention, below with the magnetic and superconducting magnetic operation logic and the technical method that describe in detail, and the manufacturing enforcement of carrying out such device.

As everyone knows, magnet has the two poles of the earth, north and south, will feel to be subjected to repelling outside thrust of generation when we get two permanent magnet A and B and make their same pole close mutually; Otherwise, when the different magnetic poles of two magnets mutually near the time will be subjected to attracting to produce an inside pulling force.If we as shown in Figure 1, magnet A is fixed in the Z place, magnet B is fixed in apart from the A distance and is last 1 the Y place of a vertical rotation axis O of X, and make two magnets self north and south magnetic pole line Ca and Cb in the same plane of vertical rotation axis O, during test, be used to transfer magnet B and make itself and magnet A homopolarity convergence (shown in the figure for arctic N) mutually, when the included angle between axis of magnet Ca and the Cb reduces, we have felt the repulsion of magnet A to magnet B homopolarity, if unclamp hand this moment, it will be appreciated that magnet B in the rotating shaft under the magnetic repulsion effect around rotating shaft O to away from repelling the direction motion, and form a kind of magnetic and magnetic moving movement.If rotating shaft frictional resistance is less, magnet B will turn over the solstics to the opposite direction motion that approaches magnet A under the momentum support, form back and forth movement under two-way magnetic repulsion effect, finally end when momentum makes a concerted effort to be zero place because of frictional resistance is rocked to.

When we are replaced the permanent magnet in Fig. 1 magnetic interaction demonstration and can repeat this magnetic pushing course the time, promptly are called the superconducting magnetic impetus by superconducting magnet, abbreviate " superconducting magnetic promotion " as.

Experience and test are learnt, because of static magnetic field is a potential field, are conservative force, and this interaction property of power does not change because of direction position and the different of time, and above-mentioned demonstration can not be rotated continuously in spontaneous formation.And in industrial machinery that we know such as motor in order to obtain and to keep continuous motion, set up magnetic field by input current often, make between stator and rotor to form the magnetic interaction dipole field, obtain to certain position place transfer electron sheet, electromagnetic pole or by the alternating current of importing phase shift in time by migrating again.Power loss shows as resistive (or comprehensive apparent resistance).And superconductive electromagnetic driving device described herein also adopts similar way to obtain continuous motion by following a kind of like this operation principle and method:

The physicist is in common knowledge, preceding basic conception is also mentioned in removing and stating, if superconductor, superconducting ring be cooled in the outside magnetic field critical point when following superconductor itself show as zero resistance (ideal conducting body), form strong repulsive interaction between diamagnetic current magnetic field that produces and external magnetic field, but this repulsive interaction stops disappearing in case superconductor transfers normal state (obstruct state) or superconducting ring to when disconnecting.We are that the superconducting magnetic that utilizes the superconductivity of material and diamagnetism and this effect variation characteristics to produce a kind of similar conventional motor interacts, and this physical features is the assurance that provides the foundation of design and fabrication that superconducting magnetic and electromagnetism promote.Excite the superconduction circulation magnetic field of generation and the magnetic repulsion traction that applies between magnetic field is a kind of not function dissipation process outward by external magnetic field, we are also as long as install certain control switch in this class running gear, carry out position and time that magnetic promotes at needs and connect this switch, do not need to carry out magnetic promotion position and the time separated this kind switch.Correspondingly we by this kind approach controlled the rule that promotes of a kind of superconducting magnetic and magnetic repeat, the vector potential of moving to a certain side be guaranteed and form a kind of rotation.As Fig. 2, a pair of conventional outer magnet A, B and a central rotating shaft O are set, a rectangle superconducting coil W is installed on central rotating shaft, it two draws the leakage current loop that line end connects a superconducting switch K and is made up of discharge load resistive element R by the superconduction slip ring.Then device is put into the low temperature below the superconductor critical temperature Tc, established that angle is φ when between wire frame plane and outer magnet trend ₁Operation superconducting switch K closure during the position, make superconducting coil W form close access, outside magnetic field excites down, produce superconduction diamagnetic current I and current field H in the wire loop, because of magnetic moves to the direction that the effect of repelling each other reduces with the wire frame of the repulsive interaction mutually limit of magnetic homopolarity, shaft angle φ rotates to augment direction, and angle is that shaft angle reaches φ when between wire frame plane and external magnetic field strike line ₂During the position, we open superconducting switch K at operation, and superconducting coil W loop is cut off, and wherein the diamagnetic current of Liu Donging " is clamp-oned " another galvanic circle and passed through resistive element R and release with the hot merit form, and the magnetic repulsion effect stops with the disappearance of supercurrent.After this wire frame continues motion under moment of inertia keeps, and reaches phase angle φ of following one-period ₁Finish a rotation period during position and begin to enter next loop cycle process.The continuous repetition and the promotion of this process, we just can obtain a kind of continuous accurate balanced rotation and produce electric energy and kinetic energy output.Utilize the adelphotaxy of magnetic also can obtain this analog result.In order to be different from existing notional superconducting motor, this specification carries out magnetic and superconducting magnetic promotion and the device that moves to this superconductivity of material of utilizing, and with the structure that control method is organized that will illustrate below comprising, the mechanical device that can outwards export energy (η＞1) letter thus is called " superconductive magnetic motor ".

In view of this, the motor of ordinary meaning is a kind of electromechanical energy conversion device, and superconductive magnetic motor is the device of outside output kinetic energy of a kind of energy and electric energy, though their basic structure has a lot of similarity, but is essentially different.In addition different is in the present circumstance superconductive magnetic motor still also need low-temperature cooling system with the common different meanings of motor.

In order to further specify superconductive magnetic motor operation principle and technical method, enumerate below and a kind ofly control the simplified model that rotates with magnetic switch and set forth its groundwork process.Accompanying drawing 3 and 4 are seen in the work signal.(1)-one radius is the rotor of r among the figure, and magnet B is made up of permanent magnetic material; 2. a stator, magnet A is by superconduction winding W group structure.The superconducting switch K of critical magnetic field control is set in the loop, and conventional galvanic circle load resistance R, m is the control magnet.Suppose with the arbitrary agreement magnetic pole of stator A ₁For when observing its running, shown in model work PROCESS OVERVIEW as follows:

1, under the superconductor critical temperature, the normal direction angle is φ when between rotor magnetic pole-utmost point Bi original position and magnetic pole of the stator Al ₁The time, make and open control elements m and become no control signal or close strong attitude, magnetic control superconducting switch K enters the superconduct on-state, this moment, stator superconducting magnet coil W was the superconduction closed-loop path, under the rotor magnetic pole magnetic excitation, set up diamagnetic current and current field (among the figure two empty electric current lines) in the coil, size of current be proportional to rotor field intensity at the D place [(r+ σ) sin φ ₁)] magnetic flux area S such as magnetic induction Bd, umber of turn Nw etc., magnetic pole of the stator Al inducts diamagnetic with rotor magnetic pole Bi magnetic field between repulsive interaction takes place, the suffered repulsion F of rotor pass through the arm of force ( ) have commentaries on classics to promote rotor apart from M φ, obtaining angular acceleration β to the motion of corner φ augment direction at rotor moment of inertia J lower rotor part (1), kinetic energy is converted to rotator inertia.

2, when rotor magnetic pole Bi move to and magnetic pole of the stator Al between the forward included angle ₂The time if control assembly m effect, the controlling magnetic field that applies impels superconducting switch K moment to become normal resistance state (the infinitely great resistance state of resistance R s → ∞) magnetic pole of the stator superconduction this moment winding W mutually to be superconduction open circuit (blocking-up of this quench of similar superconducting magnet coil), the diamagnetic current that flows in the winding " is clamp-oned " the outer galvanic circle Le that presets and is discharged (single empty electric current line among the figure) through load resistance R retardance, electronic kinetic energy is emitted with the hot merit formal transformation, and there is φ the time of releasing when being represented by phase angle displacement ₂-φ ₃Process.

3, rotor is crossed angle φ ₃Motion is continued in the back under moment of inertia keeps, this is to rotor velocity β=0.As next utmost point B of rotor magnetic pole _I+1Move to forward normal angle φ with magnetic pole of the stator Al line ₁In time, also also equals rotor magnetic pole Bi and moves to next utmost point Al of magnetic pole of the stator _{+ 1}Between forward normal angle φ ₁The time finish a duty cycle, initially enter next work period.

This process repeats constantly by this sequence period, and circulation obtains a kind of continuous rotation.

Superconducting switch can open control elements in setting phase angle place's opening and closing between rotor, stator by being preset at, and opens when the control signal is executed in the position when phase detector receives, and does not close when signal is arranged.Make the break-make of superconducting switch when the certain phase angle of rotor magnetic pole relative stator magnetic pole place can handle between rotor and stator electromagnetism whether to promote and can make this vector obtain continuing to guarantee and rotation continuously takes place so as long as we set and apply a very little control signal that opens to a certain direction motion.Effect of regulation and control keying signal and the position time ratio that does not act on, thereby reach the duty ratio of regulating superconducting switch break-over of device and shutoff, also be effect phase angle and time ratio between controlled rotor and stator, when changing balanced rotation of multi-state that phase angle position or this duty ratio of time both can obtain different motion speed or power characteristic, also formed the defeated stream of the pulsed discharge feature (frequency, adjustable power output) of EDM Generator of Adjustable Duty Ratio simultaneously.Rotor, stator often are made up of different number of magnetic poles, and every pair of effect of arbitrary circulation time rotor magnetic pole all repeats a kind of identical course of work, and the mechanical energy of generation and electric current also also are its each utmost point sums.No matter what class switch, to open and close the required energy of this state variation very little because apply the control superconducting switch, and therefore this energy consumption is compared to be close to the useful work that device is done and ignored, often can be not in consideration in diagrammatic illustration.

The operation of superconductive magnetic motor is limited by superconducting switch operating state and control action feature, and this superconducting switch can have multiple different kind, as machinery, physics, physicochemical etc.

Realize that by Mechanical Contact or disconnection the connection of superconducting circuit or the person of opening are called the mechanical property switch between two superconductors.Characteristics are that conversion speed is slow, the unreliable and complex structure of working.Before mention that critical temperature, critical magnetic field and critical current are several base attributes of superconductor, superconducting state～normal state takes place at critical place to be changed, exist huge electricity to lead difference between the two, this provides a kind of fabulous extremely useful characteristic for us.We are as long as the arbitrary parameter in this group physical quantity is adopted in design, just as if pacified the purpose that certain switch reaches break-make in the loop.Utilize superconductor superconducting state and normal state electricity to lead the title physical characteristic switch that difference realizes being communicated with of superconducting circuit or blocking-up.We need only by certain means and utilize the variation of these fundamental physical quantity critical points of superconductor to make the whole or local generation electricity that changes between superconducting state～normal state of superconductor component lead sudden change, with regard to equivalence a switch have been installed in the superconducting circuit and have been reached the purpose of controlling break-make.This physical switch can have different prosecutor formula and the kinds of opening, and enumerates several below:

A. utilize Critical Temperature of Superconductor Tc, provide near the certain difference variation of state critical point to realize that superconductor normality/super attitude changes, i.e. T ₁+ T ₂＞or＜Tc.The application of the existing mature technology of this point.

B. utilize the superconductor critical magnetic field hc,, realize superconductor normality/super attitude conversion by changing the controlling magnetic field power.If the superconducting switch material is Hc in state place critical magnetic field, the diamagnetic current magnetic field H that the external magnetic field effect is produced down ₁, apply control magnets magnetic fields H ₂, work as H ₁+ H ₂Superconductor becomes normality mutually by superconducting state during＞Hc, removes to reduce or reverse controlling magnetic field H ₂, H ₁+ H ₂Superconductor changes superconducting state into during＜Hc.

C. utilize the superconductor critical current Ic, cross the strong and weak super attitude of the superconductor/normality that realizes of conductor current by control flows and change.Can finish by outer power supply drift net road.If superconductor (line) state critical current Ic produces diamagnetic current I under the external magnetic field ₁, apply Control current I ₂, I ₁+ I ₂Superconductor changes normality into by superconducting state during＞Ic, turn-off, reduce or oppositely Control current with I ₂, I ₁+ I ₂Superconductor keeps superconducting state during＜Ic.In addition, utilize some physicochemical characteristicss such as superconductor is pressure-sensitive, photosensitive also can realize the transformation of superconducting state/normality.The device that we often require above-mentioned all kinds of switch or are called thyratron in concrete the application should have following good characteristic: 1) own vol and energy consumption are as far as possible little; 2) disconnect the very big resistance value of (normality) Shi Yingyou or be insulator, and when closure (leading attitude), should meet the maximum current or the magnetic field requirement of setting; 3) it is quick to change sensitivity between disconnection (normality) and closure (leading attitude), and transit time is little with the interval, working stability, good reproducibility, and control method is simple.In sum, obviously the physical characteristic superconducting switch is better than the mechanical property superconducting switch, and it is remarkable wherein to belong to the physical switch characteristics of controlling in magnetic field.

The device work system generally includes the superconducting magnetic system; Cryogenic refrigeration system; Excitation system; The electromechanical energy output system; Subsystems such as control system.In the basic structure mainly by stator component, rotor part, magnet, superconducting coil, field coil, control section, parts such as refrigeration and heat insultating cavity are formed.Obviously, the current drain loop of being made up of common electric conducting material in the system is placed outside the low-temperature space, make transference cell produce Joule heat and be dissipated in space outerpace than favourable many of consumption cooling by evaporation agent in low-temperature range.

The device for mechanical forms of motion can be divided into parallel two classes that move and rotatablely move generally.Every class has different version and pole combination mode again according to manufacture, also have radially and axial branch according to magnetic interaction and between centers direction, and also can be divided into different fit forms by stator, the used one-tenth magnetism method of rotor magnet, and as: the full superconducting structure of superconductor--superconductor; The permanent magnet superconductive structure of permanent magnet--superconducting magnet; The electromagnetism superconducting structures of electric energy magnet--superconducting magnet etc. also can have different kinds according to superconductor process for making and running, control mode different, in a word, can exist in a huge cohort in its application, do not describe in detail herein.

The superconductive magnetic motor leakage current of drawing through outer galvanic circle according to the difference of its structure that is in operation is a kind of pulse of different characteristic of hurried variation in time, the control method difference, and output current is with characteristics also difference.Rotor or magnetic pole of the stator are pressed the opposed polarity rule and are arranged two kinds of dissimilar leakage currents of generation, promptly show as DC characteristic pulse and AC characteristic pulse.It is different to result from its structure type and operation characteristic, interior natural disposition.When stator and rotor same polarity structural arrangement, the output current direction does not change and is pulse direct current during operation; When stator or the variation of rotor opposed polarity structure law, output current direction in service changes with arrangement regulation and is pulse ac.So electric current character has direct current and exchanges two kinds.The winding leakage current of multi-polar structure also can be by the unidirectional conduction integrated different phase circuit of settling the exchange, or gives connection in series-parallel and smoothly export.

Change current strength in the electromagnetic interaction superconduction winding by different designs electromagnetic coil structure form and ferromagnetic enhancing iron core, reaching with main output mechanical kinetic energy or electric energy is purpose different application type, in addition, the magnetize mode of superconducting magnet is except that can having the magnetize coil excitation, and it evokes magnetic also can to utilize the superconducting magnetic winding.

Promote operation logic, control method and energy and export qualitative explanation though above provided superconducting magnetic and magnetic, also significantly some is fuzzy simple rather, is necessary further and gives quantitative analysis.With reference to figure 3, Fig. 4, if simplify hypothesis: superconducting magnetic and magnetic interaction are perfect condition, and magnetic permeability μ → ∞ for independent parameter is independent of each other, moves φ at phase angle between each magnetic pole ₁～φ ₃Process rotor magnetic pole magnetic field intensity H or magnetic induction B remain unchanged, and can further suppose, because of air gap between stator and rotor magnetic pole is very little, and pole-face is bordering on parallelly, and the diamagnetic field intensity that produces at φ 1 phase angle position magnetic pole of the stator also is approximately equal to H, at φ ₁～φ ₂Remain unchanged in the angular displacement process, then have:

1). every magnetic pole moves φ at phase angle ₁～φ ₂The mechanical power of process: according to the merit definition, power F is at dA=Fdx that micro-angular displacement does work, because arbitrary magnetic pole power F _iThe moment M=Fid of countershaft, merit dA=Md φ.So the every magnetic pole of rotor is at angular displacement φ ₁～φ ₂Process mechanical power that moment is done $A_{\mathrm{mi}}={{\&Integral;}_{\mathrm{\&phi;}1}}^{\mathrm{\&phi;}2}F\&CenterDot;d\&CenterDot;\mathrm{d\&phi;}={{\&Integral;}_{\mathrm{\&phi;}1}}^{\mathrm{\&phi;}2}\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}^2/\mathrm{\&mu;}\&CenterDot;\cos {\mathrm{\&phi;}}_1}{G^2}d\&CenterDot;\mathrm{d\&phi;}----\left(3\right)$

After the arrangement of substitution following formula, ∵ G ²=r ²+ (r+ σ) ²-2r (r+ σ) cos φ, $A_{\mathrm{mi}}={{\&Integral;}_{\mathrm{\&phi;}1}}^{\mathrm{\&phi;}2}\frac{B^2(r+\mathrm{\&upsi;})\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r\; sin"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}\sin 2\mathrm{\&phi;}}{2\mathrm{\&mu;}[{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^2+{(r+\mathrm{\&sigma;})}^2-2r(r+\mathrm{\&sigma;})\cos \mathrm{\&phi;}{]}^{3/2}}\mathrm{d\&phi;}$ When air-gap separation enough little, when ignoring, and after the angle radian in the formula is converted to position, angle degree to be close to, $A_{\mathrm{mi}}=\frac{\mathrm{\&pi;}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}^2{\mathrm{\&gamma;}}^2}{2\&CenterDot;180\mathrm{\&mu;}}{\&Integral;}_{{\mathrm{\&phi;}}_1}^{{\mathrm{\&phi;}}_2}\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="Sin"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">Sin</figure-callout>}2\mathrm{\&phi;}}{{({2r}^2-{2\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^2\cos \mathrm{\&phi;})}^{3/2}}\mathrm{d\&phi;}-----\left(4\right)$ Many magnetic poles institute work done of device is each magnetic pole mechanical power sum.

2). every magnetic pole moves φ at phase angle ₂～φ ₃The current potential merit of process: leakage current conducting moment

, electric weight is function in time, loop inductance L, capacitor C, the corresponding different discharge time constants of the different numerical value of resistance R.Galvanic circle in system equivalence usually is capacitance-resistance or resistance sense circuit (not considering the ferromagnetic core situation), and electric current is grown with die-away time and is expressed as respectively when no condenser network maybe can be ignored line capacitance

I _↑＝I _o(1-e ^-Rt/L)………………………………………(5)

I _↓=I _oe ^-Rt/LIt when (6) time constant L/R satisfies certain functional value the dead-beat of stable state decay in time electric current.When the steady-state current that flows in the superconduction winding was Io, the energy that is stored in the winding was (energy of electromagnetic field formula) $E=\mathrm{Ee}+\mathrm{Em}=\frac{1}{2}{\&Integral;}_v\mathrm{DEdv}+\frac{1}{2}{\&Integral;}_v\mathrm{BHdv}$ Electric field energy storage in the formula Can ignore $E\&ap;\mathrm{Emi}=\frac{1}{2}{\&Integral;}_v\mathrm{BHdV}$ $=\frac{1}{2}\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}^2}{\mathrm{\&mu;}}V=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="L\; I"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">L</figure-callout>}{I}^{}{}^2=\frac{1}{2}\frac{{\mathrm{\&mu;}}_0{N}^{2}S}{L}\&CenterDot;I^2----\left(7\right)$ L is an inductance in the formula, and N is the number of turn, and V is a volume, and S is an area.Because the general inductance of superconduction winding is less, its time constant is also little.Cross electric weight during pure load resistance $Q_{}$ ${}_1={\&Integral;}_o^t\mathrm{Idt}={\&Integral;}_o^{\&infin;}{I}_o{e}^{-\mathrm{Rt}/L}\mathrm{dt}-----\left(8\right)$ The electric work benefit $\mathrm{Aei}={\&Integral;}_o^{\&infin;}\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="R\; I"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}{I}^{}{}^2\mathrm{dt}={\mathrm{RI}}_o^2{\&Integral;}_o^{\&infin;}{\left(e^{-\mathrm{Rt}/L}\right)}^2\mathrm{dt}----\left(9\right)$ Many set of poles earial drainage does work and is each magnetic pole electric current merit sum.

By Ohm's law V=IR and derivation formula I=V/R (1-e ^-Rt/L) voltage strength when dt also can calculate outer circuit leakage current or the current value [ε=RI of winding _oe ^-Rt/L].

Apparatus system is generally formed (because of still there not being room temperature superconductor, so this situation only is discussed) by normal temperature district and low-temperature space two parts, and the heat in the low-temperature space promptly is that the electromagnetism device work produces heat and imports heat from the normal temperature district in the low-temperature space mainly from two aspects.

(1) importing heat can have:

Imperfect heat-insulating material technology is leaked heat; The electromagnetic circuit electron stream migration of normal temperature district imports heat; Lattice diffusion heat.The conductor heat conduction amount is deferred to Fourier (Fourier) law in the finite time migration thermal conductance:

DQ/dt=-λ _mDT/dx ... (10) or thermal conductivity

Q=-λ Δ T ... (11) the dQ/dt representation unit time heat of leading by cross-sectional area of conductor S one dimension x direction spiral, proportionality coefficient λ is a material thermal conductivity.Hot mediator mainly is a free electron.Density of heat flow rate q that conducts in the object and the temperature gradient Δ T of this place are directly proportional.The pulse leakage current can think that the orientation of superposition on the irregular warm-up movement of normal electronics moves, and the thermophoresis direction characterizes it and discharges at low-temperature space at normal temperature interval absorption heat.Heat conduction amount can be represented that λ is the electronics thermal conductivity in the formula by (10) formula.

The external electrical stream migration imports heat: be output as in the magnetic interaction when unidirectional pulsed electron flows and can be directly provided by Fourier's formula.Be output as alternation pulsed electron when stream in the magnetic interaction, establish that the initial origin position of a certain free electron is O under the alternation state, arbitrary promotion time average positive excursion of back electronics is apart from x ₊, at it next promote time back electron back to average drift apart from x_, so the interior electronics of finite time section is done the very little round vibration of migration distance in the loop.Compare with direct current output that to import heat littler because the temperature range that this drift distance x of moving electron is jumped is less.

(2) the electromagnetism Self-heating is mainly produced by device work itself in the low-temperature space, can have the superconductor magnetic flux to move heat; Non-reversible magnetizing heat, magnetic relaxation heat, alternation vortex electromagnetic field heat, micro-vortex induced current heat, resistance element Joule heat, latent heat of phase change etc.These self heat production source majority can be got rid of or reduced from the selection of material, manufacture craft, architecture advances, and influence diminishes to total consumption refrigeration merit to make it.Select for use superfine fibre synnema (＜μ m level) and discontinuous conduction matrix (high resistant matrix) to move by the anchoring magnetic flux as superconductor, suppress power transformation magnetic field, whirlpool and induced current loss, reduce or eliminates alternation microvovtex damage.Can analyze mentally like this for the superconduction latent heat of phase change: the variable condition that superconductor component exists in the device is nothing more than there being two kinds to be normality phase transformation and superconduction phase transformation, and can divide electric current superconducting state and no current superconducting state and normal state and two kinds of different attribute types of superconducting state loop cycle situation are arranged, no matter but be which kind of situation, in each cyclic process, exist the heat do not take place to absorb behind thermal change or the phase variable period numerically all to equate with the heat that discharges, promptly absorb with the value of emitting latent heat of phase change and equate, so the arithmetic mean of the difference of thermal change is zero in the time interval in office.

The electromagnetic device Self-heating also is divided into two kinds of dc state and exchange status in the low-temperature space.Loss under the dc state is less, with the selection of material and manufacture craft associated.The loss of superconductor in alternating magnetic field generally should comprise eddy current loss, magnetic hysteresis loss, background (residue) loss.Eddy current loss , by magnetic flux=BScos φ, diamagnetic little garden ring

, the substitution levoform solves I, or by Draw, also can be by joule loss Try to achieve.(annotating: V=circulation area * depth of penetration, Δ=depth of penetration, ω=angular frequency (2 π f), the magnetic field energy of this area of eddy current loss equivalence), magnetic hysteresis loss

, unit interval unit volume magnetic hysteresis loss power

。When the structure type of superconductor and manufacture craft make that eddy current loss and magnetic hysteresis loss are all very little, make so mainly has been the effect of background (residue) loss, and this sums up in the point that various relaxation mechanism problems, and comparatively clearly mechanism has 1. spin relaxation (electronics precession relaxation); 2. the electrons spread relaxation diffusion of the lattice ion valence electron (arrange); 3. micro swirl relaxation.The heat that is produced by these relaxation processes can be referred to as little loss heat.Under the alternation state, the interaction energy of relevant generation with it or heat also can be described as little alternation loss.This is much smaller than importing heat.

Install all the other devices such as magnet iron core etc. and be in outside the low temperature cooling system, do not constitute the cryogenic cooling parameter, so consumption refrigeration merit mainly is to import heat, imperfect adiabatic body drain heat, whirlpool change induced electric field heat.

A kind of superconductive magnetic motor embodiment essential structure that rotatablely moves such as Fig. 5 and shown in Figure 6.

Fig. 5 is the superconductive magnetic motor of permanent magnet rotor structure, and a left side is three-dimensional side view, and the right side is A-A ' drawing in side sectional elevation.Mainly comprise stator component (1) that superconductor component is installed but and the p-m rotor parts (2) that rotate of relative stator pivot body center, superconduction is adjustable pulse switch control assembly (3), control signal is supplied with m and is picked up sensing element that L makes up (4), leakage current output control change socket (5), cryogenic cooling machine (6), several essential parts such as cryogen conveying system (7) and heat-exchange system (8) are formed.Superconducting coil W in the stator (1) and superconducting switch K are installed in the cavity of heat-insulating material group structure, lead-in wire is wrapped up by jacket, it is characterized in that coil and switch, export the galvanic circle outward and be connected, the position senser element L such as light, electricity, magnetic of control superconducting switch are installed on the pedestal, rotor (2) hinge also is provided with corresponding senser element m such as corresponding light, electricity, magnetic with device L corresponding position, when m receives the control signal that position sensing device L sends, be transferred to and execute the control parts, make superconducting switch enter the different operating state.Phase angle position and φ 1～φ 2 intervals, angle that regulation and control send signal both can reach the purpose that changes operating mode.

Fig. 6 is the superconductive magnetic motor of full superconducting magnetic structure, comprise stator component (1) but and relative stator pivot body center rotate the rotor part (2) that the airtight axle supporting in both sides is installed, superconducting switch (thyratron) parts (3), earial drainage load (loop) regulation and control output block (4), cryogenic cooling machine (5) and the several essential parts of outer regulation and control parts (6).Connect with power output loading (7) available delivery bridging.Be mounted with many magnetic poles superconducting coil loop (11) that the vacuum insulation chamber surrounds in the stator component (1), conducting magnet core (12) is carried cryogen circulation pipeline (13) and phase angle level sensor spare (14), and the outside is provided with control operation parts (not drawing among the figure).Comprise equidistant symmetrically arranged superconducting magnet (22) on mechanical rotating shaft (21) and the hinge in the rotor part (2), heat insulating member (23), conducting magnet core (24) plays magnetic coil (25), connecting ring (26), the axial channel of refrigerant cycle (27) and phase angle position inducing device (28) magnetize.The loss that outside stator armature and armature rotor gap, can reduce friction of cryogen in the pivot body.Remaining part does not draw as composing among the hypotaxis figure such as cold transfusion facility, heat insulation bridge, support unit.Before starting operation, earlier the superconductor in stator, the armature rotor is cooled to it below critical temperature by refrigerating system, by set working method to rotor superconducting magnet (magnetize) coil import exciting curent thereafter, excite superconducting coil to set up the rotor field, after this can make it progressively enter set steady operation operating state by the control manipulation control assembly.

If to the embodiment device of above-mentioned full superconducting magnetic structure such as before give desirable modelling and give one group of any number: establish rotor radius r=1.5m; number of magnetic poles 12; strong width 0.4m such as every magnetic pole strength; long 5m; magnetic field intensity H=6T (tesla); magnetic pole of the stator parameter and rotor magnetic pole are equal to, magnetic interaction migration angle φ _1～2=1 °～7.5 °, steady state angle rotational speed omega=5rad/s, φ _2-3Leakage current time remaining angle x °, peak strength Imax=2 ten thousand A (ampere),

Under this condition, if simple calculating has the magnetic pole active force as can be known $F_i=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}^2}{2{\mathrm{\&mu;}}_o}\&CenterDot;s=\frac{{(2N/A\&CenterDot;m)}^2}{2\&times;4\mathrm{\&pi;}\&times;{10}^{-7}N/{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="A"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">A</figure-callout>}}^2}\&times;0.4m\&times;5m=2.86\&times;{10}^{7}N$

F=F _i* 12=3.4 * 10 ⁸N (3.5 ten thousand tons) (not considering the strength of materials) makes φ _1～2Magnetic field intensity and amount of force remain unchanged in the process, by (4) formula mechanical power are arranged $A_{\mathrm{mi}}=\frac{\mathrm{\&pi;}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}^2}{180{\mathrm{\&mu;}}_o(r+\mathrm{\&sigma;})}\&CenterDot;\ln \left|\mathrm{Sin\&phi;}\right|{|}_{{\mathrm{\&phi;}}_1}^{{\mathrm{\&phi;}}_2}$ Or more simplify

A _m=A _Mi* 12=5.8 * 10 ⁷J device for mechanical power

P _m=A _mω=5.8 * 10 ⁷J * 5rad/s=29 * 10 ⁷Js ^-1(w) suppose loop inductance L=0.02H (Henry), outer circuit resistance R=2 Ω, φ ₂～φ ₃The process quantity of electric charge of releasing is got by (8) formula: Total electric weight of crossing in the bit time

Q=q _iN ω=200C * 12 * 5rad/s=12000Cs ^-1φ ₂～φ ₃Process electric current merit $A_{\mathrm{ei}}={\&Integral;}_{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="o\; t\; RI"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">o</figure-callout>}}^t{\mathrm{RI}}^{}{}^2\mathrm{dt}={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="RI\; o"\; filenames="A9710476400171.png,A9710476400181.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">RI</figure-callout>}}_o^{}{\&Integral;}_o^t{\left(e^{-\mathrm{Rt}/L}\right)}^2\mathrm{dt}$

In season t=L/R or t →+during ∞ $\underset{\&RightArrow;0}{A_{\mathrm{ei}}}=\frac{1}{2}\&CenterDot;I_o^{2}L=0.4\&times;{10}^{7}J$ The device electrical power $p_e=\frac{1}{2}\&CenterDot;I_o^{2}L\&CenterDot;N\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&omega;}=24\&times;{10}^{7}J\&CenterDot;s^{-1}\left(w\right)$ Install dynamo-electric gross power

p＝p _m+p _e＝29×10 ⁷J·s ^-1+24×10 ⁷J·s ^-1＝53×10 ⁷J·s ^-1

(equivalence per hour produces the merit of 40 tons of gasoline combustion calorific values)

Certainly, can not reach function transportation parameters under this simplification hypothesis perfect condition with the actual device of the identical numerical value of above-mentioned hypothesis in the actual motion, but, the huge effect of this its output function of class device can be described completely through this numerical analysis.Device consumes cooling power

When (1) being output as unidirectional pulsed electron stream, the electronics migration imports heat: set and be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature by room temperature (300～70K) the electronics thermal conductance heat of moving into is calculated as follows by (10) guiding: Q _n=total the avergae specific heat (C) of every coulomb of amount of electrons of electric weight (q) (e) temperature difference (Δ T) electronics in this warm area of crossing ^*=12000Cs ^-1* 6.2414 * 10 ¹⁸E * (300～70) K * 10 ^-24Cal (ec) ^-1=17.2cals ^-1

When hot as if the conduction of taking no account of imperfect heat insulating material leakage, above-mentioned direct current output state electronics is moved into hot-activity generally than the high order of magnitude of the spontaneous hot-activity of electromagnetism device work in the low-temperature space, both heat production item sum such as just suppose device lattice heat conduction, ess-strain, transition eddy electric field, non-homogeneous defective and electronics thermal conductance were the same order of magnitude, i.e. ∑ Q _i=Q _n, its total amount of heat also only is Q=xQ _n=x17.2cals ^-1, (x＜10)

When (2) being output as the alternation state, electronics migration imports heat and as above saves analysis, compares with direct current output when the same terms value that to import heat littler.Be Q _n＜＜17.2cas ^-1

Under the alternation state, though the little alternation loss of electromagnetism magnetic device work Self-heating increases in the low-temperature space, but this increase is limited by superconductor itself and manufacture craft, and because of the alternation electron stream thermal change of moving into little, when promptly being item such as the eddy current loss of inducting of considering alternation state beyond direct current output state background (residue) loss, magnetic hysteresis (non-reversible magnetizing) loss, the comprehensive total losses that can accomplish increase and are not very big, can think on the summary to compare with the direct current output state still to belong to the same order of magnitude.

So far, these class hundred megawatts of power stage arrangements, by this quantitative analysis, when not considering outside other bound variable such as low-temperature (low temperature) vessel, heat insulation layer dielectric loss etc., this heat production magnitude is adjusted with evaporation liquid nitrogen *, and device cooling system per hour also only needs condensation, and (300～70K) handle xKg order of magnitude liquid nitrogen.Hence one can see that, device refrigeration merit that device work consumed and the mechanical power of being exported, and it is very little that the electric work benefit is compared.If refrigeration situation with reference to the existing superconducting device of world industry country, adopting under the liquid helium refrigeration condition, the rotor superconducting generator of 10,000 multikilowatts liquid helium flow hourly also only is several decaliters, so the power that installs used cooler consumption is little of ignoring to its influence of exporting useful power.

Comprehensive above explanation, this device has principle and simply is easy to the characteristics made, according to its philosophy and technique method, people can design and manufacture the different different device of purposes of a great variety, and it is little, in light weight that it has a volume, power output is huge, unit volume mass-power ratio height, noise is low, numerous superiority such as sanitation and hygiene.Along with the further investigation of high temperature superconducting materia, will make its application more convenient in case produce superconducting material at room temp.This new principle and technical method will be opened up a new field for progress of human society and development.

Claims (3)

1, magnetic and superconductive electromagnetic driving device, mainly contain magnetic field magnet pivot body, the magnetic field magnet produces the superconducting magnet pivot body of diamagnetic effect relatively, control section and refrigeration partly wait basic module to form, its manufacture method is characterised in that: for the superconducting magnetic system superconduction closing coil that makes the device magnetic interaction works in the superconduct switch (superconduction lock stream device) that superconducting state and non-superconducting attitude are provided with certain controlling features, and receive common conduction in its junction, both sides and fail the discharge stream load circuit, control to reach whether magnetic interaction reaches size between diamagnetic magnet of superconduction and magnetic field magnet by the on off operating mode of handling appropriate section control superconduct switch, the regulation and control superconducting switch leads the position mutually and promptly there are not same-action and motion feature the duration, also can produce the electric energy and the mechanical energy of varying number.

2, claim 1 described magnetic and superconductive electromagnetic driving device is characterized in that: can do between magnetic field magnet pivot body and the diamagnetic magnet pivot of superconduction body and parallelly move or rotatablely move.

3, claim 1 described magnetic and superconductive electromagnetic driving device is characterized in that: it can be mechanical performance, physical property or other different performance for superconduct switch (superconduction lock stream device), under the general condition physical property will show superior.

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