CN117946693A - 一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂及其制备方法和应用,本发明采用废弃物秸秆作为生物炭的原材料,具有原料易得、价格低廉、资源利用率高、易生物降解、对环境友好的特点,在炭化过程中,聚乙二醇作为造孔剂,丰富了生物炭材料的孔隙结构,使生物炭材料具有较高的比表面积和孔体积,易于过氧化钙粒子附着在生物炭材料的表面和孔隙结构中,通过采用生物炭对过氧化钙粒子进行负载,可延长过氧化钙的释氧时间,并控制其释氧速率,降低了氧化剂的施用成本,提高了氧化剂的施用效率,促进植物体内的新陈代谢活动,增强植物根系的呼吸作用,并提高农产品的产量及质量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及土壤修复技术领域,具体涉及一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
潜育性土壤,又称潜育土,是一种重要的土壤资源。这种土壤主要出现在低洼地区,由化学还原过程和有机质的厌氧分解过程共同作用形成。它的主要特征是土壤中存在大量的还原物质,如硫化氢和亚铁离子等,这些物质会对土壤的理化性质产生影响,导致土壤质量下降。
潜育性土壤的分布情况因地区而异,主要集中在河谷平原、湖泊洼地及河口三角洲地段。我国潜育土的分布情况是,由北向南及由沿海向内陆过渡其比例逐渐减小,而人工潜育土(水稻土)所占的比例则由北向南渐增。
虽然潜育性土壤是一种重要的土壤资源,但由于其多水以及因有机质的嫌气分解而累积相当数量的有毒物质,可以妨碍作物的生长。因此,在农业生产中需要采取适当的措施来改善潜育性土壤的质量,以提高作物的生长和产量。
当前,众多学者通过施用过氧化钙进行改良,效果显著,但过氧化钙粉末施用量大、释氧速度快、土壤pH升幅大、后期供氧难以为继,易破坏农田生境。
中国专利文献201610901379.2公开了一种用于潜育化土壤的复合改良剂,包括如下重量份的组分:生石灰5-10份;粉煤灰20-30份;发酵腐熟的牛粪50-60份;发酵腐熟的油菜籽枯饼10-15份,所制备的复合改良剂应用于潜育化稻田,改良了土壤的理化性质,增加了土壤孔隙度,提高了土壤通透气性,降低了土壤容重,改善了土壤团聚体结构,减轻了土壤酸化程度,提高了土壤氧化还原电位,降低了土壤还原性物质总量,减轻了土壤毒性,增加了土壤速效养分含量,促进水稻增产10%以上,改良效果非常显著。但该复合改良剂对水稻增产的效果有限,还有待继续进行改进。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂及其制备方法和应用,通过施放本发明所制备的缓释氧化剂,可有效提高水稻的产量。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采取如下技术方案:
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1、将无机钙盐和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入氨水调节溶液的pH为9-10,在搅拌下滴加双氧水进行反应,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
S2、将聚乙烯醇加入到去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入黄腐酸和海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
S3、将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
具体的,所述多孔生物炭的制备方法如下:将秸秆粉碎后加入到去离子水中,随后加入聚乙二醇,搅拌均匀,经干燥后在氮气气氛、400-600℃下煅烧3-6h,即得到多孔生物炭。
优选的,秸秆和聚乙二醇的质量体积比为10g:1-2mL,在本发明一些实施例中,典型但非限制的,例如可以选为10g:1mL、10g:1.5mL、10g:2.0mL。
优选的,步骤S1中,无机钙盐、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、多孔生物炭和双氧水的质量比为3-5:0.6-0.8:10:3-5,进一步优选为3.5-4:0.6-0.7:10:3.5-4。
优选的,双氧水的质量分数为20-30%,在本发明一些实施例中,典型但非限制的,例如可以选为20%、22%、24%、25%、26%、27%、28%、29%、30%。
优选的,无机钙盐选自氯化钙、硫酸钙或硝酸钙。
优选的,步骤S2中,聚乙烯醇、黄腐酸和海藻酸钠的质量比为3-5:4-8:2-4,在本发明一些实施例中,典型但非限制的,例如可以选为3:4:2、3:6:3、4:5:3、4:5:4、5:5:3、5:6:3、5:8:4。
优选的,步骤S3中,包膜层的厚度为1-2mm,在本发明一些实施例中,典型但非限制的,例如可以选为1mm、1.5mm、2mm。
本发明还提供由上述制备方法所制备得到的缓释氧化剂。
本发明还提供上述缓释氧化剂在潜育化水稻土中的应用。
具体的,所述潜育化水稻土为轻中度的表层潜育化水稻土,其潜育化层深度不超过30cm。
具体的,所述缓释氧化剂的每亩施用量是5.0-30.0kg。
所述缓释氧化剂处理潜育化稻田土壤的具体方法:先把缓释氧化剂均匀撒施在潜育化稻田土壤表层,然后进行旋耕和施肥,旋耕深度10-15cm,将缓释氧化剂与稻田土壤充分混合,再施入化肥,耙平稻田,平衡1-2天。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
(1)本发明采用废弃物秸秆作为生物炭的原材料,具有原料易得、价格低廉、资源利用率高、易生物降解、对环境友好的特点,在炭化过程中,聚乙二醇作为造孔剂,丰富了生物炭材料的孔隙结构,使生物炭材料具有较高的比表面积和孔体积,易于过氧化钙粒子附着在生物炭材料的表面和孔隙结构中,通过采用生物炭对过氧化钙粒子进行负载,可延长过氧化钙的释氧时间,并控制其释氧速率,降低了氧化剂的施用成本,提高了氧化剂的施用效率,促进植物体内的新陈代谢活动,增强植物根系的呼吸作用,并提高农产品的产量及质量。
(2)本发明采用聚乙烯醇、黄腐酸和海藻酸钠作为包膜材料,其中聚乙烯醇、黄腐酸和海藻酸钠均可生物降解,对环境友好无污染,黄腐酸、海藻酸钠中含有丰富的羧基、羟基等官能团,对土壤中的还原性物质如亚铁离子具有良好的吸附作用,同时黄腐酸还能中和过氧化钙分解生成的氢氧化钙,避免土壤pH大幅上升;过氧化钙与水反应后生成的钙离子还能够与海藻酸钠反应生成凝胶,提高了包膜材料的密实性,进一步减缓了氧气的释放速率,氧气的释放周期变长,显著降低潜育化程度,有效削减潜育化水稻土的有害还原性物质量;此外,生物炭、黄腐酸还能够补充潜育化水稻土Si、Mg、Ca等中微量元素,有利于提高资源利用,促使水稻正常生长发育,提高水稻产量。
附图说明
图1为水稻收获期不同处理下平均每蔸水稻的稻谷产量图;
图2表示水稻收获期不同处理下潜育化稻田土壤活性还原性物质含量变化图;
图3表示水稻收获期不同处理下水稻稻谷产量图。
具体实施方式
以下通过具体较佳实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明,但本发明并不仅限于以下的实施例。
需要说明的是,无特殊说明外,本发明中涉及到的化学试剂均通过商业渠道购买。
实施例1
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)多孔生物炭的制备:秸秆粉碎后过100目筛,将20g秸秆粉末加入到150mL去离子水中,随后加入2mL聚乙二醇400,搅拌均匀,在烘箱中100℃下进行干燥,接着在氮气气氛、400℃下煅烧3h,即得到多孔生物炭;
(2)生物炭基复合材料的制备:将4g氯化钙和0.8g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到150mL无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入10g多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入5wt%氨水调节溶液的pH为10,在搅拌下滴加4g,30wt%的双氧水反应2h,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
(3)包膜液的制备:将4g聚乙烯醇加入到100mL去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入5g黄腐酸和3g海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
(4)缓释氧化剂的制备:将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,包膜层的厚度为2mm,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
实施例2
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)多孔生物炭的制备:秸秆粉碎后过100目筛,将20g秸秆粉末加入到150mL去离子水中,随后加入4mL聚乙二醇400,搅拌均匀,在烘箱中100℃下进行干燥,接着在氮气气氛、500℃下煅烧6h,即得到多孔生物炭;
(2)生物炭基复合材料的制备:将3g氯化钙和0.6g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到150mL无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入10g多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入5wt%氨水调节溶液的pH为10,在搅拌下滴加3g,30wt%的双氧水反应2h,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
(3)包膜液的制备:将5g聚乙烯醇加入到100mL去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入4g黄腐酸和2g海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
(4)缓释氧化剂的制备:将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,包膜层的厚度为2mm,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
实施例3
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)多孔生物炭的制备:秸秆粉碎后过100目筛,将20g秸秆粉末加入到150mL去离子水中,随后加入3mL聚乙二醇400,搅拌均匀,在烘箱中100℃下进行干燥,接着在氮气气氛、600℃下煅烧3h,即得到多孔生物炭;
(2)生物炭基复合材料的制备:将5g氯化钙和0.8g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到150mL无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入10g多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入5wt%氨水调节溶液的pH为10,在搅拌下滴加5g,30wt%的双氧水反应2h,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
(3)包膜液的制备:将5g聚乙烯醇加入到100mL去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入4g黄腐酸和4g海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
(4)缓释氧化剂的制备:将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,包膜层的厚度为1mm,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
实施例4
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)多孔生物炭的制备:秸秆粉碎后过100目筛,将20g秸秆粉末加入到150mL去离子水中,随后加入2.5mL聚乙二醇400,搅拌均匀,在烘箱中100℃下进行干燥,接着在氮气气氛、500℃下煅烧5h,即得到多孔生物炭;
(2)生物炭基复合材料的制备:将4g氯化钙和0.6g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到150mL无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入10g多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入5wt%氨水调节溶液的pH为10,在搅拌下滴加4g,30wt%的双氧水反应2h,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
(3)包膜液的制备:将4g聚乙烯醇加入到100mL去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入6g黄腐酸和4g海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
(4)缓释氧化剂的制备:将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,包膜层的厚度为1.5mm,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
实施例5
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)多孔生物炭的制备:秸秆粉碎后过100目筛,将20g秸秆粉末加入到150mL去离子水中,随后加入3mL聚乙二醇400,搅拌均匀,在烘箱中100℃下进行干燥,接着在氮气气氛、600℃下煅烧5h,即得到多孔生物炭;
(2)生物炭基复合材料的制备:将5g氯化钙和0.6g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到150mL无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入10g多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入5wt%氨水调节溶液的pH为10,在搅拌下滴加5g,30wt%的双氧水反应2h,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
(3)包膜液的制备:将3g聚乙烯醇加入到100mL去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入6g黄腐酸和3g海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
(4)缓释氧化剂的制备:将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,包膜层的厚度为2mm,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
对比例1
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)过氧化钙粒子的制备:将4g氯化钙和0.8g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到150mL无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,然后加入5wt%氨水调节溶液的pH为10,在搅拌下滴加4g,30wt%的双氧水反应2h,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到过氧化钙粒子;
(2)包膜液的制备:将4g聚乙烯醇加入到100mL去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入5g黄腐酸和3g海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
(3)缓释氧化剂的制备:将包膜液喷涂在过氧化钙粒子的表面进行包膜,包膜层的厚度为2mm,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
对比例2
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)多孔生物炭的制备:秸秆粉碎后过100目筛,将20g秸秆粉末加入到150mL去离子水中,随后加入2mL聚乙二醇400,搅拌均匀,在烘箱中100℃下进行干燥,接着在氮气气氛、400℃下煅烧3h,即得到多孔生物炭;
(2)生物炭基复合材料的制备:将4g氯化钙和0.8g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到150mL无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入10g多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入5wt%氨水调节溶液的pH为10,在搅拌下滴加4g,30wt%的双氧水反应2h,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
(3)包膜液的制备:将4g聚乙烯醇加入到100mL去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入5g海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
(4)缓释氧化剂的制备:将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,包膜层的厚度为2mm,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
对比例3
一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)多孔生物炭的制备:秸秆粉碎后过100目筛,将20g秸秆粉末加入到150mL去离子水中,随后加入2mL聚乙二醇400,搅拌均匀,在烘箱中100℃下进行干燥,接着在氮气气氛、400℃下煅烧3h,即得到多孔生物炭;
(2)生物炭基复合材料的制备:将4g氯化钙和0.8g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到150mL无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入10g多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入5wt%氨水调节溶液的pH为10,在搅拌下滴加4g,30wt%的双氧水反应2h,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
(3)包膜液的制备:将4g聚乙烯醇加入到100mL去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入3g黄腐酸,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
(4)缓释氧化剂的制备:将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,包膜层的厚度为2mm,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
对实施例1和对比例1-3所制备得到的缓释氧化剂进行水稻盆栽试验,具体如下:
试验地点
湖南省土壤肥料研究所网室,盆栽所用潜育化稻田土壤来自湖南省东部某潜育化稻田区域,其土壤基本理化性质见表1。
表1盆栽用潜育化稻田土壤基本性质
供试水稻品种为超级稻五优308,由广东省农科院水稻研究所培育。
供试肥料为尿素(含氮46%),过磷酸钙(含磷12%),氯化钾(加拿大产,含钾60%)。
试验设计
试验设4个处理:T1—对比例1;T2—对比例2;T3—对比例3;T4—实施例1,6次重复,随机区组排列,盆栽试验称湿土重量16kg(干土重8.08kg),每盆缓释氧化剂用量为10.8g,盆栽试验施肥按N-P2O5-K2O=0.25-0.15-0.25g/kg土计算,肥料一次性施用。
试验用桶规格:盆栽试验桶底直径25cm、高30cm、桶口直径35cm,模拟试验桶底直径20cm、高24cm、桶口直径30cm,均为PVC材质。
图1表示水稻收获期不同处理下平均每蔸水稻的稻谷产量图,从图中可以看出,实施例1中的平均每蔸水稻的稻谷产量高于对比例1-3,实施例1中的平均每蔸水稻的稻谷产量与对比例1相比,提高了36.0%。
图2表示水稻收获期不同处理下潜育化稻田土壤活性还原性物质含量变化图,从图中可以看出,实施例1中的土壤活性还原性物质含量均显著低于对比例1-3,其中,实施例1中的土壤活性还原性物质含量与对比例1相比,降低了36.4%。
对实施例1和对比例1-3所制备得到的缓释氧化剂进行大田验证试验,具体如下:
试验地点
在湖南省东部某潜育化稻田区域进行田间试验,该示范点属亚热带季风性湿润气候,属亚热带季风湿润气候,热量充足,无霜期长,雨量丰沛。年平均气温为16.7-17.6℃,日照1490-1850小时,辐射量为100-112千卡/m2,无霜期271.8天,年降水量l552.3 mm,试验区土壤基本理化性质见表2。
表2试验区稻田土壤基本性质
供试水稻品种为超级稻五优308,由广东省农科院水稻研究所培育。
供试肥料为尿素(含氮46%),过磷酸钙(含磷12%),氯化钾(加拿大产,含钾60%)。
采取移栽秧苗方式进行,水稻移栽的前1天,将缓释氧化剂和化肥与潜育化稻田土壤旋耕混匀,旋耕深度10-15cm。
所述缓释氧化剂的每亩施用量是15.0kg。
试验设4个处理:T1—对比例1;T2—对比例2;T3—对比例3;T4—实施例1。3次重复,随机区组排列,小区面积40m2。小区用田埂分开,田埂宽度20cm,田埂上覆膜,两侧扎入泥下。水稻中稻插值规格一致。缓释氧化剂施用量为15.0kg/亩,施肥用量为:N—12kg/亩,P—3kg/亩,K—8kg/亩,氮磷钾肥一次性施用。其他与稻田常规管理一致。
图3表示水稻收获期不同处理下水稻稻谷产量图,从图中可以看出,实施例1中的稻谷产量高于对比例1-3,实施例1中的水稻稻谷产量与对比例1相比,提高了17.5%。
最后需要说明的是:以上实施例不以任何形式限制本发明。对本领域技术人员来说,在本发明基础上,可以对其作一些修改和改进。因此,凡在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的任何修改或改进,均属于本发明要求保护的范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、将无机钙盐和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵加入到无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,随后加入多孔生物炭,超声分散均匀,然后加入氨水调节溶液的pH为9-10,在搅拌下滴加双氧水进行反应,待反应完成后,经过滤、洗涤、真空干燥、造粒,得到生物炭基复合材料;
S2、将聚乙烯醇加入到去离子水中,加热搅拌溶解,随后加入黄腐酸和海藻酸钠,搅拌均匀,得到包膜液;
S3、将包膜液喷涂在生物炭基复合材料的表面进行包膜,经干燥后即得到缓释氧化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述多孔生物炭的制备方法如下:将秸秆粉碎后加入到去离子水中,随后加入聚乙二醇,搅拌均匀,经干燥后在氮气气氛、400-600℃下煅烧3-6h,即得到多孔生物炭。
3.根据权利要求2所述的潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,秸秆和聚乙二醇的质量体积比为10g:1-2mL。
4.根据权利要求1所述的潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,无机钙盐、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、多孔生物炭和双氧水的质量比为3-5:0.6-0.8:10:3-5,双氧水的质量分数为20-30%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,聚乙烯醇、黄腐酸和海藻酸钠的质量比为3-5:4-8:2-4。
6.根据权利要求1所述的潜育化土壤改良的缓释氧化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,包膜层的厚度为1-2mm。
7.如权利要求1-6任一项所述制备方法所制备得到的缓释氧化剂。
8.如权利要求7所述的缓释氧化剂在潜育化水稻土中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述潜育化水稻土为轻中度的表层潜育化水稻土,其潜育化层深度不超过30cm。
10.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述缓释氧化剂的每亩施用量是5.0-30.0kg。
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