CN117875351A - 增加rfid标签灵敏度的方法 - Google Patents

增加rfid标签灵敏度的方法 Download PDF

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CN117875351A
CN117875351A CN202410047790.2A CN202410047790A CN117875351A CN 117875351 A CN117875351 A CN 117875351A CN 202410047790 A CN202410047790 A CN 202410047790A CN 117875351 A CN117875351 A CN 117875351A
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antenna
period
signal
impedance
tag
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P.尼基丁
S.J.凯莉
R.马丁内斯
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06KGRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/077Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
    • G06K19/07749Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
    • G06K19/07773Antenna details
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06KGRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0008General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06KGRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/0723Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06KGRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/0723Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
    • G06K19/0726Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs the arrangement including a circuit for tuning the resonance frequency of an antenna on the record carrier
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06KGRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10158Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves methods and means used by the interrogation device for reliably powering the wireless record carriers using an electromagnetic interrogation field
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/2208Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
    • H01Q1/2225Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in active tags, i.e. provided with its own power source or in passive tags, i.e. deriving power from RF signal
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/248Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set provided with an AC/DC converting device, e.g. rectennas
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices

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Abstract

本发明涉及增加RFID标签灵敏度的方法。一种具有改善的灵敏度的射频识别(RFID)标签,其包括:天线,其接收来自RFID读取器的射频(RF)信号和无线功率。RFID标签进一步包括:电路,其改变天线的反射系数来向读取器传输被反射的信号,该被反射的信号具有当反射RF信号的相对高的量时的高反射比时段以及当反射RF信号的相对低的量时的低反射比时段。天线的反射比在高反射比时段期间是足够低的,以使得能够在高反射比时段期间进行无线功率接收。

Description

增加RFID标签灵敏度的方法
背景技术
无源射频识别(RFID)标签通常由连接到天线的集成电路(IC)组成。IC常常是低功率设备,纯粹由从读取器信号采集(harvest)的RF能量来供电。标签通过改变其输入阻抗(和反射比)以及由此调制后向散射信号来对读取器进行响应。
在RFID系统中,正向(读取器到标签)链路和反向(标签到读取器)链路二者都是重要的。当前的无源CMOS RFID IC正在接近它们的开启灵敏度的基本限制,该基本限制取决于RF到DC功率转换的基于二极管的电压倍增器限制。当前最好的IC具有约-20dBm的灵敏度,该灵敏度已经被达到若干年并且并未预计进一步的灵敏度改善。
通常,总体系统性能受限于标签灵敏度;换言之,标签是通信系统中最薄弱的环节。对于许多应用而言,诸如对于室内多标签多路径场景或者AVI通行收费(tolling)应用中的标签读取而言,期望更好的无源标签灵敏度。标签灵敏度上每dB的改善例如在标签的可使用范围内导致可测量的系统性能改善。
在过去,已经尝试了对标签灵敏度和范围的改善。一个这样的解决方案提出了一种标签,其可以将来自正交偶极天线的两个端口的电压进行组合来获得更多标签灵敏度,但是该解决方案需要大的交叉偶极标签以及需要存在圆极化的读取器信号以便从两种极化提取功率。另一个解决方案是为了供电标签设计而避开无源标签设计,或者牺牲带宽。这些解决方案增加了标签的大小和/或需要电池更换,从而常常致使它们不适于它们的目标应用。在许多应用中,牺牲带宽也是不可接受的。
传统上,已经将标签传输性能视为是最重要的。盛行的理念是标签传输性能上的缩减将缩减标签的范围。因此,尚未探索出通过牺牲标签传输性能来改善标签范围的解决方案。
发明内容
一种射频识别(RFID)标签包括:主天线,其接收来自RFID读取器的射频(RF)信号并且无线地采集来自RF信号的功率。该标签进一步包括:开关,其连接到主天线和单独的天线长度。该标签进一步包括:电路,其连接到主天线的与开关不同的部分。该电路被配置成改变主天线的反射系数来将被反射的信号传输到RFID读取器,该被反射的信号具有当RF信号被主天线反射的量大于预定量时的高反射比时段以及当RF信号被主天线反射的量低于预定量时的低反射比时段。该电路被进一步配置成通过改变主天线的共振频率来生成高反射比时段和低反射比时段,在高反射比时段期间将主天线的反射比减少到预定义的量以下,以使得能够在高反射比时段期间进行无线功率接收。该电路进一步被配置成通过控制开关间歇性地将单独的天线长度连接到主天线来改变共振频率。
一种射频识别(RFID)标签包括:主天线,其接收来自RFID读取器的射频(RF)信号并且无线地采集来自RF信号的功率。该标签进一步包括电路,该电路被配置成改变主天线的反射系数来将被反射的信号传输到RFID读取器,该被反射的信号具有当RF信号被主天线反射的量大于预定量时的高反射比时段以及当RF信号被主天线反射的量低于预定量时的低反射比时段。该电路增加低反射比时段的占空比并且减少高反射比时段的占空比以增加无线功率传输的时间段。
一种射频识别(RFID)标签包括:主天线,其接收来自RFID读取器的射频(RF)信号并且无线地采集来自RF信号的功率。该标签进一步包括电路,其被配置成改变主天线的反射系数来将被反射的信号传输到RFID读取器,该被反射的信号具有第一反射比时段以及当RF信号被主天线反射的量与在第一反射比时段期间不同时的第二反射比时段。主天线在将被反射的信号传输到RFID读取器的同时持续采集功率。
在一些实施例中,电路改变天线的共振频率来生成高反射比时段和低反射比时段。在一些实施例中,电路改变天线的共振频率来生成第一反射比时段和第二反射比时段。在一些实施例中,电路在高反射比时段期间向天线添加单独的天线长度。在一些实施例中,电路在第一反射比时段期间向天线添加单独的天线长度。在一些实施例中,RFID标签进一步包括开关,该开关在高反射比时段期间通过将天线长度连接到天线来添加天线长度,该开关位于天线的与电路不同的部分上。在一些实施例中,RFID标签进一步包括开关,该开关在第一反射比时段期间通过将天线长度连接到天线来添加天线长度,该开关位于天线的与电路不同的部分上。在一些实施例中,天线包括用于接收RF信号的第一天线,以及用于接收功率的第二天线,以及第二天线在高反射比时段期间继续吸收RF信号的一部分来生成足够低的反射比,以使得能够在高反射比时段期间进行无线功率采集。在一些实施例中,天线包括用于接收RF信号的第一天线,以及用于接收功率的第二天线,以及第二天线在第一和第二反射比时段期间继续吸收RF信号的一部分来生成足够低的反射比,以使得能够在第一和第二反射比时段二者期间进行无线功率采集。在一些实施例中,RFID标签进一步包括:由电路控制的开关,其在高反射比时段期间将RF阻抗连接到天线。在一些实施例中,RFID标签进一步包括:由电路控制的开关,其在第一反射比时段期间将RF阻抗连接到天线。在一些实施例中,天线在高反射比时段期间具有0.5的反射系数量值,以及在低反射比时段期间具有零反射系数。在一些实施例中,该预定量是在0与0.5之间的反射系数量值。在一些实施例中,在第一反射比时段期间RF信号被主天线反射的量大于预定量,在第二反射比时段期间RF信号被主天线反射的量低于预定量,以及在第一反射比时段期间,电路将主天线的反射比减少到预定义的量以下,以使得能够在第一反射比时段期间进行无线功率接收。在一些实施例中,在第一反射比时段期间RF信号被主天线反射的量与在第二反射比时段期间RF信号被主天线反射的量具有相等的量值但相反的极性。在一些实施例中,电路是专用集成电路(ASIC)。在一些实施例中,天线是线性极化天线。在一些实施例中,电路将低反射比时段的占空比增加到大于50%。
附图说明
图1是根据一个实施例的并且与RFID读取器进行通信的RFID标签的示图。
图2是从根据一个实施例的RFID标签传输到读取器的信号的波形。
图3是从根据一个实施例的RFID标签传输到读取器的信号的波形。
图4是根据一个实施例的RFID标签的示意图。
图5是根据一个实施例的RFID标签的示意图。
图6是根据一个实施例的RFID标签的示意图。
图7是根据一个实施例的RFID标签的示意图。
具体实施方式
根据一些实施例的RFID标签100通过使用其天线104将读取器信号112进行后向散射以产生被反射的信号102(从RFID标签100传输到读取器110的信号)来与读取器110进行通信。RFID标签100同时地与读取器110进行通信以及接收来自读取器信号112的功率传输。当RFID标签100进行后向散射(与读取器110通话(talk))时,其在两个反射比状态之间进行切换。一个反射比状态是功率采集。另一个反射比状态接近于短路,以便向读取器110提供最大后向散射信号。在该实施例中,z1是集成电路,其控制开关来将阻抗z2选择性地连接到天线104,并且改变天线阻抗来生成被反射的信号102。如在背景技术中所讨论的,该信号被设计成具有最大强度,以将标签100的范围最大化。
因而,标签将其天线端口(以及因此其RF电源)短路(或近似短路)近似50%的时间(典型标签到读取器数据信号的占空比),由此损失了达到3dB的传入RF功率(当输入端子被短路时,标签IC不能采集RF功率)。图2示出了读取器信号112和后向散射信号102的波形。如在图2中示出的,后向散射信号102的占空比近似为50%。换言之t1=t2,其中t1是针对信号的每个时段的关断时间(低反射比时段)的长度以及t2是针对每个时段的接通时间(高反射比时段)的长度。在一些实施例中,通过更改占空比,可以缩短t2的长度以及可以加长t1的长度。这通过增加接收功率时的通信时间部分来增加RFID标签的功率接收。
虽然现代RFID读取器比它们过去曾经灵敏得多并且可以成功地检测和解码微弱的标签信号,但是现代RFID标签仍遵循这种后向散射方案。结果是,在标签范围的边缘处,标签将在尝试与读取器进行通信的同时间歇性地损失功率。这导致与读取器的通信失败,并且缩小了标签传输的可用范围。
发明人已经确定了若干实施例,这些实施例反对本领域中的基本假设并且牺牲标签传输性能以便增加其范围。因此,本文中所描述的若干实施例牺牲后向散射信号强度,以便向标签100提供附加的接收功率。图3示出了振幅a1或后向散射的深度102如何被减少到a2以便增加RFID标签100的充电。这允许(变弱的)信号102'在标签范围边缘处的稳定传输,现代读取器能够读取该稳定传输。并非是天线104在不同的传输时段期间基本上反射全部信号以及基本上不反射信号,而是天线104具有相对高反射比的时段和相对低反射比的时段。换言之,在高反射比的时段中,天线具有高于预定量的反射比,以及在低反射比的时段中,天线具有低于预定量的反射比。在若干实施例中,预定量是0到0.5的反射系数量值。这是由于信号102中的一些在当基本上全部信号102将被垂直反射时的(相对高反射比)时段期间被吸收所导致的。相对低反射比时段具有比高反射比时段更低的反射比,以及在这两个不同时段之间的交替生成信号102'。在其他实施例中,存在具有等量反射比和相反极性的第一和第二反射比时段。在那些实施例中,仍在两个时段期间都采集功率。
这通过允许天线在传输被反射的信号102'的同时持续采集功率来扩展标签的可用范围。若干实施例使用现有的CMOS集成电路,并且可以仍然具有显著的灵敏度改善(例如,3dB)。标签灵敏度上3dB的改善与自由空间中多出40%的标签范围相对应。根据标签的若干实施例,牺牲了后向散射信号强度,以便在标签调制期间获得更大功率效率,以及因此获得更大标签灵敏度和更大标签范围。
因此,当这样的标签100进行后向散射时,其将不会使其接收天线端口完全短路,以及因此将具有可用的附加接收RF功率(例如,多出3dB)。例如,当在某些实施例中,信号强度被牺牲达6dB的情况下,获得了2.43dB的标签灵敏度,如在以下公式(1)-(4)和表格1中所解释的。根据公式(1)来描述反射系数ρ。
(1)ρi=(zi-za *)/(zi-za *),
其中za是天线阻抗。
每个状态还具有功率系数τi,其由下式定义:
(2)τi=1-|ρi|2
可以由下式来描述标签的功率效率:
(3)Pe=1/2τ1+1/2τ2
其中信号占空比是50%。
可以由下式来描述后向散射信号的调制深度:
(4)K=1/4|ρ12|2
公式5定义了α,其在0与1之间
(5)α=|ρ2|
在表格1中,具有α=0的天线是不切实际的,因为其具有零后向散射。具有α=1的天线是常规天线。具有α=1/2的天线是根据一个实施例的天线。在这种天线中,Pe被改善了2.33dB并且具有在范围上30%的增加。K减少了6dB。
本文中所描述的标签可以采用无源RFID标签的灵敏度,其超越了当前CMOS集成电路所能够达到的灵敏度,并且因此对于诸如机动车辆识别和通行收费应用之类的许多实际RFID应用而言是重要的。若干实施例的显著优点之一是:它们与RFID市场上盛行的线性极化读取器信号和线性极化标签一起工作。
可以以若干不同的方式来实现RFID标签100,包括:
1.物理的——经由使用控制线406将标签天线上的接收904端口/点和后向散射900端口/点进行空间分离来实现缩减的后向散射信号强度和增加的标签功率效率。共享天线104可以具有仅(通过接合/去接合额外的天线长度104')轻微改变天线共振频率的调制器A,从而允许天线在标签调制周期期间维持高接收功率效率,但仍向读取器提供可检测的差分后向散射信号,如在图4中图示的。本方法的另一实现方式可以是被用于接收功率和后向散射的两个单独的天线104、504,如在图5中示出的。
2.电气的——经由在标签电路内选择不同的调制阻抗来实现和控制缩减的后向散射信号强度和增加的标签功率效率。在图6和图7中示出这些实施例。在这些实施例中,ASIC或处理器600控制一个或多个开关610向天线104添加或从天线104减去一个或多个阻抗620。这在不使天线104短路的情况下改变了共振频率和反射比属性。因而,将可测量信号102'从标签100发送到读取器110,并且贯穿传输维持了功率接收。
根据图4和图6中示出的实施例,天线104是线性极化的。天线104在这些实施例中具有单独的接收端口904和后向散射端口900。RFID集成电路(IC;在一些实施例中是ASIC或处理器)A、600连接到接收端口904,以及开关B、610(在一些实施例中是MOSFET)附连到后向散射端口900。RFID集成电路A、600控制开关B、610添加或减去天线104的一部分104',以便生成缩减的后向散射信号102'。通过添加和减去部分104',并不太剧烈地改变天线104的共振频率,并且天线104在占空比的接通部分和关断部分(即,高反射比时段和地反射比时段,或反之亦然)二者中都接收功率。在本实施例中,RFID集成电路A、600和开关B、610共享同一天线104,并且具有公共电接地(天线在ASIC与调制器之间的部分)。在一些实施例中,使用PIN二极管来实现开关B、610。更多的频率可重配置天线(诸如缝隙天线)可以被用来实现类似的效应。
虽然已经参照本文中的实施例描述了本发明,但是那些实施例并不限制本发明的范围。对那些实施例的修改或不同的实施例可以落入本发明的范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种天线系统,包括:
主天线,被配置为接收RF信号和从所述RF信号无线地采集功率;
耦合到所述主天线的第一阻抗,其中所述第一阻抗确定所述主天线的反射系数;和
耦合到所述主天线和第二阻抗的开关电路,,其中所述开关电路被配置为将所述第二阻抗与所述主天线耦合,以修改所述主天线的反射系数,其中所述开关电路被配置为在低反射比时段和高反射比时段中操作所述天线,
其中在所述低反射比时段期间,所述主天线与所述第二阻抗断开,并且被配置为从所接收的RF信号采集功率,以及
其中在所述高反射比时段期间,所述主天线连接到所述第二阻抗,并且被配置为反射所述RF信号,而不使所述主天线短路,同时继续从所接收的RF信号采集功率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的天线系统,其中所述切换电路是专用集成电路(ASIC)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的天线系统,其中基于所述主天线的谐振频率的变化来减小所述高反射比时段期间的所述主天线的反射比。
4.根据权利要求1所述的天线系统,其中所述开关电路增加所述低反射比时段的占空比并且减小所述高反射比时段的占空比,以增加无线功率传输的时间段。
5.一种射频识别(RFID)标签,包括:
主天线,所述主天线从RFID读取器接收射频(RF)信号并从所述RF信号无线地采集功率;
耦合到所述标签的所述主天线的第一阻抗,其中所述第一阻抗确定所述主天线的反射系数;和
耦合到所述主天线和第二阻抗的开关电路,其中所述开关电路被配置为将所述第二阻抗与所述主天线耦合,以修改所述主天线的反射系数,其中所述开关电路被配置为在低反射比时段和高反射比时段中操作所述天线,
其中在所述低反射比时段期间,所述主天线与所述第二阻抗断开,并且被配置为从所接收的RF信号采集功率,以及
其中在所述高反射比时段期间,所述主天线连接到所述第二阻抗,并且被配置为反射所述RF信号,而不使所述主天线短路,同时继续从所接收的RF信号采集功率。
6.根据权利要求5所述的RFID标签,其中所述电路在所述低反射比时段期间向所述主天线添加单独的天线长度。
7.根据权利要求5所述的RFID标签,进一步包括:
开关,所述开关通过在所述低反射比时段期间将单独的天线长度连接到所述主天线来增加所述单独的天线长度,所述开关位于所述主天线的第一部分上,并且所述电路位于所述主天线的第二部分上,其中所述主天线的第一部分不同于所述主天线的第二部分。
8.根据权利要求5所述的RFID标签,其中所述主天线包括用于接收所述RF信号的第一天线和用于接收功率的第二天线,并且所述第二天线在所述低反射比时段和所述高反射比时段期间继续吸收所述RF信号的一部分,以产生低反射比,使得能够在所述第一反射时段和所述第二反射时段期间进行无线功率采集。
9.根据权利要求5所述的RFID标签,其中,所述电路增加所述低反射比时段的占空比并且减小所述高反射比时段的占空比,以增加无线功率传输的时间段。
10.根据权利要求5所述的RFID标签,其中所述主天线是线性极化天线。
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