CN117957131A - 旋转车轮能量回收及相关装置、方法和盘式转子 - Google Patents
旋转车轮能量回收及相关装置、方法和盘式转子 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用于从旋转车轮回收能量的装置,其中包括:一个与车轮相连的轮毂组件,由彼此间隔并互锁的外盘和内盘组成,其中外盘和内盘之间可产生静态磁场;定子线圈与轮毂组件同轴设置,位于外盘和内盘之间的气隙内,定子线圈相对于轮毂固定,其中毂的旋转在线圈中产生电流。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及车轮旋转能量回收及相关装置、方法和盘式转子。
背景技术
现有电动汽车续航里程问题让消费者对使用电动汽车顾虑重重。虽然增加电池存储容量是提高电动汽车续航里程的一种方法,但会导致车辆重量增加,效率下降。因此,更可取和更具成本效益的做法是努力提高电动车辆的效率,使其能够在相同能量下行驶更远的距离。
提高电动车辆效率的一种方法是采用能量回收和/或转换系统,将机械能或势能转换成电能并反馈给电池。再生制动系统就是这样一类系统,通常安装在电动机上,对于提升制动力虽然可以起到一定的作用,但在回收原本会损失的能量方面效率并不理想。
因此,需要有一种能够回收更高水平电能、更有效的回收系统。
标准电化学电池内的能量耗散又是一个降低电动汽车续航里程的因素。这种耗散率约为5%,但会受到多种因素的影响,包括电池尺寸、施加的负载、以及由于热量产生、声音和各种环境影响引起的摩擦损失。
因此,需要在车辆使用期间获得相对低电平的充电电源。理想情况下,这类充电电源应当通过势能转化为电能的方式来提供。
总而言之,有必要解决上述问题,并至少提供一种有用的替代方案。
发明内容
本发明的第一方面提供了一种用于从旋转车轮回收能量的装置,其中包括:
一个与车轮相连的轮毂组件,该组件由彼此分离并互锁的外盘和内盘组成,其中外盘和内盘之间可产生静态磁场;
定子线圈,与轮毂组件同轴设置,位于外盘和内盘之间的气隙内,定子线圈相对于轮毂固定,轮毂旋转在线圈中产生电流。
在本发明优选实施例中,在外盘和内盘的各自对立面上,盘周边布置有多个永磁体,每个磁体的磁轴通常垂直于盘的表面;每个盘上相邻磁体的磁轴方向交替;彼此分离的内外盘上相对立的磁体方向呈相反排列。
在理想情况下,每个盘上的永久磁体安装在各自的环形磁轭上。在理想情况下,每个盘的永磁体被固定在与磁体设置在大致相同平面上的外环和内环中。
在理想情况下,定子线圈由至少一个环形盘组成,盘的周边布置多个大体上呈螺旋形的线圈,每个绕组串联连接。在一个实施例中,该装置包括12个环形盘,分为两组,每组6个,每组盘串联电连接,两组盘并联在一起。
在理想情况下,每个盘的周边设置有12对线圈,各个线圈连接成三组,以便产生三相电。在理想情况下,线圈由较厚和较薄的部分组成,布置成使得磁体产生的磁通量仅入射在较薄的部分上。在理想情况下,每个环形盘由四个印刷电路板(PCB)层组成,顶层设有线圈,其余层用于不同相位的线圈互连。
在理想情况下,定子线圈构成电路的一部分,用于分配其中产生的能量,该装置还可包括用于选择性接通和断开电路的开关,关闭电路时,会对轮毂组件施加磁阻扭矩,进而辅助车辆制动。
本发明另一个方面提供了一种用于从旋转车轮回收能量的轮毂组件,该轮毂组件由彼此分离的外盘和内盘组成,在两者之间可产生静态磁场;该轮毂组件可容纳一条与之同轴的定子线圈,该线圈延伸到外盘和内盘之间的气隙内,在使用中,定子线圈相对于车辆固定,使得轮毂组件的旋转能在线圈中产生电流。
在理想情况下,在外盘和内盘的各自对立面上,盘的周边布置有多个永磁体,每个磁体的磁轴通常垂直于盘的表面;每个盘上相邻磁体的磁轴方向交替;彼此分离的内外盘上相对立的磁体方向呈相反排列。
本发明另一个方面提供了一种从旋转车轮回收能量的方法,包括以下步骤:
提供上述类型的组件;和
使用所产生的能量为车辆的电力储存装置充电。
在理想情况下,该装置能够通过操作开关,打开和关闭构成装置一部分的电路,进而调节施加于轮毂组件的磁阻转矩,辅助车辆制动。
在理想情况下,该方法在车辆前进或后退时使用。
本发明还提供了一种包括至少一个上述类型轮毂组件的车辆。在理想情况下,该装置可安装在车辆的后轮上。
附图说明
下文将结合附图,仅以示例方式描述本发明的一个实施例,其中:
图1展示了本发明一个实施例中用于从旋转车轮回收能量的装置的透视图;
图2是图1中装置的剖视图;
图3是图1中装置的分解视图;
图4是图1所示装置的上侧剖视图;
图5展示了本发明另一实施例中用于从旋转车轮回收能量装置的侧视图;
图6是该装置的局部分解视图;
图7a和7b分别展示了带有永磁体的轮毂组件外盘的侧视图和正面视图;
图8a和8b分别展示了带有永磁体的轮毂组件内盘的侧视图和正面视图;
图9是轮毂组件的顶视剖视图;
图10a、10b和10c分别为定子线圈的第一环形盘的正面视图、背面视图和放大视图;
图11a和11b分别为上部和下部转子线圈的侧视图,二者共同构成第二实施例中的定子线圈;
图12为第二实施例中串联定子线圈的侧视透视图;
图13为第二实施例中定子线圈上的电线圈的放大侧视图;和
图14为定子线圈、转子、磁场和气隙的放大剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1展示了本发明一个优选实施例中的装置10。装置10配置用于从旋转的车轮回收能量。理想状况下,车辆应为四轮汽车,但本发明也适用于其他轮数的车辆,如摩托车、六轮车辆、具有不同车轴配置的卡车和拖车,或者火车
所描述和描绘的实施例都涉及一辆电动车,回收的能量被转换为电能,用于为电动车的电力存储设备充电,该存储设备可以是电池、超级电容器或其他电力存储设备。
装置10安装在车辆轮子近旁,发明者认为,在传统交通运输汽车(或任何轮子)中,机械能转换为电能的最大潜在点很可能包括与轮子的互动。其他实施例可以将其整合到盘式制动系统中。
装置10包括安装在轮毂螺栓18上的轮毂组件12。轮毂12安装到车轴20上。
轮毂组件12包括外盘22和内盘24,二者之间由气隙28分隔。如下文将进一步描述,在盘22、24之间产生延伸穿过气隙28的静磁场。
外盘和内盘22、24传统上可能采用铸铁材料,但为了降低系统中的磁阻转矩,更理想的材料是增强型碳-碳或陶瓷基复合材料。
在气隙28内设置有一个与轮毂组件12同轴的定子线圈30(如图所示,由单独线圈30a、30b组成)。定子线圈30垂直穿过外盘和内盘22、24之间的气隙28,用于在其中感应电流。使用时,定子线圈30相对于轴20固定,以便轮毂组件12的旋转导致线圈(定子线圈30)通过磁场的相对移动来发电。
设备10的组件由一个由内部部件11a和外部部件11b组成的盖子覆盖。可以看出,定子线圈30形成为两个子组件30a、30b,每个子组件位于支撑件13上。这将在下面进一步详细描述。绝缘盘15设置在线圈30a、30b之间。轴承23用于支撑定子线圈30,并允许轮毂组件12与定子线圈30之间旋转。
磁体36用于创建磁场,并安装在磁轭38上,由内支架17a和外支架17b固定到位。
图5和图6展示了本发明第二实施例的装置110。装置110包括一个配置略有不同的轮毂组件112。在该实施例中,外盘122和内盘124虽然分开,但通过安装法兰132a、132b以面对面的方式固定在一起,并安装在轮毂部件134a、134b上。
尽管仅针对第一实施例10进行了描述,但以下对磁体配置和操作的描述意图适用于两个实施例装置10和110。
为在气隙28内创建磁场,外盘和内盘22、24在其对立面上布置或嵌入有多个永磁体36。磁体36被安置于盘22、24的周围,并安装在环形磁轭38上。每个磁体36的磁轴设置成与盘面基本垂直。
永磁体36最好由具有较高剩余感应的材料制成,例如NdFeB N52(钕铁硼),其具有1.43T的剩余感应和1.05的相对磁导率。
提供磁轭38以降低磁阻转矩和磁通量泄漏,并提高气隙28中的磁通量密度。轭38最好由软磁材料制成。为了实现高饱和磁通密度,缩减磁轭体积,并通过高磁导率降低漏磁,适宜的材料包括坡莫合金1J85、坡莫合金1J50、电磁纯铁和钴铁合金1J22。考虑到轮毂组件12使用期间发热的潜在影响,热处理坡莫合金1J50可能是最合适的做法。
磁体36的方向设计成相邻磁体呈交替排列,也就是说,每个盘上的相邻磁体的磁轴方向互相交替。参照图7B、8A和图9,可以看出,北极朝外的磁体紧邻其对面的南极朝外的磁体安置。
轮毂组件12的设计确保了当外盘22与内盘24连接时,彼此分离的内外盘22、24上相对面的磁体方向呈相反排列。图9展示了外盘22上的情况:朝外的北极永磁体36与朝外的南极永磁体36相对设置。这种配置形成了图9中所示的磁通线60,使得磁场穿过气隙28,定子线圈30穿过此磁场,并在旋转过程中产生电流。基于此种配置,装置10能够在旋转过程中将机械能转换为电能。
发明者认为,通过上述方式配置外盘和内盘22、24上的永磁体,能够在两盘之间形成静态磁场,如图9中直接穿过气隙28的磁场所示。这种静态磁场有望降低磁阻转矩,使得装置在车辆正常前进或倒退时能够发电。由于上述布局,静态磁场还预期能够减少磁滞损耗和涡流损耗,从而显著增强发电效率。在另一种应用形式中,装置10亦可作为再生制动系统使用。
定子线圈30、30b由多个环形盘42组成。理想情况下,定子线圈30由12个环形盘组成,分为两组,每组6个盘。每组中的环形盘42以串联方式电连接,两组之间并联连接。
图10a和10b展示了环形盘42的正面和背面视图。在理想情况下,每个环形盘42由四层PCB板组成,顶层由线圈40构成(见图10a),其余层用于不同相位的线圈40互连。
在每个环形盘42上,有12对线圈围绕盘的周边布置,将单个线圈连接成三组A、B和C(见图10a),产生三相电力。
如图10c所示,在一个实施例中,线圈40具有较厚和较薄的部分,排列方式用于确保磁体产生的磁通量只影响到较薄的部分。对此,线圈的薄部分41主要沿环形盘42的半径方向延伸,而较厚的部分43主要沿环形盘42的周向延伸,但向环形盘42周边内缩。
在图11a、11b的实施例中,线圈40(在图13中详细显示)采取了更规则、略呈圆形的形状。
每个环形盘42通过印刷电路板(PCB)技术制造,并使用非磁性材料以及铜制作导线。基底最好选用玻璃粘结云母,其相对介电常数(介电常数)较高,在6.3至9.3之间。这种材料的重要性在于吸收线圈结构内电流通过磁场时产生的合成磁场。这种材料将提供所需的电容以降低按照楞次定律确定的标准线圈绕组内产生的磁阻转矩。与采用传统纤维缠绕技术制造的线圈相比,基于PCB的多层线圈技术将线圈与基板集成至一体的薄型结构中,从而减少了气隙28的厚度并提高了气隙28中的磁通量密度,因而实现了更优的输出性能。
线圈结构的数量、布局和整体设计对于最大化转速相关的磁通量和输出电压至关重要,实际应用中的设计可能与图示不同。
装置10可包括电子电路46(未显示),定子线圈30可视为电子电路46的一部分,而该电路被配置用于分配装置10产生的能量。
电子电路可能包括全桥整流器,随后是平滑电容。接下来,可通过线性电压调节器调整电压,因为提供的功率会随车轮转速的变化而增减。然后,信号可以传递到降压-升压转换器,将电压降至11.1V、3.3A,用于给电池充电。所述的电压和电流应当理解为针对特定车辆而设计,根据具体应用需求可能有所变化。然后,由于单个电池充电,输出功率要么用于为电池或电存储设备(即超级电容器)充电,要么直接提供给输入线路以减少电池放电。传感器流量调节器可设置在电池或电存储装置电池充电的入口处。该传感器用于确定何时及哪个单个电池需要最大输出功率流,并调节以确保充电时机的精确性。传感器流量调节将实现更高的能量流动效率,并最小化电池或电力存储设备的使用量。
装置10还可能包括一个用于断开和闭合电子电路的开关。如果开启,磁阻扭矩可能被完全移除并根据需要恢复。这使得装置能够在双模式下运行。第一模式是在车辆行驶时产生低水平电力;第二模式是在制动时产生高水平电力。为了实现该目标,装置10通过提升磁阻转矩,利用各种磁转矩辅助车辆制动系统进行减速,并在此过程中产生电能,供电池或电力存储设备充电使用。开关构造可采用多种形态,包括但不限于机械式与电气式。
在本发明的框架内,对于本技术领域的专业人士而言,对所述实施例进行的众多改进顺理成章。例如,尽管该装置显示为位于车轮附近,但也可安装在车辆上的其他位置。
在本说明书及随附的权利要求书中,除非文脉另有明确指示,“包括”及其派生词如“含”、“包含”均应解释为开放式用语,指包括所述内容但不排除其他元素或组件的加入。
本说明书中对任何先前出版物(或由其衍生的信息)或任何已知事项的引用,不应被视为承认或暗示该先前出版物(或由其衍生的信息)或已知事项构成了本说明书所述技术领域内的公共常识。
Claims (17)
1.一种用于从旋转车轮回收能量的装置,包括:
一个与车轮相连的轮毂组件,该组件由彼此分离来并互锁的外盘和内盘组成,其中外盘和内盘之间可产生静态磁场;
定子线圈,与轮毂组件同轴设置,位于外盘和内盘之间的气隙内,定子线圈相对于轮毂固定,
其中毂的旋转在线圈中产生电流。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中:
外盘和内盘在其对立面上分布多个永磁体,分布在盘的周边,每个磁体的磁轴基本垂直于盘的表面;
每个盘上相邻磁体的磁轴方向交替变化;和
在彼此分离的内外盘上,相对磁体的方向呈相反排列。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的装置,其中每个盘上的永久磁体安装在各自的环形磁轭上。
4.根据权利要求3所述的装置,其中每个盘的永磁体被固定在与磁体设置在大致相同平面上的外环和内环中。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其中定子线圈由至少一个环形盘组成,盘的周边布置多个大体上呈螺旋形的线圈,每个绕组串联连接。
6.根据权利要求5所述的装置,其中包括12个环形盘,分为两组,每组6个,每组盘串联电连接,两组盘并联在一起。
7.根据权利要求6所述的装置,其中环形盘的周边布置有12对线圈,这些单独的线圈被连接成三组,用于产生三相电。
8.根据权利要求5至7中任一项所述的装置,其中线圈由较厚和较薄的部分组成,并布置成使得磁体产生的磁通量仅入射在较薄的部分上。
9.根据权利要求5至8中任一项所述的装置,其中每个环形盘由四层印刷电路板(PCB)构成,顶层设有线圈,其余层则用于实现不同相位线圈的连接。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其中定子线圈构成电路的一部分,用于分配其中产生的能量,该装置还包括用于选择性地接通和断开电路的开关,关闭电路时,会对轮毂组件施加磁阻扭矩,辅助车辆制动。
11.一种用于从旋转车轮回收能量的轮毂组件,其中该轮毂组件由彼此分离的外盘和内盘组成,在两者之间可产生静态磁场;该轮毂组件可容纳一条与之同轴的定子线圈,该线圈延伸到外盘和内盘之间的气隙内,在使用中,定子线圈相对于车辆固定,使得轮毂组件的旋转能在线圈中产生电流。
12.根据权利要求11所述的轮毂组件,其中
外盘和内盘在其对立面上分布多个永磁体,分布在盘的周边,每个磁体的磁轴基本垂直于盘的表面;
每个盘上相邻磁体的磁轴方向交替变化;和
在彼此分离的内外盘上,相对磁体的方向呈相反排列。
13.一种从旋转车轮回收能量的方法,包括以下步骤:
提供一种根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的装置;以及
利用回收的能量为车辆的电能存储装置重新充电。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中该装置能够通过操作开关,打开和关闭构成装置一部分的电路,进而调节施加于轮毂组件的磁阻转矩,辅助车辆制动。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,在车辆前进或后退进行。
16.一种车辆,包括至少一个根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的装置。
17.根据权利要求16所述的车辆,其中该装置安装在车辆的后轮上。
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