CN117826256A

CN117826256A - Method and device for determining sequence boundary of high-frequency seismic sequence stratum

Info

Publication number: CN117826256A
Application number: CN202311734898.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 徐宁; 郭同翠; 赵俊峰; 徐振永; 刘会峰; 谢伟; 宋敏
Original assignee: China Petroleum Dubai Research Institute; Petrochina Co Ltd
Current assignee: China Petroleum Dubai Research Institute; Petrochina Co Ltd
Priority date: 2023-12-15
Filing date: 2023-12-15
Publication date: 2024-04-05

Abstract

The invention discloses a method and a device for determining an interval boundary of a high-frequency earthquake interval stratum, wherein the method comprises the following steps: according to the three-dimensional seismic data volume, a relative geologic time model is generated, an initial medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data volume based on the earthquake is extracted, a medium-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake is extracted, baseline removal processing is carried out, a second sequence boundary data volume based on the earthquake is obtained through first waveform difference inversion, a third sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake is extracted and used as a basic curve, and is fused with a gamma curve, a porosity curve, a carbonate particle curve and a carbonate texture curve which reflect high-frequency sequence boundaries, a carbonate suture line frequency curve, an asphalt content curve and a dolomite content curve which reflect the sequence boundaries, a Gao Pindi sequence boundary data volume based on the earthquake is obtained after second waveform difference inversion, and the high-frequency earthquake sequence boundary is identified.

Description

Method and device for determining sequence boundary of high-frequency seismic sequence stratum

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of oil and gas exploration and development of carbonate strata and seismic division of stratum high-frequency sea level change gyratory strata sequence bodies, in particular to a method and a device for determining a stratum sequence boundary of a high-frequency seismic stratum sequence.

Background

This section is intended to provide a background or context to the embodiments of the invention that are recited in the claims. The description herein is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

The stratigraphic unit contains a formation that was deposited in all causally related deposition environments during a complete reference plane rotation. The half-turn boundary of a causative sequence occurs at the transition point where the datum rises to fall or falls to rise. In different paleogeographic environments, these transition points either appear as formation discontinuities or as integrated formations that record increases or decreases, respectively, in the receivable space, typically forming sequence interfaces.

In layer sequence stratigraphy, the layer sequence is generally divided into 1-6 stages, wherein the 1-3 stages of layer sequences correspond to the deposition loops of the structural factors, belong to low-frequency layer sequences (loops) and correspond to giant layer sequences, super layer sequences and layer sequences respectively; the 4-6-level layer sequences correspond to the deposition loops of the climate cause respectively, belong to the high-frequency layer sequences (loops), also called Milank-ovitch loops, and correspond to the quasi-layer sequence group, the quasi-layer sequence and the prosodic layer respectively. When the layer sequence stratigraphy is studied, layer sequence division is the basis, and layer sequence interface identification is the key of layer sequence division. The general layer sequence interface has a non-integration surface, a sea-invasion upper-exceeding surface, a water-flooding non-integration surface, an ancient karst action surface, a volcanic event action surface and a lithology conversion surface. Different levels of sequence correspond to different levels of sequence interfaces, such as non-integrated surfaces of regions, structural transition surfaces often correspond to low frequency sequences, while lithology transition surfaces, depositional non-integrated surfaces, etc. correspond to high frequency sequences.

The method for determining the layer sequence interface commonly used in geology mainly comprises the following steps: lithology change, core observation, INPEFA curve and wavelet change frequency spectrum. However, in areas where carbonate rock is the main object of study, the lithofacies include granular rock limestone, granular mud powder rock, mud crystal rock (containing particles), yun Yan, cloud limestone, paste mud crystal rock and the like, and a plurality of thin layer shoals develop, and the cuttings beach items develop, are affected by multiple rotations, and develop a plurality of beach bodies in multiple stages. For carbonate strata with stronger heterogeneity, the existing sequence interface determination method can only generally reflect the boundary of a low-frequency sequence stratum, cannot identify the higher-frequency sequence stratum trellis requirements, and cannot effectively determine the sequence boundary of a high-frequency seismic sequence stratum.

Disclosure of Invention

In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for determining a sequence boundary of a high-frequency seismic sequence stratum, which can establish a more accurate high-frequency sequence boundary body, so that the sequence boundary accuracy of the identified high-frequency seismic sequence stratum is higher, and the method includes:

calculating a geological model grid according to the three-dimensional seismic data volume of the target interval of the target area;

generating a relative geologic time model according to the geologic model grid;

Processing and analyzing the relative geologic time model, and extracting an initial medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data body based on earthquake;

extracting a seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary curve of a target interval at a target well point from an initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data volume;

performing baseline removal processing on the middle-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake;

according to the medium-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake, obtaining a second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake through first waveform difference inversion;

extracting a third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point from the second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake;

taking a third sequence boundary curve based on an earthquake as a basic curve, and fusing the third sequence boundary curve with a gamma curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a porosity curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate grain curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting the sequence boundary, an asphalt content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary and a dolomite content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary at a target well point to obtain a tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake;

According to a high-frequency tenth-order boundary curve based on the earthquake, carrying out second waveform difference inversion on a target interval of the target area to obtain a Gao Pindi three-order boundary data body based on the earthquake;

based on the Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum is identified.

In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a device for determining a sequence boundary of a high-frequency seismic sequence stratum, which can establish a more accurate high-frequency sequence boundary body, so that the accuracy of the sequence boundary of the identified high-frequency seismic sequence stratum is higher, and the device includes:

the geological model grid calculation module is used for calculating geological model grids according to the three-dimensional seismic data volume of the target interval of the target area;

the relative geologic time model generation module is used for generating a relative geologic time model according to the geologic model grid;

the layer sequence thickness boundary data body extraction module is used for processing and analyzing the relative geologic time model and extracting an initial medium-low frequency first layer sequence boundary data body based on earthquake;

the system comprises a seismic-based interval boundary curve, a first-frequency-based interval boundary curve and a second-frequency-based interval boundary curve, wherein the seismic-based interval boundary curve is used for extracting a target interval at a target well point from an initial seismic-based middle-low frequency first interval boundary data volume; performing baseline removal processing on the middle-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake; according to the medium-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake, obtaining a second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake through first waveform difference inversion; extracting a third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point from the second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake;

The fusion processing module is used for fusing a third sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake with a gamma curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a porosity curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate particle curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate texture curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting the sequence boundary, an asphalt content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary and an dolomite content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary at a target well point to obtain a tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake;

the high-frequency earthquake sequence boundary identification module is used for carrying out second waveform difference inversion on a target interval of the target area according to a high-frequency tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a Gao Pindi sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake; based on the Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum is identified.

In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a computer device, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and capable of running on the processor, where the processor implements the method for determining a sequence boundary of a high frequency seismic sequence stratum when the processor executes the computer program.

In a fourth aspect, embodiments of the present invention also provide a computer readable storage medium storing a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method for determining a sequence boundary of a high frequency seismic sequence horizon.

In a fifth aspect, embodiments of the present invention also provide a computer program product comprising a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the above-described method of determining a sequence boundary of a high frequency seismic sequence horizon.

According to the embodiment of the invention, a geological model grid is calculated according to a three-dimensional seismic data volume of a target interval of a target area; generating a relative geologic time model according to the geologic model grid; processing and analyzing the relative geologic time model, and extracting an initial medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data body based on earthquake; extracting a seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary curve of a target interval at a target well point from an initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data volume; performing baseline removal processing on the middle-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake; according to the medium-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake, obtaining a second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake through first waveform difference inversion; extracting a third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point from the second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake; taking a third sequence boundary curve based on an earthquake as a basic curve, and fusing the third sequence boundary curve with a gamma curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a porosity curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate grain curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting the sequence boundary, an asphalt content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary and a dolomite content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary at a target well point to obtain a tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; according to a high-frequency tenth-order boundary curve based on the earthquake, carrying out second waveform difference inversion on a target interval of the target area to obtain a Gao Pindi three-order boundary data body based on the earthquake; based on the Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum is identified. Compared with the existing interval interface determining method, the embodiment of the invention extracts the middle-low frequency first interval boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point, and then carries out multiple treatments including baseline treatment, inversion treatment, extraction treatment and fusion with various curves reflecting the high-frequency interval boundary and curves reflecting the interval boundary to obtain an accurate high-frequency interval boundary curve, finally carries out inversion based on waveform differences to obtain a high-frequency interval boundary data body, identifies the interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum according to the high-frequency interval boundary data body, and in the high-frequency interval boundary body, the larger the numerical value is, the closer the gamma curve and the porosity curve are at the target well point, the inverted interval boundary characteristic is more obvious, so that the accuracy and the precision of identifying the interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum by using earthquake-geological logging fusion information are improved, and the accuracy of the identified interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum is higher.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for determining a sequence boundary of a high frequency seismic sequence formation in an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of computing a geologic model grid in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of generating a relative geologic time model in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of multi-curve fusion in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is an exemplary diagram of a relative geologic time model calculated from a three-dimensional seismic data volume of the region in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example well connection profile of an initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first interval boundary data volume from analysis of a relative geologic time model in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is an exemplary plot of a seismic-based sequence boundary curve in an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example well connection profile for obtaining a second seismic-based sequence boundary data volume by a first waveform difference inversion in an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the comparison of the gamma curve before and after processing in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the comparison of the porosity curve before and after treatment in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is an example of a process for fusion to obtain a high frequency layer sequence boundary curve in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a high frequency sequence boundary data volume according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a sequence boundary determination apparatus for a high frequency seismic sequence formation according to an embodiment of the invention;

fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of a computer device in an embodiment of the invention.

Detailed Description

For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The exemplary embodiments of the present invention and their descriptions herein are for the purpose of explaining the present invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for determining a sequence boundary of a high frequency seismic sequence formation in an embodiment of the invention, comprising:

step 101, calculating a geological model grid according to a three-dimensional seismic data volume of a target interval of a target area;

Step 102, generating a relative geologic time model according to the geologic model grid;

step 103, processing and analyzing the relative geologic time model, and extracting an initial medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data body based on earthquake;

104, extracting a middle-low frequency first time sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of a target interval at a target well point from an initial middle-low frequency first sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake;

step 105, performing baseline removal processing on the middle-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake;

step 106, obtaining a second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake through first waveform difference inversion according to the middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake;

step 107, extracting a third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point from the second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake;

step 108, fusing a third sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake with a gamma curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a porosity curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate grain curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate texture curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting the sequence boundary, a bitumen content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary and a dolomite content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary at a target well point to obtain a tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake;

Step 109, according to a high-frequency tenth-order boundary curve based on the earthquake, carrying out second waveform difference inversion on a target interval of the target area to obtain a Gao Pindi three-order boundary data body based on the earthquake;

step 110, identifying the sequence boundary of the high-frequency seismic sequence stratum according to the Gao Pindi three-sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake.

In the embodiment of the invention, a geological model grid is calculated according to a three-dimensional seismic data volume of a target interval of a target area; generating a relative geologic time model according to the geologic model grid; processing and analyzing the relative geologic time model, and extracting an initial medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data body based on earthquake; extracting a seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary curve of a target interval at a target well point from an initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data volume; performing baseline removal processing on the middle-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake; according to the medium-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake, obtaining a second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake through first waveform difference inversion; extracting a third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point from the second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake; taking a third sequence boundary curve based on an earthquake as a basic curve, and fusing the third sequence boundary curve with a gamma curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a porosity curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate grain curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting the sequence boundary, an asphalt content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary and a dolomite content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary at a target well point to obtain a tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; according to a high-frequency tenth-order boundary curve based on the earthquake, carrying out second waveform difference inversion on a target interval of the target area to obtain a Gao Pindi three-order boundary data body based on the earthquake; based on the Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum is identified. Compared with the existing interval interface determining method, the embodiment of the invention extracts the middle-low frequency first interval boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point, and then carries out multiple treatments including baseline treatment, inversion treatment, extraction treatment and fusion with various curves reflecting the high-frequency interval boundary and curves reflecting the interval boundary to obtain an accurate high-frequency interval boundary curve, finally carries out inversion based on waveform differences to obtain a high-frequency interval boundary data body, identifies the interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum according to the high-frequency interval boundary data body, and in the high-frequency interval boundary body, the larger the numerical value is, the closer the gamma curve and the porosity curve are at the target well point, the inverted interval boundary characteristic is more obvious, so that the accuracy and the precision of identifying the interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum by using earthquake-geological logging fusion information are improved, and the accuracy of the identified interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum is higher.

In step 101, a geological model grid is calculated according to a three-dimensional seismic data volume of a target interval of a target area;

the step combines the three-dimensional seismic data volume in the actual well logging and seismic data to calculate.

Referring to FIG. 2, a geologic model grid is calculated from a three-dimensional seismic data volume of a target interval of a target area, comprising:

step 201, determining an initial geological model grid according to a three-dimensional seismic data volume of a target interval of a target area; two methods of determining an initial address model grid are provided herein.

In one embodiment, determining an initial geologic model grid from a three-dimensional seismic data volume of a target interval of a target zone, comprises:

when the three-dimensional seismic data volume has seismic horizon data, automatically tracking the seismic horizon data in the three-dimensional seismic data volume, and establishing a geological model grid by taking the tracked seismic horizon data as a constraint; wherein the seismic horizon data is already present in the three-dimensional seismic data volume;

and when the three-dimensional seismic data volume does not contain the seismic horizon data, calculating an initial geological model grid according to the waveform similarity and the relative distance for at least one seed point in the three-dimensional seismic data volume of the target interval of the target area. For the specific calculation, a certain algorithm, for example, an algorithm based on boundary control-local mapping, etc., may be used, which is not limited herein.

Step 202, taking the initial geological model grid as the current geological model grid, and repeatedly executing the following steps until the matching condition of the current geological model grid and the three-dimensional seismic data volume meets the preset condition:

step 2021, interactively correcting the association relationship between the seismic horizons in the current geological model grid; each correction here affects links between nodes in the model mesh;

step 2022, analyzing the coincidence condition of the corrected geological model grid and the three-dimensional seismic data volume; the implementation can be analyzed through previewing;

and step 2023, optimizing parameters of the current geologic model grid when the matching condition does not meet the preset condition, and taking the optimized geologic model grid as the current geologic model grid.

Through the loop iteration, the optimal geological model grid can be obtained.

In step 102, generating a relative geologic time model from the geologic model grid;

referring to FIG. 3, in one embodiment, generating a relative geologic time model from a geologic model grid, comprises:

step 301, connecting and interpolating the surface element pieces of the geological model grid to obtain a processed geological model grid;

Step 302, assigning a relative geologic time to each pixel in the processed geologic model grid, and generating an initial relative geologic time model;

at step 303, a plurality of horizon stacks are extracted from the initial relative geologic time model to form a relative geologic time model represented by the plurality of horizon stacks. Where the horizon stack typically comprises tens of thousands, the relative geologic time model represented by tens of thousands of horizon stacks is more accurate.

Step 103, processing and analyzing the relative geologic time model, and extracting an initial medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data body based on earthquake; the sequence thickness boundary data volume is attribute volume data capable of reflecting sequence boundaries, can reflect changes of longitudinal and transverse sequence boundaries, and is used for sequence interpretation in combination with earthquakes, and the larger the value is, the larger the same geologic age difference is, the more likely the sequence boundaries are, and the interpretation method for establishing a high-frequency sequence stratum frame based on the global thinking concept of earthquakes-geology is provided.

In one embodiment, extracting a seismic-based medium-low frequency first order interval boundary curve for a desired interval at a target well point from an initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first order interval boundary data volume comprises:

and (3) performing well-shock calibration and first-time waveform difference inversion on the middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the base line removal processing based on the earthquake to obtain a second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake.

And performing baseline removal processing on the middle-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve based on the baseline removal processing of the earthquake, wherein the middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve obtained after the baseline removal processing of the earthquake can highlight the identification capability of the sequence thickness boundary curve obtained from the earthquake data body on the sequence boundary.

In step 108, fusing the third order boundary curve based on the earthquake with a gamma curve reflecting the high-frequency order boundary, a porosity curve reflecting the high-frequency order boundary, a carbonate grain curve reflecting the high-frequency order boundary, a carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting the order boundary, a bitumen content curve reflecting the carbonate of the order boundary and an dolomite content curve reflecting the carbonate of the order boundary at the target well point to obtain a tenth order boundary curve based on the earthquake;

Referring to fig. 4, the specific fusion steps include:

step 401, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking the third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points after carrying out normalization processing on the gamma curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, and then superposing the gamma curve on the plurality of column data points corresponding to the third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake at the corresponding depth point to fuse the gamma curve into a fourth high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake;

in an embodiment, the method further comprises:

performing reverse processing on the gamma curve at the target well point to obtain a reverse gamma curve;

performing trending treatment on the reverse gamma curve to obtain a trended gamma curve;

and (3) removing the base line of the gamma curve after trending treatment to obtain a gamma curve reflecting the boundary of the high-frequency sequence.

Step 402, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking a fourth time sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points after normalizing a porosity curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, and then superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the fourth time sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of a corresponding depth point to fuse the column data points into a fifth high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake;

In an embodiment, the method further comprises:

and performing baseline removal treatment on the porosity curve at the target well point to obtain a porosity curve reflecting the boundary of the high-frequency sequence.

Step 403, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking the fifth time sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a base curve, discretizing the carbonate particle curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary to form a plurality of column data points after normalization treatment, superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the fifth time sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the corresponding depth point, and fusing the column data points into a sixth time high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein the carbonate particle curve reflecting the high frequency sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying carbonate particles into a plurality of column data points from granular limestone to argillaceous limestone;

for example, the number of column data points quantized from granular to argillite limestone may be-7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, with larger negative values indicating smaller particles and larger argillite content, larger positive values indicating larger carbonate particles and larger carbonate particle content.

The larger the carbonate particles are, the stronger the seawater movement energy is, so that the carbonate sequence boundary information can be better reacted by fusing the normalized carbonate particle curve.

Step 404, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking the sixth-order sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a base curve, discretizing the carbonate texture curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary to form a plurality of column data points after normalization treatment, superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the sixth-order sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the corresponding depth points, and fusing the column data points into a seventh high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein, the carbonate rock texture curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying the rock texture structure of the carbonate rock into a plurality of column data points;

rock texture such as carbonate rock quantifies an integer from 1 to 15, with a larger value indicating a coarser texture;

wherein, the carbonate rock texture curve represents the structure of the carbonate deposit sequence and the characteristic of deposit rotation, and the carbonate rock texture curve is fused to more finely reflect the high-frequency sequence boundary of the carbonate rock.

Step 405, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking the seventh order boundary curve based on the earthquake as a base curve, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by carrying out normalization processing on a suture line frequency curve of carbonate rock reflecting a high-frequency order boundary, overlapping the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the seventh order boundary curve based on the earthquake of a corresponding depth point, and fusing the column data points into an eighth high-frequency order boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein, the suture frequency curve of the carbonate rock reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying the suture frequency of the carbonate rock into a plurality of column data points;

For example, the suture frequency of carbonate is quantized to an integer of 1 to 9, with a larger number indicating more sutures.

Wherein, the suture line frequency curve of carbonate rock reflecting high-frequency sequence boundary reflects the structure and sequence boundary change caused by diagenetic effect, the larger the suture line number, the stronger the advance and accumulation feature caused by sea back, and the more obvious the sequence boundary caused by coarse grain deposition.

Step 406, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking the eighth order boundary curve based on the earthquake as a base curve, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by normalizing the carbonate rock asphalt content curve reflecting the order boundary, overlapping the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the eighth order boundary curve based on the earthquake of the corresponding depth point, and fusing the column data points into a ninth high-frequency order boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein, the asphalt content curve of the carbonate rock reflecting the layer sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying the asphalt content of the carbonate rock into a plurality of column data points;

for example, the asphalt content of carbonate rock is quantized to 0.1 to 0.9, with larger values indicating more asphalt content;

wherein, the asphalt content curve of the carbonate rock reflects the change of temperature, pressure and components in the process of the carbonate rock reservoir formation, and the change of the sequence boundary is caused. Thus, fusing the asphalt content curves of carbonate rock reflecting the sequence boundaries can help to finely identify the sequence boundaries.

Step 407, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking the ninth order boundary curve based on the earthquake as a base curve, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points after normalizing the dolomite content curve of the carbonate rock reflecting the order boundary, and then superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the ninth order boundary curve based on the earthquake of the corresponding depth points to fuse the column data points into a tenth high-frequency order boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein, the dolomite content curve of the carbonate rock reflecting the sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying the dolomite to limestone content of the carbonate rock into a plurality of column data points.

For example, the dolomite to limestone content of carbonate is quantized to 0.1 to 0.9, the larger the number, the more the dolomite content is represented; wherein, the higher the dolomite content is, the shallower the sea water is, the carbonate layer sequence is located in the sea-back environment of the upper half-rotation, and the dolomite content curve of the carbonate fused to reflect the layer sequence boundary reflects the high-frequency layer sequence boundary more finely.

The resulting tenth high frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake can reflect the information of the high frequency sequence boundary.

In step 109, according to the high-frequency tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake, performing second waveform difference inversion on the target interval of the target area to obtain Gao Pindi three-sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake, wherein the high-frequency sequence boundary data body is clearer and higher in precision;

In step 110, according to the Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum is identified, and finally, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum with higher precision can be automatically identified by using the global thinking concept based on the high-frequency sequence boundary data body.

The method provided by the embodiment of the invention can be used for the carbonate sequence interface, and solves the technical problem that only a low-rotation interface can be obtained in the existing process of obtaining the carbonate sequence interface, and the resolution of the sequence interface is low. In areas mainly developed by carbonate rock oil and gas reservoirs, the causative mechanism of the heterogeneity of the carbonate rock reservoirs is a fundamental geological problem which restricts efficient development, and particularly, the research on the complicated carbonate rock curtain type layer sequence gyrations, the deposition modes and the corresponding multi-stage diagenetic evolution is weak, and the research on the carbonate rock diagenetic evolution history and the multi-element geological factor coupling control and storage mechanism needs to be assisted by establishing a high-frequency deposition gyratory layer sequence stratum trellis. Therefore, the method has wide application prospect.

A specific example is given below to illustrate a specific application of the method proposed by the present invention.

Taking a region where carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs are developed as a main example, fig. 5 is an exemplary diagram of a relative geologic time model calculated according to a three-dimensional seismic data volume of the region in an embodiment of the invention, where (a) in fig. 5 is a three-dimensional seismic data volume, (b) in fig. 5 is a geologic model grid, and (c) in fig. 5 is a relative geologic time model. FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example well-tie profile of an initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first interval boundary data volume, showing the temporal changes in relative geologic time for each seismic sample, highlighting the converging and diverging regions of the geologic layer, according to an embodiment of the invention, by analyzing the relative geologic time model. Is sensitive to unconformities, formation termination (underburden, superequipment), ablation, compaction, and formation thickness. The initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data volume is equal to the relatively isochronal geologic time divided by the seismic two-way reflection time interval. If the denominator seismic double-pass reflection time intervals are the same, the larger the molecular relative isochronal geological time is, the larger the sequence thickness boundary data volume is, which indicates that the stratum is thicker.

Fig. 7 is an exemplary diagram of a seismic-based sequence boundary curve according to an embodiment of the invention, where (a) in fig. 7 is a middle-low frequency first-order sequence boundary curve based on a seismic, and (b) in fig. 7 is a curve obtained by performing a baseline removal process on an initial sequence boundary curve. FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example of a well connection profile for a second seismic-based interval boundary data volume obtained by a first waveform difference inversion in an embodiment of the invention, where a third seismic-based interval boundary curve is finally extracted to highlight the identification of an interval boundary by an interval thickness boundary curve obtained from seismic data.

Fig. 9 is a comparison of the gamma curve before and after the processing according to the embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) in fig. 9 is an initial gamma curve, and (b) in fig. 9 is a gamma curve reflecting the boundary of the high frequency sequence.

Fig. 10 is a comparison of the porosity curve before and after the processing according to the embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) in fig. 10 is an initial porosity curve, and (b) in fig. 10 is a porosity curve reflecting the boundary of the high frequency layer sequence.

Fig. 11 is an example of a process of obtaining a high-frequency tenth order boundary curve based on an earthquake by fusion in the embodiment of the present invention, where (a) in fig. 11 is a third order boundary curve based on an earthquake, (b) in fig. 11 is a processed order boundary curve, c in fig. 11 is an initial gamma curve, d in fig. 11 is a gamma curve reflecting a high-frequency order boundary, e in fig. 11 is an initial porosity curve, f in fig. 11 is a porosity curve reflecting a high-frequency order boundary, g in fig. 11 is a fifth high-frequency order boundary curve based on an earthquake obtained by fusion, and other curves may be continuously fused later, and finally a tenth high-frequency order boundary curve based on an earthquake is obtained. Fig. 12 is a schematic illustration of a well-connected section of a Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data volume based on an earthquake in an embodiment of the invention, at this time, the Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data volume based on the earthquake is clearer and has higher precision, and finally, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum with higher precision can be automatically identified by using the global thinking concept based on the high-frequency sequence interface data volume.

The embodiment of the invention also provides a layer sequence boundary determining and generating device of the high-frequency earthquake layer sequence stratum, the principle of which is similar to that of the layer sequence boundary determining and generating method of the high-frequency earthquake layer sequence stratum, and the description is omitted here.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for generating sequence boundaries of a high frequency seismic sequence formation according to an embodiment of the invention, comprising:

a geological model grid calculation module 1301, configured to calculate a geological model grid according to the three-dimensional seismic data volume of the target interval of the target area;

a relative geologic time model generation module 1302 for generating a relative geologic time model from the geologic model grid;

the layer sequence thickness boundary data body extraction module 1303 is used for processing and analyzing the relative geologic time model and extracting an initial medium-low frequency first layer sequence boundary data body based on earthquake;

a seismic-based interval boundary curve 1304 for extracting a seismic-based medium-low frequency first order boundary curve for a target interval at a target well point from an initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first interval boundary data volume; performing baseline removal processing on the middle-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake; according to the medium-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake, obtaining a second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake through first waveform difference inversion; extracting a third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point from the second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake;

The fusion processing module 1305 is configured to fuse a gamma curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a porosity curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate grain curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate texture curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting a sequence boundary, a bitumen content curve reflecting a carbonate of a sequence boundary and an dolomite content curve reflecting a carbonate of a sequence boundary at a target well point based on a third sequence boundary curve based on an earthquake to obtain a tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake;

the high-frequency earthquake sequence boundary identification module 1306 is used for carrying out second waveform difference inversion on a target interval of the target area according to a high-frequency tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a Gao Pindi three-sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake; based on the Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum is identified.

In one embodiment, the geologic model grid computing module is specifically configured to:

determining an initial geological model grid according to the three-dimensional seismic data volume of the target interval of the target area;

Taking the initial geological model grid as the current geological model grid, and repeatedly executing the following steps until the matching condition of the current geological model grid and the three-dimensional seismic data volume meets the preset condition:

interactively correcting the association relation among the seismic horizons in the current geological model grid;

analyzing the coincidence condition of the corrected geological model grid and the three-dimensional seismic data volume;

when the fit condition does not meet the preset condition, optimizing parameters of the current geological model grid, and taking the optimized geological model grid as the current geological model grid.

when the three-dimensional seismic data volume has seismic horizon data, automatically tracking the seismic horizon data in the three-dimensional seismic data volume, and establishing a geological model grid by taking the tracked seismic horizon data as a constraint;

and when the three-dimensional seismic data volume does not contain the seismic horizon data, calculating an initial geological model grid according to the waveform similarity and the relative distance for at least one seed point in the three-dimensional seismic data volume of the target interval of the target area.

In one embodiment, the relative geologic time model generation module is specifically configured to:

Connecting and interpolating the surface element sheets of the geological model grid to obtain a processed geological model grid;

distributing relative geologic time to each pixel in the processed geologic model grid to generate an initial relative geologic time model;

a plurality of horizon stacks are extracted from the initial relative geologic time model to form a relative geologic time model represented by the plurality of horizon stacks.

In one embodiment, the seismic-based interval boundary curve is specifically for:

In one embodiment, the fusion processing module is specifically configured to:

discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking the third-order boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing the gamma curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary to form a plurality of column data points after normalization treatment, superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the third-order boundary curve based on the earthquake of the corresponding depth point, and fusing the column data points into a fourth high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake;

discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking a fourth time sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points after carrying out normalization processing on a porosity curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the fourth time sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of a corresponding depth point, and fusing the column data points into a fifth high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake;

discretizing a carbonate particle curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary into a plurality of column data points by taking a fifth-order sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing the carbonate particle curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary into a plurality of column data points after normalization treatment, and then superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the fifth-order sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of a corresponding depth point to fuse the column data points into a sixth high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein the carbonate particle curve reflecting the high frequency sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying carbonate particles into a plurality of column data points from granular limestone to argillaceous limestone;

Discretizing a carbonate texture curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary into a plurality of column data points by taking a sixth-order sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing the carbonate texture curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary into a plurality of column data points after normalization treatment, and then superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the sixth-order sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the corresponding depth point to fuse the column data points into a seventh high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein, the carbonate rock texture curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying the rock texture structure of the carbonate rock into a plurality of column data points;

discretizing a series of data points by taking a seventh layer sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing a suture line frequency curve of carbonate rock reflecting a high-frequency layer sequence boundary into a plurality of series of data points after normalization treatment, superposing the series of data points on a plurality of series of data points corresponding to the seventh layer sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of a corresponding depth point, and fusing the series of data points into an eighth high-frequency layer sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein, the suture frequency curve of the carbonate rock reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying the suture frequency of the carbonate rock into a plurality of column data points;

Discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking an eighth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points after normalizing a carbonate rock asphalt content curve reflecting the sequence boundary, and then superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the eighth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the corresponding depth points to fuse the column data points into a ninth high-frequency sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein, the asphalt content curve of the carbonate rock reflecting the layer sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying the asphalt content of the carbonate rock into a plurality of column data points;

discretizing to form a plurality of column data points by taking a ninth-order layer sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake as a basic curve, discretizing to form a plurality of column data points after carrying out normalization treatment on a dolomite content curve of carbonate rock reflecting the layer sequence boundary, superposing the column data points on a plurality of column data points corresponding to the ninth-order layer sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of a corresponding depth point, and fusing the column data points into a tenth high-frequency layer sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; wherein, the dolomite content curve of the carbonate rock reflecting the sequence boundary is a curve formed by quantifying the dolomite to limestone content of the carbonate rock into a plurality of column data points.

In summary, in the method and apparatus provided by the embodiments of the present invention, a geological model grid is calculated according to a three-dimensional seismic data volume of a target interval of a target area; generating a relative geologic time model according to the geologic model grid; processing and analyzing the relative geologic time model, and extracting an initial medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data body based on earthquake; extracting a seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary curve of a target interval at a target well point from an initial seismic-based medium-low frequency first sequence boundary data volume; performing baseline removal processing on the middle-low frequency first sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake to obtain a middle-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake; according to the medium-low frequency second sequence boundary curve after the baseline removal processing based on the earthquake, obtaining a second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake through first waveform difference inversion; extracting a third sub-sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point from the second sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake; taking a third sequence boundary curve based on an earthquake as a basic curve, and fusing the third sequence boundary curve with a gamma curve reflecting a high-frequency sequence boundary, a porosity curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate grain curve reflecting the high-frequency sequence boundary, a carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting the sequence boundary, an asphalt content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary and a dolomite content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary at a target well point to obtain a tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake; according to a high-frequency tenth-order boundary curve based on the earthquake, carrying out second waveform difference inversion on a target interval of the target area to obtain a Gao Pindi three-order boundary data body based on the earthquake; based on the Gao Pindi three-layer sequence boundary data body based on the earthquake, the sequence boundary of the high-frequency earthquake sequence stratum is identified. Compared with the existing interval interface determining method, the embodiment of the invention extracts the middle-low frequency first interval boundary curve based on the earthquake of the target interval at the target well point, and then carries out multiple treatments including baseline treatment, inversion treatment, extraction treatment and fusion with various curves reflecting the high-frequency interval boundary and curves reflecting the interval boundary to obtain an accurate high-frequency interval boundary curve, finally carries out inversion based on waveform differences to obtain a high-frequency interval boundary data body, identifies the interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum according to the high-frequency interval boundary data body, and in the high-frequency interval boundary body, the larger the numerical value is, the closer the gamma curve and the porosity curve are at the target well point, the inverted interval boundary characteristic is more obvious, so that the accuracy and the precision of identifying the interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum by using earthquake-geological logging fusion information are improved, and the accuracy of the identified interval boundary of the high-frequency earthquake interval stratum is higher.

An embodiment of the present invention further provides a computer device, and fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of the computer device in the embodiment of the present invention, where the computer device 1400 includes a memory 1410, a processor 1420, and a computer program 1430 stored in the memory 1410 and capable of running on the processor 1420, and when the processor 1420 executes the computer program 1430, the method for determining a sequence boundary of a high-frequency seismic sequence stratum is implemented.

The embodiment of the invention also provides a computer readable storage medium, wherein the computer readable storage medium stores a computer program, and the computer program realizes the sequence boundary determination method of the high-frequency seismic sequence stratum when being executed by a processor.

The embodiment of the invention also provides a computer program product, which comprises a computer program, wherein the computer program is executed by a processor to realize the sequence boundary determining method of the high-frequency seismic sequence stratum.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.

The present invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention, but to limit the invention to the particular embodiments, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements, etc. that fall within the spirit and principles of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for determining a sequence boundary of a high frequency seismic sequence formation, comprising:

generating a relative geologic time model according to the geologic model grid;

2. The method of claim 1, wherein computing a geologic model grid from the three-dimensional seismic data volume of the interval of interest of the target area comprises:

3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining an initial geologic model grid from the three-dimensional seismic data volume of the destination interval of the target area comprises:

4. The method of claim 1, wherein generating a relative geologic time model from a geologic model grid comprises:

5. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the seismic-based second sequence boundary data volume by first waveform difference inversion from the seismic-based de-baselined medium and low frequency second sequence boundary curve comprises:

6. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:

7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the blending with the gamma curve reflecting the high frequency sequence boundary, the porosity curve reflecting the high frequency sequence boundary, the carbonate grain curve reflecting the high frequency sequence boundary, the carbonate suture line frequency curve reflecting the sequence boundary, the asphalt content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary, and the dolomite content curve reflecting the carbonate of the sequence boundary at the target well point, respectively, to obtain the high frequency tenth sequence boundary curve based on the earthquake comprises:

9. A high frequency seismic sequence boundary determination apparatus for a sequence of layers, comprising:

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the geologic model grid computing module is configured to:

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the geologic model grid computing module is configured to:

12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the relative geologic time model generation module is configured to:

13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the seismic-based interval boundary curve is specifically configured to:

14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the fusion processing module is further configured to:

15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the fusion processing module is further configured to:

16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the fusion processing module is specifically configured to:

17. A computer device comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, characterized in that the processor implements the method of any of claims 1 to 8 when executing the computer program.

18. A computer readable storage medium, characterized in that the computer readable storage medium stores a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the method of any of claims 1 to 8.

19. A computer program product, characterized in that the computer program product comprises a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the method of any of claims 1 to 8.