CN1190149A - 岩层的水平定向钻井方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种在脏物、沙、岩石或任何混合地层中定向钻孔的方法,使用其上有固定和半浮动切削点的一钻头体和一个或多个用于润滑和扩散钻屑的液体管道。
Description
本发明涉及地层钻井，特别涉及水平定向钻井。
本发明涉及定向钻井装置。这些装置主要用于水平定向钻井，特别用于地层和岩层钻孔。钻头体中有低压、大水量管道用于润滑钻头和浮起钻屑。
本发明装置用于横向或水平定向钻井，此时必须在可定向的同时钻透土层中的岩石之类岩层。有时称为“无沟槽挖掘”的这一行业在路面、河流和/或湖泊之类固定物体周围埋设公用事业设备。如图1所示，现有钻孔技术通常使用一钻孔装置或钻孔机10推进和/或转动一由一连串互相连接的钻管和一定向钻头14构成的钻具12而钻出一埋设一管或公用事业设施的地下通道。当钻头14在管18的上方或下方推进时一探头16紧随其后。探头16把定位电子信号发给工人20的接受装置22。
如图2所示，现有钻井方法包括一钻头体30和通常为同心的一钻头刀刃32而钻出直径与钻头刀刃32大致相同的一圆柱形孔。该现有方法和装置通常使用高压高速射流引导和冷却钻头体30和刀刃32。本发明如钻油井时常见的，把液体用作润滑和浮起钻屑，而不是通过喷射液体而进行引导。
所以现有水平定向钻井装置的一个重大缺点是无法钻透岩石。在本发明之前，普遍认为大多数岩层由于岩石太硬而无法钻透。而本发明装置有革命性的进展而证明可钻透所有岩层，包括花岗岩。此外，本装置更容易对土层或沙层之类较容易钻孔的地层钻孔。
在脏物、沙、岩石或任何组合地层中钻孔的本定向钻孔装置使用其上有固定和半浮动切削点的一钻头体和一个或多个用于润滑和扩散钻屑的液体管道。
与现有钻头装置比较，本发明钻头装到钻头体上的方法可生成一随机的椭圆轨道运动，从而与钻具的推动和转动配合而造成一高冲力的破碎作用。
本装置与钻机的所有部件的大小和重量以及所使用的钻孔方法直接有关。即，由于钻透混合地层的新技术或操作程序日新月异，因此本钻头装置的能力的确切上限现在还是未知数。
钻头体中的一凹槽用来在引导时减小钻头表面的横截面密度以及在钻孔过程中对齐引导件。
从结合附图的下述详细说明中可更充分理解本发明及其优点，附图中：
图1为现有技术的立体图；
图2为现有钻头和探头座的放大图；
图3为本发明装置工作时的侧视图；
图4为本发明钻头和探头座的分解立体图；
图5为本发明钻头和探头座的俯视图；
图6为本发明钻头和探头座的局部剖视的侧视图；
图7为沿图6中7-7线剖取的剖面图；
图8为本发明钻头的立体图；
图9为本发明探头座的立体图；
图10简示出本发明装置的工作情况；
图11为本发明装置的工作图。
首先参看图3-9，其中，相同部件用同一标号表示，本发明方法是一种在岩石100(图3)中水平定向钻孔的方法。该方法包括使一钻具104的一端上的一特殊形状的钻头102边掘进边间断性地转动、停止转动直到岩石破碎，然后在破碎后以随机、间断性的轨道运动移动。钻具104最好在该钻具的另一端用现有定向钻孔机以大致不变的转速在压力下转动。一液体(未示出)可泵入钻具104中后从钻头102流出而润滑该孔和扩散钻屑。
按照本发明的另一个方面，在岩石中进行水平定向钻孔的特殊形状的非对称钻头102包括一装在一探头座110的一端108上的钻头体106。从图6可看得最清楚，钻头体106与探头座110斜交，两者所成角度较小，即约为15°。
钻头体106中装有三个从一前部平面114(图6)伸出的表面向前的端柱112。从一圆柱形侧面118上伸出许多表面在径向上的钻头体柱116。从图5可看得最清楚，三个表面向前的端柱112互相稍成角度，中间端柱112的纵向轴向与钻具共平面，另两个端柱向外张开。许多碎石护柱120从前部表面114与一引导凹面124的交线122(图5)上伸出。钻头102在横向引导面124中有一引导凹槽125。
非对称钻头102和探头座110用穿过钻头102中的非螺纹孔128后旋入探头座110中的螺纹孔110中的螺纹连接件126连接。按照本发明的另一个方面，钻头与探头座之间有一纵向剪切卸载构件卸除连接件126上所有剪切载荷。该剪切卸载构件位于相配斜面132，134上钻头与探头座之间(图8和9)，包括分别在相配斜面132和134上的一剪切卸载凸缘136和一相配凹槽138。凸缘136和凹槽138沿纵向与相配斜面132，134对齐。最好是，凹槽138在探头座斜面134上，而凸缘136在钻头相配表面136上。
按照本发明另一个方面，如图4所示，探头座110包括一圆柱形壳体150，壳体的壁152围成一纵向凹座154。凹座154的一盖156用向下紧固件装到壳体150上。
工作时，可钻透脏物、沙、岩石和/或任何混合地层的该定向钻孔装置使用其上有固定和半浮动切削点的钻头和一个或多个用于润滑和扩散钻屑的液体管道。如图10所示，清除高密度岩石或岩层的高冲力点破碎方法在钻透更软、密度较低的地层时还生成一高速轨道结点。图10例示出钻头102的三个相继位置200，202，204。本发明的主要特征是钻头102掘进时时而停时而工作而破碎岩石，然后跳到一新位置。如图11所示，钻头的转速VR(实线)在零与新转速之间跳动，而钻机的转速VR(虚线)大致保持不变。
钻头中的斜切凹座用来在所有地层中引导钻头。钻头体用可承受横向载荷的凸缘-凹槽连接装在其中有一个或多个液体管道的钻具上。该非对称连接法造成由钻机的输入转矩和推力造成的钻杆和钻具的反作用而在钻孔时生成随机的椭圆运动而钻出比现有同心钻具大的孔。
本发明在坚硬岩层中的钻孔是一种破碎过程，而不是现有钻孔方法所使用的切削和剪切作业。水平定向钻孔的公知方法是组合使用切削或剪切和射流。射流方法使用一高压、高速液体，其目的是生成地层钻屑的悬浮液或溶液后流入周围地层或流出钻孔。切削或剪切装置使用液体润滑钻孔以及排走钻屑。岩层不容易切削或剪切成碎屑，而且不溶解，或不含有容易用水溶剂或射流的水力溶解的粘接成分。
现有钻头或钻孔方法尚未见结合岩石破碎的作业参数和大夹角偏置以便在软土层中引导方向。
用于岩石和硬地层的本新颖非对称定向钻孔点组合使用岩石的点接触破碎技术和用于硬土和软土的大冲角技术。由于钻头的非对称形状因转动和推动的组合而作偏心转动，因此硬质合金点依靠随机椭圆转矩矢量完成破碎。一般被认为压固成非常紧密的页岩之类的岩石和干粘土也因钻头的非常尖的形状而可钻透。
该非对称形状因主钻孔点的扭转力矩而提高破碎效果，从而提高了钻架的性能。钻头转动时偏置的钻孔点作为转动中心点随机地进行破碎而把横向转矩提高到同一直径、形状对称从而直径不变的钻头所能生成的实际横向转矩的3-8倍。
稳定带有可更换、半永久硬质合金球齿的后管鞋上的向前切削点即可确定和调节钻孔大小，这些硬质合金球齿破碎不规则表面、使钻孔光滑并减小钻头体的磨损。
使用部分转动钻孔方法实现岩石或硬土的引导。这一方法是以预定转位把钻头推入钻孔面后转动到同样预定的转动终位，然后拉回钻头。然后反复进行这一顺序而形成所需转数的钻孔。
使用“部分转动钻孔方法”已成功地穿透坚硬页岩、沙石、石灰石、Austin白垩和有钢筋和无钢筋的混凝土而成功地进行了许多钻孔试验。
使用常与平桨形钻头一起使用的标准非转动推-引导方法可容易地引导软地层。引鞋中的半椭圆形凹槽引导钻头而使它的路径与由引导钻头所生成的弧面保持平行。
该“引导凹槽”还使坯体前表面面积减小50％以上，从而减小发生“地层堆积”的可能性。从而提高了推-引导性能，在笔直钻孔时便于钻屑在钻头下方流动。
该钻头不使用射流或定向液体提高钻孔性能。液体用来清洗钻头以及把钻屑排出钻孔。钻头在正常钻孔时不产生高压。
使用了独特的剪切卸载构件减小把钻头装到探头座上的连接件上的载荷。该剪切卸载构件包括一长方形横截面的纵向凹槽和钻头背面上的一相配凸缘。该凸缘伸展在钻头背面的整个长度上而与该凹槽全部啮合。工作室，该剪切卸载构件消除把钻头固定到探头座上的连接件上的所有剪切载荷。这些连接件只形成夹紧力，而该剪切卸载构件消除作用在钻头上的巨大剪切力。
尽管上面结合一特定实施例说明了本发明，但应看到，本领域普通技术人员可在后附权利要求的范围内作出种种改动和修正。
Claims (4)
1，一种在岩石中水平定向钻孔的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括使一钻具的一端上的一钻头边掘进边间断性地转动、停止转动直到岩石破碎，然后在破碎后以随机、间断性的轨道运动移动。
2，按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，钻具在该钻具的另一端以大致不变的转速在压力下转动。
3，按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，液体泵入钻具中后从钻头流出而润滑该孔和扩散钻屑。
4，一种在岩石中水平定向钻孔的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括使一钻具的一端上的一钻头边掘进边间断性地转动、停止转动直到岩石破碎，然后在破碎后以随机、间断性的轨道运动移动；而且
钻具在该钻具的另一端以大致不变的转速在压力下转动；以及
液体泵入钻具中后从钻头流出而润滑该孔和扩散钻屑。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US4074797P | 1997-02-05 | 1997-02-05 | |
| US60/040,747 | 1997-02-05 | ||
| US08/968,484 | 1997-11-12 | ||
| US08/968,484 US5950743A (en) | 1997-02-05 | 1997-11-12 | Method for horizontal directional drilling of rock formations |
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| CN1190149A true CN1190149A (zh) | 1998-08-12 |
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| CN98100203A Pending CN1190149A (zh) | 1997-02-05 | 1998-01-05 | 岩层的水平定向钻井方法 |
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| US (1) | US5950743A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0857852A3 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP2967924B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR19980070693A (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1190149A (zh) |
| AR (1) | AR005633A1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU696975B2 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR9800556A (zh) |
| NO (1) | NO311264B1 (zh) |
| NZ (1) | NZ329212A (zh) |
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| CN104420819A (zh) * | 2013-08-29 | 2015-03-18 | 维米尔制造公司 | 钻井工具和设备 |
| CN105134074A (zh) * | 2015-08-21 | 2015-12-09 | 中国路桥工程有限责任公司 | 水平定向钻及其施工方法 |
| CN106596174A (zh) * | 2016-12-14 | 2017-04-26 | 中煤科工集团西安研究院有限公司 | 煤矿井下近水平长距离煤样保压定点密闭采取方法 |
| CN116084839A (zh) * | 2023-04-11 | 2023-05-09 | 中南大学 | 复杂地质环境下空间姿态自适应智能靶向钻具系统 |
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- 1997-11-20 NZ NZ329212A patent/NZ329212A/en unknown
-
1998
- 1998-01-02 AU AU50308/98A patent/AU696975B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-01-05 CN CN98100203A patent/CN1190149A/zh active Pending
- 1998-01-22 KR KR1019980001843A patent/KR19980070693A/ko active IP Right Grant
- 1998-01-29 JP JP10033871A patent/JP2967924B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-02-04 TW TW087101364A patent/TW338086B/zh active
- 1998-02-04 AR ARP980100502A patent/AR005633A1/es unknown
- 1998-02-04 NO NO19980488A patent/NO311264B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-02-05 BR BR9800556A patent/BR9800556A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-02-05 EP EP98300850A patent/EP0857852A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104420819A (zh) * | 2013-08-29 | 2015-03-18 | 维米尔制造公司 | 钻井工具和设备 |
| CN105134074A (zh) * | 2015-08-21 | 2015-12-09 | 中国路桥工程有限责任公司 | 水平定向钻及其施工方法 |
| CN106596174A (zh) * | 2016-12-14 | 2017-04-26 | 中煤科工集团西安研究院有限公司 | 煤矿井下近水平长距离煤样保压定点密闭采取方法 |
| CN106596174B (zh) * | 2016-12-14 | 2019-03-29 | 中煤科工集团西安研究院有限公司 | 煤矿井下近水平长距离煤样保压定点密闭采取方法 |
| CN116084839A (zh) * | 2023-04-11 | 2023-05-09 | 中南大学 | 复杂地质环境下空间姿态自适应智能靶向钻具系统 |
| CN116084839B (zh) * | 2023-04-11 | 2023-06-27 | 中南大学 | 复杂地质环境下空间姿态自适应智能靶向钻具系统 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW338086B (en) | 1998-08-11 |
| AR005633A1 (es) | 1999-07-14 |
| NO980488D0 (no) | 1998-02-04 |
| NO980488L (no) | 1998-08-06 |
| AU5030898A (en) | 1998-08-13 |
| KR19980070693A (ko) | 1998-10-26 |
| JP2967924B2 (ja) | 1999-10-25 |
| NZ329212A (en) | 1998-07-28 |
| US5950743A (en) | 1999-09-14 |
| AU696975B2 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
| JPH10266753A (ja) | 1998-10-06 |
| EP0857852A2 (en) | 1998-08-12 |
| EP0857852A3 (en) | 1999-02-24 |
| NO311264B1 (no) | 2001-11-05 |
| BR9800556A (pt) | 1999-07-06 |
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