CN1195103C - 富勒烯类纳米线阵列的电化学制备技术 - Google Patents
富勒烯类纳米线阵列的电化学制备技术 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
富勒烯类纳米线阵列的电化学制备技术主要是:首先把富勒烯的甲苯溶液加入到一定比例的乙腈溶液中,形成带有负电荷的富勒烯聚集体,然后利用电化学方法使该聚集体电泳到多孔模板的纳米孔洞中,从而形成有序的富勒烯纳米线阵列。纳米线的直径可由所用多孔模板的孔径进行调控,长度可由电解液浓度和沉积时间进行控制,晶体结构可通过退火得到改善。利用本发明不仅可以制得直径和长度可控的富勒烯纳米线,而且可得到高度有序的纳米线阵列。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及富勒烯纳米线的制备,特别是涉及高度有序、直径可控的富勒烯纳米线阵列的电化学制备技术。
背景技术
材料、能源和信息是现代社会的支柱,也是新世纪所关心的主要问题。新材料的开发有可能成为新的经济增长点,在很大程度上决定或影响着一门产业的发展。
一维纳米材料(纳米线,纳米管),是指直径处于纳米尺度(1-100nm),而长度在微米量级或更长的线性纳米材料。它不仅在电子、光学、力学等器件方面有巨大的潜在应用前景,而且由于其独特的性质而对化学、物理学、电子学、光学、材料科学以及生物科学等领域的基础研究有着深远意义。
富勒烯是一类重要的功能材料,它们的光物理、导电性、光导性和光限行为都已引起科学家们的极大兴趣,但难以把它们组装成有序的结构限制了它们的应用。因此,开发有序富勒烯纳米线阵列的制备技术有着重要的意义。
在目前现有技术中,制备纳米线的方法总体上可分为物理法(包括激光烧蚀法、蒸发冷凝法、电弧放电法等)化学法(包括化学气相沉积法、溶液反应法、模板法等)和综合法。如激光烧蚀法,就是利用激光使材料(Si、Ge等)的原子蒸发出来,然后在纳米粒子(如Au、Fe等)催化下定向生长,形成纳米线。由于物理合成方法的设备复杂、成本高,而且制备的一维纳米材料的大小及形状不易控制,无法得到有序的阵列,因此,目前物理合成方法除在碳纳米管、Si、SiO2纳米线等少数一维纳米材料的制备上显示出一定的优势外,很少应用于其它一维纳米材料的制备上。
一维纳米材料的制备主要采用化学合成方法,而在化学合成方法中又多采用模板合成法,其关键技术是利用具有一维纳米孔洞的材料(多孔阳极氧化铝膜、聚合物过滤膜等)作模板,通过化学、电化学方法或高温、高压的条件使材料进入模板孔洞,而模板的孔壁将限制所沉积材料的形状和尺寸,即可制得复制了孔道形状的一维纳米线。如选用孔道孔径均一、规则排列的材料作模板,则可制备出直径均匀、高度有序的纳米线阵列。
Martin等人在这方面作了大量的开拓性工作。1987年,他们首次以聚碳酸酯过滤膜为模板制备了Pt纳米线阵列;1989年,他们在阳极氧化铝模板的孔道内合成了Au纳米线。此后,他们将此模板合成法推广到了其它一维纳米材料的制备上,并取得了可喜的成果。例如,以聚碳酸酯过滤膜为模板制备了导电高分子聚吡咯的纳米管和纳米线,通过在阳极氧化铝模板中引入分子锚基,制备了Au纳米管。
继Martin等人的工作之后,利用一维纳米孔道模板合成法制备一维纳米结构材料的工作迅速地展开。目前,已制备出了贵金属Au、Pt、Ag,磁性金属Ni、Fe、Co,层状磁性金属Co/Cu,半导体CdS、Se、Te、GaSb、Bi2Te3、CdSe、CdSxSe1-x、ZnxCd1-xS、GaAs、MnO2的纳米线,聚合物聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚偏氟乙烯、对聚苯氧,导电高分子聚苯胺、聚3-甲基噻吩、聚乙炔,无机单质C的纳米管和纳米线、以及同轴C/PAN/Au、Au/PPO/PPy、TiS2/Au、PPy/LiMn2O4、TiO2/PPy、PS/PPy的复合纳米管或纳米线等。这些研究结果显示出了一维纳米孔道模板合成法在制备一维纳米结构材料方面简单易行和普遍适用的优点。
但是,由于富勒烯溶解性的限制,很难用一般的方法把它们填充到模板的孔洞中.用孔道模板法制备富勒烯类纳米线及其阵列目前还未见报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种富勒烯类纳米线阵列的电化学制备技术,该技术简单易行,便于在普通实验条件下制备高度有序、直径可控的富勒烯类纳米线阵列。
为实现上述目的,本发明主要是按照下述步骤实现富勒烯类纳米线阵列的制备:
首先在多孔模板的一面镀上一层厚度约有几百纳米的导电层形成电极,然后将模板上的电极固定在另一电极表面上,模板的另一面暴露于电解液中,形成工作电极;用另一导电材料作为对电极;电解池由Teflon或玻璃制成,中间用Teflon或玻璃的阻隔物隔离阳极与阴极。取富勒烯类的甲苯溶液加入到4~12倍体积的乙腈中,混合液呈黄褐色,调整富勒烯的最终浓度为20~40μM。电泳沉积前,把该电解液转移到电解池中,于20~400V下进行恒电压沉积,模板电极作阳极,沉积时间为1~30min。沉积完毕后,将工作电极从电解池中取出,用大量的乙腈冲洗数次,自然干燥。按以上步骤制得的富勒烯纳米线阵列,被模板包裹着,根据需要可以除去。纳米线的晶体结构可通过退火得到改善。
本发明以富勒烯类物质为反应物,通过电化学方法,以多孔模板为依托可制备其它纳米线、纳米结构或纳米器件。
本发明具有以下特点:
1.本发明利用富勒烯类在甲苯和乙腈混合溶剂中会形成带有负电荷的聚集体(cluster)的特点,采用电化学方法,在室温下使这些聚集体电泳到纳米模板孔洞中,因而具有简单经济,能耗低,操作方便,可调控范围大的优点。
2.富勒烯纳米线的直径由模板的孔径决定。因此,利用本发明可制得直径在较大范围内都可调控的富勒烯纳米线。另外,富勒烯纳米线的长度可由电解液浓度和沉积时间进行控制。
3.选用孔道孔径均一、规则排列的材料作模板,则可制备出直径均匀、高度有序的纳米线阵列,为构建纳米器件奠定了基础。
附图说明
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步说明,其中:
图1为本发明的装置示意图;
图2为图1中模板电极组成示意图;
图3为本发明富勒烯纳米线阵列生长示意图;
图4为本发明实施例采用的多孔阳极氧化铝模板的AFM照片;
图5为本发明实施例制备的C60纳米线阵列的SEM照片;
图6为本发明实施例制备的C60纳米线阵列的AFM照片和横断面分析的高度。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,把富勒烯类电解液2转移到由聚四氟乙烯(Teflon)制成的电解池1中,电解液的溶剂为甲苯/乙腈=1/4-12体积比;4为对电极(负极);工作电极为固定在导电基底上的模板电极5,其组成见图2;用Teflon隔板隔离开两电极;当在电极两端施加20-400V时,带负电荷的富勒烯聚集体在电场作用下电泳到纳米模板孔洞中,形成纳米线,如图3所示;沉积时间为1-30min;沉积完毕后,将工作电极从电解池中取出,用大量的乙腈冲洗数次,然后,自然干燥;即制成与模板孔道一致的纳米线。
实施例:
首先在多孔阳极氧化铝模板的一面真空蒸镀上一层Ag作为电极,厚度约有200纳米;然后将该模板的镀Ag电极固定在导电玻璃表面上,模板的另一面暴露于电解液中,形成工作电极;对电极采用另一导电玻璃,在使用前先用0.1molL-1的NaOH浸泡1h,经超声洗涤30min后,用丙酮浸泡2小时,再用蒸馏水冲洗干净,自然干燥后备用;电解池由Teflon或玻璃制成,容积约为10ml,中间用Teflon或玻璃的阻隔物隔离阳极与阴极。
取富勒烯的甲苯溶液加入到10倍体积的乙腈中,混合液呈黄褐色,调整富勒烯的最终浓度为30μM。电泳沉积前,把该电解液转移到电解池中,于200V下进行恒电压沉积,模板电极作阳极,沉积时间为10min。沉积完毕后,将工作电极从电解池中取出,用大量的乙腈冲洗数次,然后,自然干燥。
热处理在管式炉中进行.在氩气氛保护下,由室温加热到350℃(升温速度约为50℃/min),恒温3h后停止加热,室温静置冷却后即可。
参见图4,由于选用的多孔阳极氧化铝模板是由中央具有圆孔(Pore)的六方形柱状体(Cell)成六角蜂窝状排列的竖直孔阵列,因此,以它为模板得到的为平行排列的有序富勒烯纳米线阵列。根据需要多孔阳极氧化铝模板可用1M的NaOH溶液除去。图5为所得C60纳米线阵列的SEM照片,可以看出纳米线直径均匀且平行排列,长度约为19μm。图6是分散在云母表面的C60纳米线的AFM照片,对它作横断面分析可得其高度(代表纳米线的直径)为41和47nm,与所用模板的孔径一致。
需要说明的是,上述实施例只是用来说明本发明的技术特征,不是用来限定本发明的专利申请范围,比如本实施例中的多孔阳极氧化铝模板也可采用聚合物过滤膜等但其原理仍属本发明的专利申请范畴。
Claims (6)
1、一种富勒烯类纳米线阵列的电化学制备技术,其主要步骤为:
在非导电的孔径为数纳米至数百纳米的多孔模板一侧镀一连续的数纳米厚度的导电层形成电极,将该电极固定在导电基座上,模板的另一侧面暴露于电解液中,形成工作电极;
用另一导电材料为辅助电极;
将工作电极和辅助电极中间用聚四氟乙烯或玻璃隔离后放入由聚四氟乙烯或玻璃制成的电解池中;
把富勒烯的甲苯溶液加入到4-12倍体积的乙腈溶液中,形成带有负电荷的富勒烯聚集体的电解液;调整富勒烯的最终浓度为20~40μM;
把该电解液转移到电解池中,于20-400V下进行恒电压沉积,模板电极作阳极,沉积时间为1-30min;使富勒烯聚集体电泳到多孔模板的纳米孔洞中,从而形成富勒烯纳米线阵列;
将工作电极从电解池中取出,用乙腈冲洗后干燥。
2、根据权利要求1所述的富勒烯类纳米线的电化学制备技术,其特征在于,所述导电基座和辅助电极为导电的金属、无机或有机材料。
3、根据权利要求1所述的富勒烯类纳米线的电化学制备技术,其特征在于,所述富勒烯包括富勒烯类衍生物。
4、根据权利要求1所述的富勒烯类纳米线的电化学制备技术,其特征在于,所述富勒烯类纳米线包括以富勒烯类物质为反应物之一的通过电化学方法,以多孔模板为依托而制备的其它纳米线、纳米结构或纳米器件。
5、根据权利要求1所述的富勒烯类纳米线的电化学制备技术,其特征在于,所述纳米多孔模板上的导电镀层为金属或其它导电材料,并采用真空蒸镀、溅射等方法。
6、根据权利要求1所述的富勒烯类纳米线的电化学制备技术,其特征在于,所述富勒烯纳米线的晶体结构及性能通过退火得以改善。
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| CN101241105B (zh) * | 2007-02-06 | 2011-08-03 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 超痕量芳香族硝基化合物的电化学检测方法 |
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| CN100572269C (zh) * | 2005-11-18 | 2009-12-23 | 鸿富锦精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | 定向生长碳纳米管阵列的装置及方法 |
| CN108905924B (zh) * | 2018-07-23 | 2020-10-16 | 东北大学秦皇岛分校 | 一种可控纳米材料合成的化学反应装置 |
| CN116003843A (zh) * | 2022-12-22 | 2023-04-25 | 之江实验室 | 一种非对称聚吡咯纳米柱阵列薄膜及其制备方法和在气敏传感器中的应用 |
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