CN118298549A - 用于客运列车的电池租赁和无线电力传输 - Google Patents

用于客运列车的电池租赁和无线电力传输 Download PDF

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CN118298549A
CN118298549A CN202410405633.4A CN202410405633A CN118298549A CN 118298549 A CN118298549 A CN 118298549A CN 202410405633 A CN202410405633 A CN 202410405633A CN 118298549 A CN118298549 A CN 118298549A
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rate
energy
inflow
battery
controller
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戴维·库克
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Clean Train Propulsion
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Clean Train Propulsion
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    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
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    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
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    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
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    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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    • F01N3/2033Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using a fuel burner or introducing fuel into exhaust duct
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
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    • G01R31/36Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/367Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • G01R31/3842Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00Commerce
    • G06Q30/06Buying, selling or leasing transactions
    • G06Q30/0645Rental transactions; Leasing transactions
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/005Detection of state of health [SOH]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60M7/003Power lines or rails specially adapted for electrically-propelled vehicles of special types, e.g. suspension tramway, ropeway, underground railway for vehicles using stored power (e.g. charging stations)
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract

本文公开了一种用于确定可再充电电池的租赁费率的电池管理系统,电池管理系统包括与数据库通信的可再充电电池、电流传感器、电压传感器、计时器、控制器和与控制器通信的存储器。

Description

用于客运列车的电池租赁和无线电力传输
本申请是申请号为2017800842162、申请日为2017年11月21日、发明名称为“用于客运列车的电池租赁和无线电力传输”的专利申请的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2016年11月21日提交的美国临时申请No.
62/424,914的优先权,该美国临时申请的公开内容通过引用被并入本文。
背景技术
背景技术的第一部分与能用于吸收再生制动能量的大型模块化电池系统有关。一些实例系统是在电池供电的电力机车中使用的大型电池系统、将吸收吊车的电机制动能量的电池组。
在这些情况下,吊车和机车具有已知的资本价值和长达30年的较长寿命。对用户来说的挑战是确定化学活性电池或超级电容器单元(它们在本节中为可互换使用的术语)的价值和寿命。
在电池供电的机车的情况中,电池的成本可能占到该设备成本的1/2。这是一笔巨大的资本支出,并且电池单元具有比许多这些设备的15年至30年寿命短得多的有限寿命。随着电池单元技术成熟,这些电池单元的预期寿命和性能提高,但是这些电池单元的总循环寿命是未知的,因此判断电池单元的价值来验证这些大型资本购买的合理性被证明是一项挑战。
如何使用电池单元对预期寿命具有显著影响。进出电池的电力流的C率越高,每次充电循环或放电循环对电池单元造成的累积损害就越大。C率是用于描述以安培为单位的瞬时电流与以安培小时为单位的电池能量容量之比的术语。笔记本电脑中所使用的典型18650电池单元可以具有3.4安培的安培小时额定值。如果该电池以1.7安培进行充电,则该电池以0.5的C率进行充电。
放电循环和充电循环导致的随时间推移的累积损坏循环会持续降低储存能量的电池单元容量。当电池单元下降至其初始能量容量的一定部分时,通常认为电池单元处于其使用寿命的终点。在例如轻型汽车等重量和范围敏感的应用中,该能量容量寿命的终点为80%。对于例如轨道等重量敏感较小的应用,可以接受例如60%等较低的数字。
在充电电流与放电电流之间,通常充电电流导致每个循环的最大累积劣化。C率与劣化的关系不是线性的。1C的放电电流的劣化比0.5C的放电率的劣化的两倍大。当以小于0.5的C率对电池进行过夜充电时,劣化最小。当在机车中的再生事件期间对电池充电时,C率可以高达2.0。预测电池的预期寿命是困难的,使得难以确定作为资本资产的电池价值。这是将电池引入轨道设备的主要挑战之一。由于电池的寿命较短且是可变的,因此期望采用如下有效方式:将电池作为消耗品(如同燃料那样)而不是资本设备成本来进行支付。
背景技术的第二部分与用于轨道应用的无线电力传输系统(WPT)的使用有关。
钢轮(Steel Wheels)(www.railpac.org)在2014年7月/8月发布的车载电气化文章讨论了一种系统,该系统通过首先增加零排放增压机车(ZEBL)并然后增加无线电力传输(WPT)系统来使客运列车的启动和停止电气化。增加WPT的一个重大挑战是:一个20英尺长的WPT系统必须被装配在轨道之间,并以1.8MW的功率传输电力,从而在平均40秒的通勤轨道停靠站中传输20千瓦时的电力。
用于轨道应用的WPT的另一个重大挑战是:常规的WPT系统需要WPT发射器与接收器天线之间的精确对准。
目前能用于公交车和轻轨应用的最高容量的单个WPT单元仅能够为50kW并且直径将超过42"(可以是52")。
在韩国,存在用于移动列车的WPT系统,该WPT系统使用比正在充电的列车长得多的单个环形线圈的较长区段。该系统非常经济并且可以传输高功率水平,但是对于人们靠近轨道或在轨道上行走的应用(例如在调车场或港口区域中)而言,该系统是不实用的。甚至一些客运站也具有为乘客步行穿过轨道的步行道。
机车利用已经标准化数十年并且被证明非常可靠和安全的空气制动系统来运行,如常规的WPT系统所需那样将列车停靠在几英寸左右的距离内是不实际的。
期望如下实用方式:展开接收器来以较低强度吸收总发射电力且不需要精确的停止位置。
发明内容
发明内容的第一部分与用于捕获和储存再生能量的系统的大型电池系统的可变租赁费率程序最密切相关。
通过使用与飞机发动机的“按小时计的功率”类似的系统,可以以千瓦时的形式测算从电池系统中吸收和储存或可选地移除的能量来租赁电池。在另一个实施例中,根据电池的当前充电率或放电率,将存在可变的租赁费率。在一个实施例中,每千瓦时的成本可以与C率成线性正比,在另一个实施例中,每千瓦时的成本可以以一些非线性曲线变化,这些非线性曲线与由那些不同的充电率导致的累积劣化更接近地对应。最简单的系统仅具有两个计费率:当C率低于一定水平(可以是0.75C)时的每千瓦时的较低成本的“充电”率以及当C率高于该水平时的较高的“再生”成本率。作为C率的函数的该可变租赁计费成本允许使电池的成本平均,而无需指定某个运行周期(这对于在不同时间在不同区域中运行的设备将是一个挑战)。当设备由电网充电时,通常应用较低充电率处的较低租赁成本。该较低的能量成本既可以考虑对电池造成的较小劣化,也可以补偿用户将能量储存在电池中的成本,这是因为除了支付储存在该电池中的每千瓦时的租赁成本之外,用户还支付从电力公司购买的能量。本发明的目标是使电池租赁和电网能量的组合的每千瓦时成本低于电池所替代的以千瓦时计用户将花费的柴油燃料成本。“再生”租赁费率将适用于基本上免费的能量,这是因为如果这些能量没有被电池捕获,这些能量将被浪费。因为用户不需要以每千瓦时的成本来购买该能量,所以可以直接将电池的千瓦时成本与用户不再需要购买的柴油燃料的每千瓦时的成本进行比较。通过组合这两种不同的租赁成本费率来确定用户租赁电池的成本,该系统可以更好地平均电池成本,以更好地与因不同的使用而导致的劣化相关联,并且与所替代的燃料相比更快地降低电池成本。这降低了拥有电池的公司的租赁风险,并使租赁计划对最终用户更具吸引力,从而加速了人们接受将电池用于这些应用。
随着柴油燃料成本增大并且电池单元变得更便宜且持续更长时间,本发明的目标是以使用户的花费少于所替代的柴油燃料的方式来租赁电池,并且与用户不得不购买的柴油燃料相比为用户提供运行节省。
该背景技术的第二部分与使用无线电力传输来为电气化客运轨道设备随时充电有关。
一项新方案是将若干个WPT接收器置于每个客车车厢的下方,并且然后将传输的能量经由现有的HEP电力系统电缆传输到ZEBL。根据APTA规范,当前安装的HEP电缆系统可以连续传输高达1.2MW的电力且无需进行修改。由于WPT最多可以以30%的占空比运行,因此对间歇周期而言可以持续传输超过1.2MW的连续额定值。另外,可以增加接线的容量,并且随着这些系统的成熟,可以增加第二组HEP列车线。
这将要求每辆车厢中的电力电子封装件将接收来自每个WPT接收器的传输能量,并将该能量转换为480 3相交流电力。在每辆客车车厢中安装电力电子单元允许冗余,如果一个车厢系统出现故障,则该车厢系统对整个系统的影响较小,这是因为其他客车的系统仍然会接收电力,并将电力传输到ZEBL中的电池中。
该系统不需要增加任何附加接线以控制各个单元。每辆客车车厢中的电力电子设备均可以使用当前可用的电力线通信网络系统来经由HEP电缆与ZEBL通信。每列列车均是自己的小型微电网。
此外,列车安装的WPT系统可以使用现有的WPT线圈或额外的线圈、线圈组或用于通信信号传输的天线经由电感耦合系统与站台通信。
将更多低功率密度单元置于多个客车车厢下方将消除把磁性接收器置于机车的燃料箱或ZEBL下方的挑战,该挑战可能造成感应电力点燃泄漏燃料的安全风险。
此外,电网所需的电力将与客车车厢的数量成正比,这是因为随着增加更多的客车车厢,系统总功率容量自动扩大。
这允许使用当前技术的各个WPT(至50kW)发射器沿较长的区段长度展开,从而减少了机车必须停在特定位置的需求。
此外,可以将电力传输的时间增加50%。由于列车通常只有40秒的完全停止,因此列车会以几秒钟减速至停止,并且在启动之后花费一分钟使最后一辆车厢通过站台的一端。如果低密度WPT发射器在停止区域之前和之后延伸一段短距离,则当列车处于低速来进行停止并然后启动时,可以完成另外一分钟的电力传输。该额外时间可以使被传输到列车的能量加倍。
该特征还允许随时间扩展容量。随着越来越多的租赁机构中的客车车厢配备该技术,轨道中的固定系统可以得到扩展,并最终从站台延伸出来,以便在列车减速或加速时从站台更远处捕获列车。随着时间推移这不仅会增加基础设施成本,还会增加电网需求。
另一方面在于允许列车吸收比HEP电缆所能传输的电力多的电力的,其能够从列车自己的WPT系统为每个车厢供应内部招待电力负载。
本发明内容的第三部分与用于固定导轨设备的WPT类型最密切相关,该固定导轨设备不需要在行进方向上精确停止。除了常规的固定导轨车辆之外,在相同车道中反复花费时间的例如港口拖运卡车等一些其他车辆可以从该类型的系统中受益。通过驾驶员手动或使用一些类型的系统将车辆保持在路径中心,以将车辆自动排列在路径的中心线上,从而允许随时充电。
在以下详细描述中讨论了四种不同的发射器和接收器拓扑结构,这些拓扑结构消除了沿着导轨路径的精确停止的需求。
实例的其他目的、优点和新特征将在下面的描述中部分地阐述,并且对于本领域技术人员而言在研究以下描述和附图时将部分地变得显而易见或可以通过实例的生产或操作来习得。借助于所附权利要求中特别指出的方法、手段和组合,可以实现和获得概念的目的和优点。
附图说明
附图仅通过举例而非限制的方式描绘了根据本发明构思的一个或多个实施方式。在附图中,相同的附图标记指代相同或相似的元件。
图1是电池管理系统(BMS)控制器模块及其部件的视图。
图2是模块化电池系统的等距视图,其中,一个模块被移除。
图3是具有电池供电的机车的客运列车以及客车车厢下方的WPT接收器垫的侧视图。
图4是具有单个长接收器和多个小发射器的WPT拓扑结构。
图5A是每个发射器对应多个接收器的WPT拓扑结构。
图5B是每个发射器对应多个接收器的WPT拓扑结构,其中,接收器重叠并且彼此上下交错。
图5C是每个发射器对应多个接收器的WPT拓扑结构,其中,接收器成角度,使得接收器重叠但不上下交替。
具体实施方式
为了便于理解本发明,下面定义了一些术语和短语:
“A-B”单元:在铁路工业从蒸汽动力转变为柴油动力期间,早期的柴油机车的动力不如蒸汽机车强,并且柴油发动机效率低且不如当前的中速柴油发动机可靠。因此,在列车组中使用单个柴油动力机车是很少见的。在列车组中具有附加的机车是非常常见的,许多机车被生产为没有操作员驾驶室。这些机车被称为“B”单元,并且“B”单元所连接的机车被称为A单元。在常规实践中,A单元能够独立运行而无需增加“B”单元,或者一些A单元可以专门设计成依赖于支持性的“B”单元。
辅助动力单元(APU):当常规的柴油电动客运机车系统被转换为混合系统时,HEP发电机现在可以被称为辅助动力单元。该APU通常不到大型机车“原动机(prime mover)”发动机的可能的500kW至900kW规格的一半。当机车在使用时,该发动机将连续处于中等负荷,而较大的机车发动机仅因加速事件而被启动或加载。上述名称更改是由于HEP发电机与APU之间的功能差异。典型的HEP发电机仅为客车车厢提供招待电力。在混合动力客运列车中,APU不仅可以为客车车厢提供电力,还可以为牵引电机和混合动力储能系统提供电力。招待电力由静态逆变器产生,该静态逆变器由公用DC电源总线供电。该公用DC电源总线与混合动力储能系统、大型机车发动机和APU电连接,它们是机车上的三种可行的动力源。牵引电机还从公用DC电力总线获得电力,使得三个电力源中的任何一个电力源或多个电力源可以供应推进力或招待电力。此外,混合动力储能系统可以被牵引电机、大型机车发动机或APU中的任一个或任意多个充电。
替代燃料箱:可以容纳压缩或液态天然气、氢气或其他液化或气态替代燃料的气缸、气缸组、燃料箱或外壳。
“B”单元:参见“A-B”单元:
驾驶室车厢:驾驶室车厢限定了在客运列车的与机车相反的端部处使用的轨道车厢。驾驶室车厢配备有机车控制系统,使得列车工程师可以在推进构造的后方借助机车操作客运列车。驾驶室车厢有时是为工程师留出区域的标准车厢。有时驾驶室车厢可以是柴油发动机和牵引电机被拆除的旧机车,并也被称为驾驶室控制单元(CCU)。
固定导轨车辆:固定导轨车辆通常指的是具有钢轮的轨道车辆,该钢轮沿着轨道滚动并具有车轮凸缘,该车轮凸缘使车辆与轨道保持对齐。一些固定导轨车辆现在具有橡胶轮胎,并且在例如混凝土或沥青等平坦表面上滚动。这些橡胶轮胎车辆通常具有某自动控制系统,该自动控制系统控制车辆方向盘,以使车辆保持在预定路径上。该自动控制系统可以包括机械装置,该机械装置因路径中的侧肋部或线槽遵循物理路缘。如果自动控制系统不是机械的,则自动控制系统可以包括向车辆提供预定路径位置和/或车辆位置的指示的一些传感器,使车辆调整转向以保持在轨道上。
列车组:参见列车编组
头端电力(HEP):利用系统将480VAC三相电力从中央源经由列车线系统提供给铁路车辆,以操作辅助设备。电源可以是机车(因此是“头端”)、动力车或路边源,客运机车需要用于客车车厢温度控制和灯的招待电力。招待电力通常由机车上的第二柴油发电机提供,该第二柴油发电机在美国、加拿大和欧洲以60赫兹输出480伏交流电,可以以不同的电压和频率(例如575伏和50赫兹)提供HEP电力。在一些机车中,不使用第二发动机,并且招待电力由推动机车的主发动机产生。这可以通过使用被附接到主发动机的第二发电机或使用静态逆变器来完成,该静态逆变器从牵引交流发电机或发电机获取电力,并将电力转换为用于招待电力的适当电压和频率。在该文献中,招待电力通常被称为HEP。
HEP跨接电缆:HEP跨接电缆是如下的电缆组件,该电缆组件具有必要的电源和控制导体,并且在一端或两端配备有插头,HEP跨接电缆用于在两个车厢和/或机车或路边设备之间提供柔性电连接。
HEP列车线:为了将来自包含HEP发电机的机车的HEP电力传输到列车中的客车车厢或其他机车,使用一组高压接线和插头。HEP列车线是如下的电缆系统,该电缆系统允许HEP在列车的整个长度上进行传输。HEP列车线包括电源和控制导体这两者。列车线可以为每个车辆中的设备提供动力,或可以仅仅是直接穿过,从而从车辆的相反两端在车辆之间提供电力路径。北美的典型客运列车具有延伸穿过每个机车和每个客车车厢的四组HEP列车线。通常,在机车或客车车厢的每一侧使用两根跨接电缆来将两辆车辆的HEP列车线连接起来。每个HEP列车线组均由3个隔离的大导体和3个小导体组成。小导体用于感测列车线是否“完整”。如果HEP电缆中的一根HEP电缆开始从HEP电缆的插座中掉出,则小的接线触点将断开。HEP系统将检测到该电路的断开,从而判定列车线不“完整”,于是关闭该组接线的主交流接触器。较大的导体通常是4/0接线,并且在四组电缆之间具有传输约1.4MW功率的容量。
在本文献中,HEP列车线也可以被称为HEP电缆。
混合再生制动(HRB):大多数客运和长途运输机车配备有动态制动系统,该动态制动系统可以通过使用牵引电机作为发电机并利用空气冷却电阻器网消散再生能量,来使机车减速或在下坡坡道上保持恒定速度。对于混合动力机车,该再生能量从电阻器网被转移到LESS。这种被捕获和储存的能量随后用于推进列车,从而减少燃料使用。使用动态制动和捕获LESS中的能量的行为在下文中被称为混合再生制动(HRB)。
机车储能系统(LESS):在轨道应用中使用的储能系统用于给机车或列车组提供混合动力。该能量可以被储存作为机械飞轮中的动能或电池或电容器中的电能。LESS系统也被称为混合储能系统(HESS)。HESS系统与混合运输公交系统中最常见的许多移动应用有关。通过引用而并入本文的美国专利9,200,554描述了一种适用于机车使用的模块化电池系统,并且该美国专利通过引用被并入本文。
列车编组:由一个或多个机车拉引的一组一个或多个轨道车厢,也被称为组。
MU列车线:在过去的几十年中,控制系统和互连能力在铁路行业已经得到标准化。在北美现在正在运行的超过24,000台机车是由超过6家不同的公司制造的,这些机车可以全部通过27点MU电缆互连。该系统建立在一组27MU列车线导体上,导体从每个机车的一端延伸到另一端,延伸到机车每端的MU插座。将两个机车连接起来以一起运行仅需要使用将两个机车连接起来的MU跨接电缆。节流电源(throttle power)的8个档由MU 27点列车线组中的四根不同线(3,7,12,15)上的高信号或低信号控制。在从1950年到今天制造的所有柴油电力机车中,每个操作员驾驶室中的机械节流杆直接接线到这四个MU列车线。因此,每个机车均具有机械互锁部,当从控制台拆下前进杆和换向杆时,机械互锁部将节流杆锁定在怠速档。拆除该前进杆和换向杆的做法防止多个操作员驾驶室中的节流控制器彼此相互干扰。每个机车的发动机控制器也均直接接线到穿过的MU列车线,事实上,LFO或HCIB控制箱可以截取MU列车线与发动机控制器之间的4根高信号线或低信号线,这允许这些改装的控制系统运行,而与机车的使用年限或发动机控制的复杂程度无关。LFO或HCIB将通过监控MU列车线来确定工程师要求的节流设定,并将该信号或替代信号传送给发动机控制器,对于动态制动控制信号而言,这是类似的,动态制动控制信号是列车线24上的无限可变的0伏至72伏直流信号,并用于指示工程师要求的动态制动效果的量。同样,LFO或HCIB系统仅需要截取该信号以捕获工程师的意图,并然后将替代信号发送到机车动态制动控制器。美国铁路协会的AAR S-512-1994,27点控制插头和插座架涵盖了这一主题。
路边电源:通常也称为岸电。许多行业都有如下趋势:在不使用时将移动设备连接到固定电源,以减少怠速发动机的排放。岸电可能来自于该技术在港口船舶上的使用。现在,岸电被实施为卡车停靠站处的卡车以及机车的路边电源。在客运机车的情况中,利用HEP电缆系统实现路边电源是相对容易的。通过使用HEP跨接电缆将路边电源连接到位于停放的列车的一端附近的适当电源板,来将路边电源连接到静止的客运机车。这类似于与另一轨道车厢的连接。
UC单元:超级电容器系统通常由串联连接(为了更高的电压容量)并且还并联连接(为了更高的电流容量)的各个单元构成,UC单元和电池单元可以以棱柱形状或圆柱形制造。在该文献中,除非在上下文中定义,否则当讨论UC单元时,UC单元也可以被类似的电池单元替换,并且可以是圆柱形或棱柱形。
具体实施方式的第一部分涉及电池租赁系统。
图1,用于计算电池租赁成本的优选实施例是使电池管理系统BMS1针对不同的租赁计费率独立地保持能量流的累积总量。在典型情况中,这是高C率总千瓦时和低C率总千瓦时。BMS1将频繁读取电流和电压传感器来计算瞬时功率(伏特*安培),将瞬时功率乘以电流读数与电压读数之间的毫秒数,并将其除以3,600,000,000,以确定能量流的千瓦时。典型BMS的可能采样率可以是每秒10个样本,这将取决于系统设计和负载瞬变的速度。对于租赁计费费用,在充电期间进入电池的千瓦时的量是重要的值,但是在放电期间可以由BMS跟踪能量流,以进行系统健康检查。在一些情况中,租赁计费可以利用放电率而不是充电率来完成,并且在一些情况中,计费率可以应用于所有能量流。由于电池劣化在充电期间更普遍,因此优选实施例仅在充电期间计算能量流,并且将这些值加到高速率能量累积总量或低速率累积总量。
有许多方法将来自BMS的计费信息送到计算和收取租赁费用的会计后台办公室。优选实施例通过蜂窝连接、卫星连接或WiFi连接来无线地进行。
图2是模块化电池系统10的等距视图,其中,移除了单个电池模块11。模块化电池系统为安装在机车上的电池系统提供许多优点。当电池系统是模块化时,每个模块均具有模块BMS,模块BMS与主BMS通信,主BMS与其他车辆控制器和外界通信。当混合容量的电池模块并联安装时的一个重要优点是:并联网络自动容纳混合容量的电池,这是因为相同并联串中的所有电池模块11在充电或放电时将以相同的电压运行,但是电池模块11将根据它们的容量自动调节电流。因此,在模块电池系统中,重要的是跟踪每个电池模块11的电流,以计算电池模块11的能量流入和流出。每个模块11均可以具有自己的电压传感器,但是电压也可以由主BMS读取并被传输到模块11BMS,从而使用模块11的内部电流读数来计算能量流。
电池模块11的能量流的计算可以在主BMS处完成,并且对于每个电池模块11而言主BMS可以储存累积模块能量流。在优选实施例中,电池模块11将具有自己的模块级别BMS控制器,BMS控制器读取电流和电压并记录电池模块11内部储存的累积能量流。以模块级别存储数据使得更容易在设备之间交换电池模块,而无需向主BMS通知模块11的历史。为了核算和计算租赁付款,当请求时,主BMS可以轮询所有这些电池模块11来获得最新的能量流,并然后将该数据提供给用户或电池所有者。
具体实施方式的第二部分涉及用于客运轨道应用的无线电力传输的安装。
图3是牵引两辆客车车厢21的电池供电的机车20的侧视图。列车组具有从一端延伸到另一端的HEP电缆13,以将招待(hotel)电力从机车20传输到客车车厢21。机车20配备有HEP逆变器24,HEP逆变器24从LESS23获取能量,并将能量经由HEP电缆13传输到客车车厢21。被嵌入在列车组行驶经过的轨道中的是WPT发射器10。在客车车厢21下方有WPT接收器11,WPT接收器11接收来自WPT发射器10的能量。每个客车车厢21均是具有逆变器12的设备,逆变器12接收来自WPT接收器11的能量,并将该能量经由HEP电缆13发送到LESS23。
具体实施方式的第三部分涉及WPT发射器和接收器的多种拓扑结构,该WPT发射器和接收器将减少或消除对固定导轨车辆的精确停止的需求。
图4是具有长WPT接收器41的WPT拓扑结构的剖视图,该长WPT接收器41被调谐以有效地接收来自多个WPT发射器46的能量。接收器41被安装在车辆40的车身下部,车辆40在预定轨道上从左向右行进。在轨道应用中,发射器46的顶面应与轨道45的顶部齐平或低于轨道45的顶部。对于与橡胶轮胎车辆一起使用的系统而言,发射器46可以在地面顶部上,但更可能的是,发射器46与路面齐平。
用发射器和接收器电路在它们的谐振频率下运行的WPT系统是最有效的,为了保持一致的谐振频率,向接收器发射的发射器的数量应始终相同。这就是为什么接收器41足够长以覆盖n+1个发射器46的原因,无论接收器41位于沿着发射器46串的哪个位置,在任何一个时刻仅n个发射器被打开。在图4中,一些发射器46具有穿过它们的对角线。这是用于处于该位置的车辆40的一组n个发射器46。如果车辆40缓慢地向右移动,则在接收器41的右边缘完全越过没有对角线的第一个发射器46之后,将打开该发射器,同时关闭具有对角线的左侧第一个发射器。这允许车辆40从左向右缓慢移动,并且总是具有n个发射器46向车辆40传输能量。
图5A是WPT拓扑结构,其中,无论车辆40在沿着导轨的哪个位置,每个发射器42均在物理上具有位于其上方的多个接收器43。可以调谐发射器42以同时向两个接收器43发射以及与两个接收器43谐振。这要求发射器43的波形同步,使得当接收器43位于两个发射器42单元之间时,接收器43接收来自每个发射器的适当量的能量,使得系统仍然共振。在该方式中,所有发射器用作一个长发射器,并将能量传输到类似长度的一组接收器43。这消除了电断开未使用的接收器的需求,但增加了同步所有发射器42的复杂性。
另一种方式是使用可以关闭每个其他接收器43的电路,使得每个发射器42均将能量传输到最接近发射器42上方中心的接收器43并与该接收器43共振。在该情况下,每个接收器43均需要可以用于将接收器43线圈与逆变器12的电路断开的接触器或功率晶体管开关,使得接收器43不会从发射器42吸取负载。在该情况下,接收器43可以比发射器42的长度的一半小,使得激活的接收器43相对于发射器42的中心的平均偏移尽可能小,以获得最高的平均系统效率。发射器与接收器长度比为4:1将是激进的,但是3:1可以合理地使从激活的接收器43到发射器42的平均偏移距离最小。
除了接收器43'更长并且彼此重叠之外,图5B类似于图5A。当不使用这些接收器43'时,这些接收器43'线圈必须与逆变器12的电路断开。通过使用较长但重叠的接收器,发射器与接收器的长度比小于2,这可以导致系统效率增加。通过重叠接收器43',减小了接收器43'中心到发射器42中心的平均偏移。使接收器43'上下重叠的方法的缺点是竖直距离在激活的接收器43'与发射器42之间交替,这将需要在发射器42的调谐电路中进行调整。
图5C与图5B非常相似,具有重叠的接收器43",但是在这种情况下,当接收器成角度时,不存在接收器的上下交替堆叠。这产生了具有图5B的所有有益效果的拓扑结构,并且在增加一个接收器43'时不存在交替竖直间隔的谐振频率问题。
成角度的接收器43"线圈的可选实施例是具有线圈凹凸,就像线圈被按压在形成有台阶的成形体上。这样,线圈的区段是水平的,但处于不同的竖直高度。线圈可以具有两个台阶,以允许3个线圈彼此重叠。台阶式线圈的性能类似于接收器43"中的成角度线圈,但制造可能更容易。
应注意的是,对于本领域技术人员而言,对本文所述的目前优选的实施例的各种变化和修改是显而易见的。可以在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下进行这些改变和修改,并且不会减少其带有的优点。

Claims (6)

1.一种用于确定可充电电池的租赁费率的电池管理系统,包括:
所述可充电电池,其与数据库通信;
电流传感器;
电压传感器;
计时器;
控制器;以及
存储器,其与所述控制器通信,所述存储器包括指令,当所述控制器执行所述指令时,使所述控制器进行:
从所述电流传感器连续接收电流读数;
从所述电压传感器连续接收电压读数;
根据当前读数和一段时间内的所述电压读数计算能量变化;
如果所述能量变化小于约1C千瓦时,则计算每千瓦时的第一租赁费率;以及
如果所述能量变化大于约1C千瓦时,则计算每千瓦时的第二租赁费率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池管理系统,其中,所述第一租赁费率大于所述第二租赁费率。
3.一种用于确定可充电电池的租赁费率的电池管理系统,包括:
所述可充电电池,其与数据库通信;
电流传感器;
电压传感器;
计时器;
控制器;以及
存储器,其与所述控制器通信,所述存储器包括指令,当所述控制器执行所述指令时,使所述控制器进行:
将预定的C率存储在所述存储器中;
将累积的低速率能量流入量存储在所述存储器中;
将累积的高速率能量流入量存储在所述存储器中;
从所述电压传感器接收电池电压读数;
从电流传感器接收流入电流读数;
根据所述电池电压读数、所述流入电流读数以及读数之间的时间段计算能量流入;
如果所述能量流入高于所述预定的C率,则使用每千瓦时的第一租赁费率;以及
如果所述能量流入低于所述预定的C率,则使用每千瓦时的第二租赁费率。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电池管理系统,其中,所述第一租赁费率高于所述第二租赁费率。
5.一种电池管理系统,其与电池系统的租赁成本关联起来以补偿由高充电电流和低充电电流导致的劣化,包括:
所述可充电电池,其与数据库通信;
电流传感器;
电压传感器;
计时器;
控制器;以及
存储器,其与所述控制器通信,所述存储器包括指令,当所述控制器执行所述指令时,使所述控制器进行:
反复地将预定的C率存储在所述存储器中;
反复产生累积能量流入量等同于
反复确定最近的能量流入量,其中,所述最近的能量流入量是高速率流入或低速率流入中的一者;
如果所述最近的能量流入量是高速率流入,则将所述最近的能量流入量加至高速率累积能量流入总量;
如果所述最近的能量流入量是低速率流入,则将所述最近的能量流入量加至低速率累积能量流入总量;
反复地将所述高速率累积能量流入量和所述低速率累积能量流入量存储在所述存储器中;
在定期计费的基础上,从所述存储器中提取所述最近的高速率累积能量流入总量和所述低速率累积能量流入总量;
从这些新的累积总量中减去上次计费周期中的提取的累积总量,以确定高速率流入能量计费量和低速率流入能量计费量;
将流入的能源计费量乘以适当的更高或更低的租赁计费率;以及
将这两个值求和作为该结算周期的用户租赁费用。
6.根据权利要求3所述的电池管理系统,其中,所述预定的租赁费率是0.75C。
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