CN117837733A - Application of propolis and/or propolis extract in reducing bioavailability of heavy metals in food - Google Patents
Application of propolis and/or propolis extract in reducing bioavailability of heavy metals in food Download PDFInfo
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- CN117837733A CN117837733A CN202410032576.XA CN202410032576A CN117837733A CN 117837733 A CN117837733 A CN 117837733A CN 202410032576 A CN202410032576 A CN 202410032576A CN 117837733 A CN117837733 A CN 117837733A
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- 241000241413 Propolis Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- 229940069949 propolis Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- MWDZOUNAPSSOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaempferol Natural products OC1=C(C(=O)c2cc(O)cc(O)c2O1)c3ccc(O)cc3 MWDZOUNAPSSOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- IYRMWMYZSQPJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaempferol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1=C(O)C(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O1 IYRMWMYZSQPJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
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- Jellies, Jams, And Syrups (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of heavy metal pollution removal, and relates to application of propolis and/or propolis extract in reducing bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metal in food. The present invention develops products that reduce the bioavailability and toxicity of lead in foods, i.e., products containing propolis and/or propolis extracts. The propolis and/or the propolis extract not only can supplement nutrient elements, but also has no side effect, has good effect of reducing toxicity, and has wider application prospect compared with the traditional chemical heavy metal chelating agent; and the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in the food can be reduced, and the potential health risk of the heavy metals to human bodies is reduced. The invention has important significance for reducing and preventing the heavy metal harm of agricultural products.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of heavy metal pollution removal, and particularly relates to application of propolis and/or propolis extract in preparation of products for reducing bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metal in foods.
Background
At present, the problem of heavy metal exceeding standard of agricultural products caused by serious heavy metal pollution in farmlands in southern areas of China is very prominent, and the heavy metal exceeding standard becomes an important factor for endangering the health of people. Especially, some varieties of crops (rice, vegetables and the like) have the characteristic of absorbing heavy metals, and the problem of edible safety of agricultural products has become a focus of most attention of the public. Diet is considered as a main way of exposing heavy metals to the human body, so that heavy metal pollution of crops forms a serious threat to human health.
Conventional heavy metal antidotes typically employ chemical chelators, such as DMSA and CaNa dimercaptosuccinate 2 EDTA and the like exert a certain effect of inhibiting Pb absorption and toxicity, but have a certain side effect. Because the level of heavy metals in agricultural products actually absorbed by the human body is influenced by a plurality of factors, other dietary materials or components which synchronously enter the stomach and intestine possibly interact, and if certain food materials or food components exist in the co-digestion process, the effectiveness and accumulation of the heavy metals can be effectively reduced, so that the detoxification effect can be realized. Therefore, finding certain specific dietary components to regulate the availability and absorption of heavy metals in the body is another effective way to solve the problem that heavy metals in agricultural products are harmful to human bodies.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to provide the use of propolis and/or propolis extract in the manufacture of a product for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in foods. The development of products that reduce the bioavailability and toxicity of lead in foods is of great importance for reducing and preventing the heavy metal hazard of agricultural products.
The invention provides application of propolis and/or propolis extract in preparation of foods for reducing health risks of heavy metals.
The invention also provides application of the propolis and/or the propolis extract in preparing products for reducing toxic effects after heavy metal poisoning of animals.
Preferably, the heavy metal is lead or cadmium.
Preferably, the propolis extract comprises one or more of kaempferol, quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
Preferably, the product comprises a dietary supplement or a medicament comprising a heavy metal antidote.
The invention also provides a product for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in food or reducing toxic effects of animals after heavy metal poisoning, wherein the product comprises propolis and/or propolis extract and auxiliary materials.
The invention also provides a method for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in food for non-disease treatment purposes, comprising the steps of: mixing food with propolis and/or propolis extract for eating; or before and/or after eating the food, eating propolis and/or propolis extract.
Preferably, the dosage of the propolis and/or the propolis extract is 3.5-33 mg/kg of food respectively.
The invention also provides an evaluation method of the health risk of heavy metals in food, which comprises an evaluation method for simulating gastrointestinal digestion in vitro or an animal model evaluation method; detecting the concentration of heavy metals in digestive juice and food by adopting an evaluation method for simulating gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, and calculating the bioavailability; detecting the heavy metal content in the mouse organ by using an animal model evaluation method, and calculating to obtain bioavailability; and the comprehensive evaluation of the health risk of the heavy metals in the food is realized by combining the biological availability and the biological effectiveness.
Preferably, the heavy metal is lead or cadmium.
The present invention provides the use of propolis and/or propolis extract in the manufacture of a product for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in foods. The invention discovers that the propolis and/or the propolis extract not only can supplement nutrient elements and has no side effect, but also can reduce the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in food, is used for reducing toxic effects of animals after heavy metal poisoning and reducing heavy metal toxicity and damage, and provides a novel technical measure for solving the heavy metal poisoning of people.
Propolis is widely used as food additive or dietary supplement in daily life, and has no side effects on human body in proper additive amount. The invention can play the role of the propolis itself in competition or adsorption of Pb and Cd ions in the polluted food, effectively reduce the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in the food, reduce the accumulation of Pb and Cd in the animal body and reduce the risk of poisoning. Compared with other methods for treating Pb or Cd poisoning by using chelating agent therapy, the method for applying the dietary component has the characteristics of low cost, easy acquisition, low toxicity and good effect.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of propolis addition and the like on the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in the middle intestinal stage of rice 1;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of propolis addition and the like on the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in the midgut stage of rice 2;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the bio-availability of Pb and Cd in the intestinal phase of rice 1 of several other propolis extracts according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of adding propolis etc. on the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in rice 1;
fig. 5 is a graph showing the effect of adding propolis and the like on Pb and Cd health risk entropy after eating rice 1 and rice 2.
Detailed Description
The present invention provides the use of propolis and/or propolis extract in the manufacture of a product for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in foods. In the present invention, the heavy metal is preferably lead or cadmium, more preferably lead. In the present invention, the propolis is preferably free of heavy metals. The source of the propolis is not particularly limited in the invention, and conventional commercial purified propolis powder without heavy metals, which is well known to those skilled in the art, can be used. The propolis has different chemical components, but contains a large amount of flavonoids such as chrysin, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, galangin, etc. In the present invention, the propolis extract preferably includes one or more of kaempferol, quercetin and phenethyl caffeate. The results of the embodiment of the invention show that kaempferol, quercetin and phenethyl caffeate all have a reducing effect on the bioavailability of lead. The source of the propolis extract is not particularly limited, and the propolis extract is obtained by adopting a conventional commercially available purified propolis product. In the present invention, the product preferably comprises a dietary supplement or a medicament, preferably comprising a heavy metal antidote. The propolis has no side effect on human body, has complexing, competing or adsorbing effects on Pb or Cd ions in polluted foods, can effectively reduce the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in foods, reduces the accumulation of Pb and Cd in animal bodies and reduces the toxic hazard risk. In addition, propolis and propolis extract thereof can be used as antioxidant substances to remove free radicals, effectively restore reduced Glutathione (GSH) level, and protect liver by inhibiting Pb and Cd induced oxidative stress.
The invention also provides application of the propolis and/or the propolis extract in preparing products for reducing toxic effects after heavy metal poisoning of animals. In the present invention, the heavy metal is preferably lead or cadmium, more preferably lead. Compared with other methods for treating heavy metal poisoning such as chelating agent therapy, the method for applying dietary components (propolis and/or propolis extract) has the characteristics of low cost, easy availability, low toxicity and good effect. In the present invention, the propolis extract preferably includes one or more of kaempferol, quercetin and phenethyl caffeate. In the present invention, the propolis is preferably free of heavy metals. The source of the propolis is not particularly limited in the invention, and conventional commercial purified propolis powder without heavy metals, which is well known to those skilled in the art, can be used. In the present invention, the product preferably comprises a dietary supplement or a medicament, preferably comprising a heavy metal antidote.
The invention also provides a product for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in food or reducing toxic effects of animals after heavy metal poisoning, wherein the product comprises propolis and/or propolis extract and auxiliary materials. In the present invention, the heavy metal is preferably lead or cadmium, more preferably lead. The invention mixes propolis and/or propolis extract with food, especially food with excessive heavy metal, and has detoxification effect. The food according to the present invention preferably comprises rice or vegetables.
The invention also provides a method for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in food for non-disease treatment purposes, comprising the steps of: mixing food with propolis and/or propolis extract for eating; or before and/or after eating the food, eating propolis and/or propolis extract. In the present invention, the heavy metal is preferably lead or lead, more preferably lead. In the present invention, the dosage of the propolis and/or the propolis extract is preferably 3.5 to 33mg/kg of food, respectively, i.e., the amount of the propolis and/or the propolis extract added to the food is preferably 3.5 to 33mg/kg.
The invention also provides an evaluation method of the health risk of heavy metals in food, which comprises an evaluation method for simulating gastrointestinal digestion in vitro or an animal model evaluation method; detecting the concentration of heavy metals in digestive juice and food by adopting an evaluation method for simulating gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, and calculating the bioavailability; detecting the heavy metal content in the mouse organ by using an animal model evaluation method, and calculating to obtain bioavailability; and the comprehensive evaluation of the health risk of the heavy metals in the food is realized by combining the biological availability and the biological effectiveness. The evaluation method for simulating gastrointestinal digestion or animal model evaluation method is not particularly limited, and conventional evaluation methods well known to those skilled in the art may be employed.
Specifically, the evaluation method for in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion according to the invention preferably comprises the following steps:
mixing propolis and/or propolis extract, food and simulated gastric fluid, simulating gastric digestion, centrifuging to obtain supernatant, and filtering to obtain filtrate;
mixing the filtrate with gastric juice, pancreatin and bile salt, adjusting pH to 7, simulating intestinal digestion, centrifuging to obtain supernatant, and filtering to obtain digestive juice;
detecting the heavy metal content in the digestive juice, and calculating the bioavailability of the heavy metal according to a formula shown in a formula I;
bioavailability (%) = (soluble concentration of heavy metal in digestive juice (mg/L) ×volume of digestive juice (L))/(concentration of heavy metal in food (mg/kg) ×weight of food sample (kg))×100, formula I;
the animal model evaluation method comprises the following steps:
dividing mice into a treatment group, a blank control group and a standard control group for feeding, feeding heavy metal contaminated feed to the treatment group, and pouring propolis and/or propolis extract in a stomach pouring mode; feeding the blank control group with pollution-free feed; feeding heavy metal standard solution and adding standard food to a standard control group; accurately recording the weight of food supplied and remaining each day, fasting the mice overnight after 10 days of steady state exposure, weighing, humane sacrifice, and collecting liver and kidney samples; freeze-drying the sample to constant weight, detecting the heavy metal content in the liver and kidney of the mouse, and calculating the bioavailability of the heavy metal according to a formula shown in a formula III;
bioavailability (%) = (heavy metal content (mg/kg) in treated/placebo group organs)/(heavy metal content (mg/kg) in standard control group organs) × (standard dose (mg))/(food sample dose (mg)) ×100, formula iii.
In the present invention, the heavy metal is preferably lead or cadmium, more preferably lead. The invention combines the values of bioavailability and bioavailability to realize comprehensive evaluation of health risks of heavy metals in food. The evaluation method disclosed by the invention is simple to operate, easy to control test conditions, small in pollution, economical and accurate in result. The bio-availability and bioavailability of heavy metals are two commonly used and most useful indicators for assessing health risks. The evaluation method is suitable for evaluating the human health risks of heavy metals in various foods such as grains, vegetables and the like.
For further explanation of the present invention, the application of propolis and/or propolis extract provided by the present invention in the preparation of products for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in foods will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides an evaluation method for evaluating the bioavailability of heavy metals in a digestion process, which comprises the following steps: the bio-availability of Pb and Cd in rice was determined using the international in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion method (physiologically based extraction test). 1) Gastric stage: 1L of simulated gastric fluid is prepared, the pH is adjusted to 1.5+/-0.05 by 37 percent HCl, and then 1.25g of pepsin is added, fully dissolved and uniformly mixed for standby. Mixing food with propolis and/or propolis extract in a reactor (50 ml centrifuge tube) at a ratio of 1:100. shaking with water at 37deg.C for 1 hr, centrifuging, collecting supernatant, and filtering. Each treatment was repeated 3 times and a blank was set. 2) Small intestine stage: adding pancreatin and bile into gastric juice, and using saturated NaHCO 3 The pH of the reaction solution in the stomach stage is adjusted to 7, the reaction solution is oscillated for 4 hours, the pH is kept at 7.0+/-0.05, and then the reaction solution is centrifuged and filtered to be measured. And respectively detecting the Pb and Cd contents in the digestive juice, calculating the bioavailability of Pb and Cd according to the formula shown in the formula I, and obtaining an evaluation result according to the bioavailability of heavy metals.
Bioavailability (%) = (soluble concentration of heavy metal in digestive juice (mg/L) ×volume of digestive juice (L))/(concentration of heavy metal in food (mg/kg) ×weight of food sample (kg))×100, formula I.
In the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion method, 3 representative substances were selected from propolis extract, including kaempferol, quercetin and phenethyl caffeate. The adoption of the high-pollution rice, rice 1 (Pb and Cd contents are respectively 7.14mg/kg and 0.82 mg/kg), low, medium and high dosages (respectively 1%, 3% and 6%,% refer to mass percent content, hereinafter the same) of propolis, kaempferol, phenethyl caffeate and quercetin can obviously reduce Pb biological availability in the intestinal stage of the digestion process, wherein the reduction amplitude of the low, medium and high added amount of propolis is the largest, and the reduction amplitude of the low, medium and high added amount of propolis is respectively 40%, 57% and 67%. In addition, kaempferol also showed a strong inhibition effect, which was reduced by 37%, 43% and 45% respectively (fig. 1) at low, medium and high doses, indicating a stable inhibition effect. Although low dose quercetin showed the weakest Pb bio-availability inhibitory effect, a 15% drop was also achieved. For Cd, the bioavailability of Cd is reduced by 34% and 41% respectively by using the high-dose neutralized propolis, and the high-dose caffeic acid phenethyl ester has a certain effect on inhibiting Cd, which shows that the propolis integrates various effective components and can better inhibit the bioavailability of Cd in food.
Example 2
In the embodiment, another low-pollution rice is selected, rice 2 (Pb and Cd contents are respectively 3.02mg/kg and 0.71 mg/kg), the inhibition effect of the medium-dose propolis and the extract thereof adopted in the embodiment 1 on the bioavailability of heavy metals in the digestive tract is further verified, and the additive amount is 3%. By adopting the method for simulating the intestines and the stomach in vitro, propolis, quercetin, kaempferol and caffeic acid phenethyl ester are found to obviously reduce Pb bioavailability by 53%, 25%, 21% and 24% respectively (figure 2). For Cd, only propolis can greatly reduce Cd bioavailability by as high as 47%. Quercetin, kaempferol and phenethyl caffeate did not have an inhibitory effect on Cd bio-availability at intestinal stage of the simulated digestion process. The results demonstrate that the effects of propolis and its extracts on the bioavailability of Pb and Cd are consistent, whether high-pollution or low-pollution foods. Notably, the effect of reducing the bioavailability of Pb by the propolis and the extract thereof is obviously better than the effect of Cd, and the reduction amplitude is more than 20 percent.
Example 3
Based on the heavy metal bio-availability results of examples 1 and 2 and the internationally used target hazard coefficient method (formula II), the health risk entropy (THQ) of Pb and Cd after adult consumption of 326g of m 1 or m 2 was estimated. Fig. 3 shows the effect of propolis and its extracts on Pb and Cd health risk entropy. As a result, it was found that the addition of propolis and its extract decreased Pb-THQ of rice 1, but was greater than 1, indicating the potential health risk (which is caused by too high Pb content of rice 1); for rice 2 (low concentration), the addition of propolis and its extract reduces Pb-THQ of rice 2 to less than 1, which indicates that the addition of propolis, quercetin, kaempferol and phenethyl caffeate is beneficial to reducing health risk of Pb after eating rice. Propolis can effectively reduce Cd-THQ of rice 1 and 2, but the extract thereof has unsatisfactory effect of reducing Cd-THQ in rice 1 and rice 2.
THQ= (exposure frequency (d/year) ×exposure period (year) ×daily average consumption (g/d) ×food heavy metal content (mg/kg))/(daily allowance (mg/kg·d) ×body weight (kg) ×average time (d)) of formula II.
Comparative example 1
In order to compare the inhibition effect of propolis and its extract and calcium carbonate on the bioavailability and effectiveness of heavy metals, high-pollution rice (rice 1) is selected, and medium-dosage calcium carbonate is added to compare the inhibition effect of the high-pollution rice on the bioavailability of heavy metals in the digestive tract, wherein the addition dosage is 3%. Calcium carbonate significantly reduced the bioavailability of Pb and Cd by 66% and 37%, respectively (fig. 2). In contrast, although quercetin, kaempferol and phenethyl caffeate have slightly weaker effects of reducing Pb bio-availability than calcium carbonate, propolis has significantly stronger effects than calcium carbonate. Similarly, the effect of propolis on reducing Cd bioavailability is far higher than that of calcium carbonate, indicating the potential of propolis for detoxification of Pb and Cd in foods.
Comparative example 2
To compare the inhibitory effect of propolis and its several representative extracts on the bioavailability of heavy metals, another 5 representative extracts of propolis extract, including galangin, pinocembrin, chrysin, myricetin and apigenin, were selected and compared with the low, medium and high (1%, 3% and 6% respectively) doses. As shown in fig. 4, three doses of galangin, pinocembrin, chrysin, myricetin and apigenin did not reduce the bioavailability of Pb and Cd compared to the control, and the inhibitory effect of these five extracts on the bioavailability of heavy metals was not ideal. In contrast, the advantage of propolis, quercetin, kaempferol and phenethyl caffeate in example 1 in inhibiting Pb bio-availability is very evident.
Experimental example 1
In order to explore the practical effect of propolis and its extract in reducing heavy metal health risk, an in-vivo animal model is adopted to analyze the inhibition effect of propolis and its extract on heavy metal biological effectiveness, and the method comprises the following steps: a mouse animal model is established, balb/C female mice (about 6 weeks old, 16-20 g) are selected, basal feed is given to the mice, after 7 days of adaptive feeding, 3 mice per cage are randomly allocated to metabolic cages, and 3 replicates are set for each treatment. The treatment group is a feed prepared by feeding polluted rice (rice 1) for multiple times, and the mice are infused with propolis and/or propolis extract in a stomach infusion mode, wherein the dosage of propolis is 3.5mg/kg food, the dosage of kaempferol, quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester is 33mg/kg food, and the dosage of calcium carbonate is 20mg/kg food once per day. The mice fed with the pollution-free rice are used as a blank control group, and the mice fed with Pb or Cd standard solution and marked (0 mg/kg, 0.2mg/kg, 0.4mg/kg, 0.8mg/kg and 1.6mg/kg respectively) are used as standard control groups. Food intake was accurately recorded daily. Mice were fasted overnight after 10 days of steady state exposure and liver and kidney samples were collected. Freeze drying to constant weight for use. And detecting the heavy metal content in the liver and kidney of the mice, and calculating the bioavailability of the heavy metal according to a formula shown in a formula III.
Bioavailability (%) = (heavy metal content (mg/kg) in treated/placebo group organs)/(heavy metal content (mg/kg) in standard control group organs) × (standard dose (mg))/(food sample amount (mg)) ×100, formula iii.
After 10 days of rice 1 feeding, quercetin and phenethyl caffeate effectively reduce Pb accumulation in kidneys and liver; however, propolis and its extract had no significant effect on mouse liver and kidney Cd accumulation (p > 0.05), as shown in table 1. The Pb bioavailability of rice 1 is obviously reduced by propolis, kaempferol, quercetin and phenethyl caffeate, the reduction range is from high to low, namely quercetin (37%) > phenethyl caffeate (31%) > propolis (26%) > kaempferol (23%), as shown in figure 5. The inhibition of the bioavailability of Pb by propolis, quercetin and phenethyl caffeate was significantly better than that of calcium carbonate (23.5%). Thus, propolis and its extracts have a better effect in reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals (especially Pb) in foods than the well-known heavy metal deactivator calcium carbonate.
Table 1 dietary ingredient addition the contents of Pb and Cd in mice organs (mg/kg, dry weight, mean ± standard deviation, n=3) in rice group 1
Note that: the same column of different lower case letters indicates that there is a significant difference in the content of Pb and Cd in the organs of mice in the rice 1 group with dietary ingredient addition (p < 0.05).
The propolis, kaempferol, quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester can effectively reduce the bioavailability of Pb in the polluted rice in the in-vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion process under the condition of low, medium and high dosages, and reduce the solubility of heavy metals in the stomach and intestine. The propolis, kaempferol, quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester have the capability of complexing heavy metals, prevent the catalysis of metal ions on chain reaction in autoxidation, have better capability of inhibiting Pb biological effectiveness in animals compared with calcium carbonate, and are more excellent in reducing Pb accumulation of organs in vivo. The health risk entropy estimated based on the Pb biological donor content in the simulated stomach and intestine well reflects the harm risk of the propolis, kaempferol, quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester to a certain extent, which can reduce the heavy metal after eating the polluted food. The propolis provided by the invention can effectively reduce the bioavailability of Cd in pollution rice in the in-vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion process and the bioavailability of Cd in animals, and obviously reduce the risk of Cd hazard after eating rice. In addition, the propolis, kaempferol, quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester provided by the invention not only can supplement nutrient elements required by organisms, but also has no side effect, has strong oxidation resistance, improves oxidative damage of heavy metals to the bodies, and has good application prospects in guaranteeing safe eating and health risks of agricultural products.
Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some, but not all, embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be devised in accordance with the present embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. Use of propolis and/or propolis extract in the manufacture of a product for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in foods.
2. The application of propolis and/or propolis extract in preparing products for reducing toxic effects after heavy metal poisoning of animals is provided.
3. Use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heavy metal is lead or cadmium.
4. The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the propolis extract comprises one or more of kaempferol, quercetin and phenethyl caffeate.
5. The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the product comprises a dietary supplement or a medicament comprising a heavy metal antidote.
6. A product for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in food or reducing the toxic effects of animals after heavy metal poisoning, characterized in that the product comprises propolis and/or propolis extract, and adjuvants.
7. A method for reducing the bioavailability and/or toxicity of heavy metals in food for non-disease treatment purposes, comprising the steps of: mixing food with propolis and/or propolis extract for eating; or before and/or after eating the food, eating propolis and/or propolis extract.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the propolis and/or propolis extract is used in an amount of 3.5 to 33mg/kg of food, respectively.
9. The evaluation method of the health risk of the heavy metal in the food is characterized by comprising an evaluation method for simulating gastrointestinal digestion in vitro or an animal model evaluation method; detecting the concentration of heavy metals in digestive juice and food by adopting an evaluation method for simulating gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, and calculating the bioavailability; detecting the heavy metal content in the mouse organ by using an animal model evaluation method, and calculating to obtain bioavailability; and the comprehensive evaluation of the health risk of the heavy metals in the food is realized by combining the biological availability and the biological effectiveness.
10. The product of claim 6 or the method of claim 7 or 8 or the evaluation method of claim 9, wherein the heavy metal is lead or cadmium.
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