CN117718551A - Multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment and processing method for complex curved surface part - Google Patents
Multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment and processing method for complex curved surface part Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment for a complex curved surface part and a processing method thereof, wherein the equipment comprises a lathe bed, a five-axis linkage system, a main shaft system, a measuring system, a chain type tool magazine, a numerical control system and a polishing solution circulating system which are arranged in the lathe bed, and a closed loop is formed by a tool, a workpiece to be processed and the polishing solution to form an electrochemical system; in the machining process, the ultrasonic transducer is started, the polishing liquid is sprayed to a machining part by the polishing liquid circulating system, electrons of a machined workpiece serving as an anode are lost, and under the coupling effect of ultrasonic-electrochemical-mechanical polishing, the surface material of the workpiece to be machined is removed, so that ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing of a part with a complex curved surface is realized, and the workpiece with good surface quality and low surface roughness is obtained. Compared with the traditional mechanical polishing, the full-automatic processing method obviously improves the surface roughness and shape precision of the processed part by controlling the feeding path through the numerical control system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of machining equipment, in particular to multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment for a complex curved surface part and a machining method.
Background
Complex curved surface parts are usually processed by five-axis linkage milling or by increasing or decreasing material manufacturing and plastic forming processes. The surface roughness Ra of the common five-axis linkage milling is more than or equal to 3.2 mu m, the surface roughness Ra of the manufactured and processed materials is more than or equal to 8 mu m, the surface roughness Ra of the high-performance parts is less than or equal to 0.8 mu m, and the surface roughness of the parts processed by the methods does not meet the service requirement of the parts with complex curved surfaces. For this purpose, under the prior art conditions, further processing using polishing equipment is required to meet the service requirements. The existing mechanical polishing methods such as soft abrasive belt polishing, magnetorheological abrasive flow polishing, robot polishing and the like inevitably lead to the fact that the shape accuracy of the parts cannot be guaranteed in the polishing process, and the complex curved surface parts cannot meet the design requirements. Soft abrasive belt grinding and magnetorheological abrasive flow grinding and polishing are easy to generate over-polishing and chamfering, and the shape precision and the surface microscopic morphology of the complex curved surface are seriously affected. The robot grinds and throws usually to be the cantilever beam structure, and the cantilever beam can take place to shake after the end effector atress, this will seriously influence the polishing precision. The complex curved surface parts in certain fields are usually polished manually at home and abroad to meet the requirement of surface roughness. However, manual polishing has high labor intensity, low efficiency and unstable quality, and is easy to cause occupational diseases due to dust inhalation by operators. In summary, the traditional mechanical polishing adopts complex mechanical motion stress to remove the processing trace left by the previous working procedure, the processing efficiency is low, the thickness of the residual damaged layer after processing is thick, and the level of ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing can not be reached.
The electrochemical polishing is a finishing process for removing materials from metal or alloy based on an anodic dissolution process, and the machining mode is that a part to be machined is connected with the positive electrode of a direct current power supply, graphite or inert metals such as platinum and silver are connected with the negative electrode of the power supply, the two electrodes are immersed into electrolyte and connected with the machining power supply at the same time, and after certain polishing voltage and current density are applied, the electrolyte and the surface of a workpiece are subjected to chemical reaction to form a softening film. In the microscopic chemical etching process, metal dissolution can occur on the whole metal surface (on the valley and on the valley peak), on the valley peak, the electric field is larger and the current density is larger, so that the workpiece dissolution rate is large, and on the surface microscopic valley, the electric field is smaller and the current density is smaller, so that the workpiece dissolution rate is smaller, so that the dissolution rate of the valley of the anode workpiece is smaller Yu Gufeng, thereby leading to uniform reduction of the profile, removing defects and rough peaks on the workpiece surface, obtaining a bright and smooth workpiece surface, and achieving the purpose of improving the workpiece surface quality. The surface of the workpiece after electrochemical polishing has no residual stress and microcrack, is nondirectional and good in surface texture, better protects the surface of the workpiece after polishing, is beneficial to improving the performance of the workpiece and prolonging the service life of the workpiece, and has good brightness persistence and corrosion resistance. The electrochemical polishing has the advantages of low operation difficulty, good processing quality and the like, and is widely applied to integrated circuit manufacturing. However, the electrochemical polishing is difficult to realize at present when the electrochemical polishing is applied to the complex curved surface part, and the main reason is that the distance between the cathode and the anode is difficult to control when the complex curved surface part is processed, so that the current density of a processing site is difficult to adjust, the electrochemical corrosion rate of the processing site cannot be controlled, and the shape precision of the complex curved surface part cannot be ensured. Meanwhile, electrochemical polishing equipment for parts with complex curved surfaces has been recently reported. Therefore, the design of the multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment for the complex curved surface part has important significance and urgent practical requirements on polishing the complex curved surface part.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the technical problems, the invention provides the multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment for the complex curved surface part, and solves the problems that the surface roughness of the complex curved surface part processed by the existing processing mode is high, the polishing shape precision of the existing complex curved surface part is poor, and the efficiency is low.
The invention adopts the following technical means:
the multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment for the complex curved surface part comprises a lathe bed, and a five-axis linkage system, a main shaft system, a measuring system, a chain type tool magazine, a numerical control system and a polishing solution circulating system which are arranged in the lathe bed, wherein the five-axis linkage system comprises a tool displacement mechanism for adjusting the spatial pose of a tool and a workpiece pose adjusting mechanism for adjusting the spatial pose of a workpiece to be processed; the main shaft system comprises a main shaft box, a main shaft, an ultrasonic transducer, a first conductive slip ring and a first clamp which is arranged on the main shaft and used for clamping a tool, wherein the first conductive slip ring is used for being connected with the tool and then used as a cathode; the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism is provided with a second conductive slip ring which is used for being connected with a workpiece to be processed and then used as an anode, the measuring system comprises a mechanical arm, a non-contact surface roughness meter and a three-dimensional laser scanner, the three-dimensional laser scanner is used for carrying out three-dimensional scanning modeling on a part with an unknown surface contour, meanwhile, data are transmitted to the numerical control system to form a three-dimensional model to be processed, and a feed path is controlled by the numerical control system; in the processing process, the non-contact surface roughness meter is used for measuring the surface roughness of a processing site in real time under the control of the numerical control system, the three-dimensional laser scanner is used for measuring the shape precision of the processing site in real time, and the measurement result is transmitted to the numerical control system for feedback adjustment; the chain type tool magazine is arranged on the lathe bed, a plurality of tool mounting positions are distributed on the chain type tool magazine, different kinds of conductive grinding wheels and conductive polishing wheels are respectively arranged in the tool mounting positions, and the polishing liquid circulation system is used for providing polishing liquid for the system.
Further, the cutter displacement mechanism comprises a Y-axis guide rail arranged above the inner part of the lathe bed, a Z-axis guide rail arranged on the Y-axis guide rail, and an X-axis deflection table arranged on the Z-axis guide rail; the Z-axis guide rail can translate along the Y-axis on the Y-axis guide rail, the X-axis deflection table can translate along the Z-axis on the Z-axis guide rail, and the X-axis deflection table can deflect along the X-axis to perform tool changing operation.
Further, the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism comprises an X-axis guide rail II arranged below the inner part of the lathe bed, an X-axis translation table arranged on the X-axis guide rail II, a swing workbench arranged on the X-axis translation table, and a rotary workbench arranged on the swing workbench; the number of the X-axis guide rails is 2, and the X-axis guide rails are arranged in parallel; the X-axis translation table can translate along the X axis on the X-axis guide rail II, the swing workbench can swing between 90 degrees and +90 degrees around the Y axis on the X-axis translation table, the rotary workbench can rotate around the Z axis on the swing workbench, and the operation of all the components is integrally controlled by the numerical control system.
Further, the main shaft system further comprises an L-shaped support plate I, the main shaft box is arranged on an X-axis deflection table of the cutter displacement mechanism, the main shaft is arranged on the main shaft box, and the ultrasonic transducer is arranged on the main shaft and used for providing ultrasonic vibration in the Z direction for the main shaft so as to realize ultrasonic auxiliary processing; the first conductive slip ring is composed of a stator and a rotor, the first conductive slip ring stator is installed on the spindle box through first L-shaped support plates, the first L-shaped support plates are 2 in number and symmetrically installed on two sides of a spindle, one of the first 2L-shaped support plates is provided with a through hole for placing a first connecting terminal, the first conductive slip ring rotor is installed on the spindle and is in interference fit with the spindle, a hole for placing an electrode of the first conductive slip ring is formed in the lower portion of the spindle, the first conductive slip ring stator is connected with a power supply through the first connecting terminal, the first conductive slip ring rotor is connected with a cutter through the first conductive slip ring electrode, the first clamp is installed at the bottom of the spindle and used for clamping the cutter in a chain type cutter magazine and is made of an insulating material resistant to acid and alkali corrosion, and the cutter is controlled by a numerical control system to polish complex curved surface parts in the machining process.
Further, a second conductive slip ring is installed on the rotary workbench, a second conductive slip ring stator is installed on the swing workbench through a second L-shaped support plate, the number of the second L-shaped support plates is 2, a through hole is formed in one second L-shaped support plate and used for placing a second connecting terminal, a second conductive slip ring rotor is installed on the rotary workbench, a polishing liquid groove used for containing polishing liquid is installed on the second conductive slip ring rotor, a through hole, a sealing ring and a polishing liquid discharge hole are formed in the bottom of the polishing liquid groove, a second clamp used for clamping a workpiece is installed in the polishing liquid groove, a through hole and a sealing ring are formed in the bottom of the second clamp, the through hole is used for placing a second conductive slip ring electrode, the sealing ring is used for achieving sealing, the second conductive slip ring rotor is connected with a power supply through a second connecting terminal, the second conductive slip ring stator is connected with a workpiece to be processed through the second conductive slip ring electrode and used for connecting a positive power supply to the workpiece to be processed, and in the processing process, the rotary workbench drives the second conductive slip ring rotor, the polishing liquid groove and the second clamp and the workpiece to be processed together rotate; the polishing liquid tank and the clamp are both made of insulating materials resistant to acid and alkali corrosion.
Further, the measuring system comprises X-axis guide rails I, mechanical arms, a non-contact surface roughness meter and a three-dimensional laser scanner, wherein the number of the mechanical arms is 2, the mechanical arms are respectively arranged on the X-axis guide rails I, the mechanical arms can translate along the X-axis on the X-axis guide rails I, namely, the mechanical arms have the translational degree of freedom of the X-axis direction, and the mechanical arms have the Z-axis rotational degree of freedom, the X-axis rotational degree of freedom and the Y-axis stretching translational degree of freedom, the motion control of each part is integrated in the numerical control system, and the non-contact surface roughness meter and the three-dimensional laser scanner are respectively arranged on the mechanical arms.
Further, the polishing solution circulating system comprises a polishing solution collecting and filtering device, a polishing solution flow passage and a polishing solution nozzle, the polishing solution collecting and filtering device is arranged on the lathe bed, the polishing solution flow passage is arranged on the spindle box and is communicated with the polishing solution collecting and filtering device, the polishing solution nozzle is arranged at the tail end of the polishing solution flow passage, the polishing solution flow passage and the polishing solution collecting and filtering device are made of insulating materials resistant to acid and alkali corrosion, electric and magnetic interference to a closed circuit of a workpiece and a cutter in the machining process is avoided, and the numerical control system controls the polishing solution nozzle to spray the polishing solution to a machining part in the machining process.
Further, the movable cabin door is mounted on the lathe bed and is provided with an observation window, and the control cabinet is mounted on the lathe bed.
Further, the surfaces of the lathe bed and the internal mechanism, which can be splashed by the polishing liquid, are coated with a hydrophobic, oleophobic, corrosion-resistant coating or provided with a mask.
The invention also provides an ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing processing method for the complex curved surface part, which comprises the following steps:
the first step, the numerical control system controls the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to move to a feeding position, the workpiece is clamped on the second clamp, the workpiece to be processed and the two electrodes of the conductive slip ring are required to be reliably connected during clamping, the numerical control system controls the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to reach a processing position after clamping is completed, and the movable cabin door is closed;
Step two, the numerical control system controls the mechanical arm and the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to cooperatively move, a three-dimensional laser scanner is started to perform comprehensive scanning measurement on a workpiece to be processed, measured data are fed back to the numerical control system, and the numerical control system performs three-dimensional modeling on a complex curved surface part with unknown surface contours to form a three-dimensional model of the workpiece to be processed;
step three, the numerical control system controls the cutter displacement mechanism to move to a cutter changing position, a cutter is selected according to processing requirements, meanwhile, the chain type cutter magazine conveys the required cutter to the cutter changing position, cutter setting operation is carried out after the cutter is installed, the numerical control system controls a machine tool circuit, the machine tool circuit is connected with a power supply cathode through a first conductive slip ring installed on a main shaft, and the machine tool circuit is connected with a power supply anode through a second conductive slip ring installed on a rotary workbench;
step four, in the processing process, the numerical control system controls the ultrasonic transducer to be started, and an ultrasonic auxiliary effect is applied to the cutter; the numerical control system controls output parameters of the polishing solution circulation system, sprays the polishing solution to a processing site, provides electrolyte solution for electrochemical polishing, and forms an electrochemical polishing system together with a power supply, a cutter, a workpiece to be processed and the polishing solution to carry out ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing work;
And fifthly, after the machining is finished, the numerical control system controls the movable hatch door to open, and simultaneously controls the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to convey the workpiece to a discharging position.
Further, in the fourth step, a preset voltage is selected according to the material, shape and machining precision factors of the workpiece to be machined; in the machining process, the numerical control system controls the speed of the polishing liquid nozzle to spray the polishing liquid and the discharging speed of the discharging hole in the polishing liquid tank so as to adjust the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank, specifically, when the workpiece to be machined is a thin-wall piece, the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank is lower than a machining site, excessive corrosion of the machining site is prevented, over-polishing is caused, and meanwhile, the polishing liquid sprayed by the polishing liquid nozzle is ensured to cover a cutter and the machining site, and a closed loop is continuously formed so as to ensure that the electrochemical action is continuously carried out; when the wall thickness of the workpiece to be processed is thicker or the material is difficult to process, the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank can submerge the cutter and the processing site so as to enhance the electrochemical action and the corrosion action of chemical components in the polishing liquid; in the whole processing process, under the control of a numerical control system, the non-contact surface roughness meter measures the surface roughness of a processing site in real time, the three-dimensional laser scanner measures the shape precision of the processing site in real time, the measurement result is transmitted to the numerical control system, and the numerical control system is used for identifying and judging to compensate the defect.
The invention is full-automatic processing, the feeding path is controlled by the numerical control system, and compared with the traditional mechanical polishing, the surface roughness and shape precision of the processed part can be obviously improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention provides multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment and a processing method for a complex curved surface part.
2. The multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment and the processing method for the complex curved surface part provided by the invention have the advantages that the polished workpiece surface has no residual stress and microcrack, is nondirectional and good in surface texture, and solves the problems of low polishing efficiency, residual damaged layer thickness after processing, poor polishing precision and unstable quality of the complex curved surface part.
3. According to the multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment and the processing method for the complex curved surface part, the five-axis linkage system, the main shaft system, the measuring system, the chain type tool magazine and the polishing solution circulating system are all connected with the numerical control system, and are controlled by the numerical control system, the processing process is full-automatic processing, and the processing quality and the processing precision are improved.
4. According to the multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment and the processing method for the complex curved surface part, provided by the invention, the equipment is provided with the three-dimensional laser scanner, so that the complex curved surface part with unknown surface profile can be automatically subjected to scanning modeling, and meanwhile, the non-contact surface roughness meter is arranged, so that the shape precision and the roughness can be measured in real time in the processing process, and the error can be compensated by feeding back the shape precision and the roughness to the numerical control system, the processing efficiency is improved, and the processing precision is ensured.
Based on the reasons, the polishing machine can be widely popularized in the fields of polishing of parts with complex curved surfaces and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to the drawings without inventive effort to a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a three-dimensional assembly structure of a polishing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic three-dimensional structure of a spindle system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a spindle system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of a workpiece pose adjustment system according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the processing principle in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of part roughness prior to polishing;
FIG. 7 is a graph of the roughness of a part after polishing by the polishing apparatus in an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a bed body; 2. a movable cabin door; 3. a Y-axis guide rail; 4. a Z-axis guide rail; 5. an X-axis deflection table; 6. a spindle system; 6.1, a main shaft box; 6.2, a main shaft; 6.3, an ultrasonic transducer; 6.4, an L-shaped support plate I; 6.5, conducting slip ring I; 6.5.1, a stator of the conductive slip ring; 6.5.2, a conductive slip ring-rotor; 6.5.3, an electrode of the conductive slip ring; 6.6, clamping the first part; 6.7, cutting tool; 6.8, a polishing solution runner; 6.9, polishing solution nozzle; 6.10, connecting terminals I and 7 and a non-contact surface roughness meter; 8. a three-dimensional laser scanner; 9. chain type tool magazine; 10. a numerical control system; 11. a control cabinet; 12. a polishing solution collecting and filtering device; 13. a mechanical arm; 14. x-axis guide rail I; 15. x-axis guide rail II; 16. an X-axis translation stage; 17. swinging the workbench; 18. an L-shaped support plate II, 18.1, a wiring terminal II, 19 and a rotary workbench; 20. a second conductive slip ring; 20.1, a conductive slip ring two-stator; 20.2, a conductive slip ring two-rotor; 20.3, two electrodes of the conductive slip ring; 21. a polishing liquid tank; 22. a second clamp; 23. a seal ring; 24. a workpiece to be processed; 25. performing ultrasonic action; 26. and (3) polishing solution.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other. The invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings in connection with embodiments.
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments according to the present invention. As used herein, the singular is also intended to include the plural unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, and furthermore, it is to be understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" when used in this specification are taken to specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof.
The relative arrangement of the components and steps, numerical expressions and numerical values set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the present invention unless it is specifically stated otherwise. Meanwhile, it should be clear that the dimensions of the respective parts shown in the drawings are not drawn in actual scale for convenience of description. Techniques, methods, and apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may not be discussed in detail, but are intended to be part of the specification where appropriate. In all examples shown and discussed herein, any specific values should be construed as merely illustrative, and not a limitation. Thus, other examples of the exemplary embodiments may have different values. It should be noted that: like reference numerals and letters denote like items in the following figures, and thus once an item is defined in one figure, no further discussion thereof is necessary in subsequent figures.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the azimuth or positional relationships indicated by the azimuth terms such as "front, rear, upper, lower, left, right", "lateral, vertical, horizontal", and "top, bottom", etc., are generally based on the azimuth or positional relationships shown in the drawings, merely to facilitate description of the present invention and simplify the description, and these azimuth terms do not indicate and imply that the apparatus or elements referred to must have a specific azimuth or be constructed and operated in a specific azimuth, and thus should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention: the orientation word "inner and outer" refers to inner and outer relative to the contour of the respective component itself.
Spatially relative terms, such as "above … …," "above … …," "upper surface at … …," "above," and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one device or feature's spatial location relative to another device or feature as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as "above" or "over" other devices or structures would then be oriented "below" or "beneath" the other devices or structures. Thus, the exemplary term "above … …" may include both orientations of "above … …" and "below … …". The device may also be positioned in other different ways (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
In addition, the terms "first", "second", etc. are used to define the components, and are only for convenience of distinguishing the corresponding components, and the terms have no special meaning unless otherwise stated, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1-4, the invention discloses multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment for complex curved surface parts, which comprises a lathe bed 1, a five-axis linkage system, a main shaft system 6, a measuring system, a chain type tool magazine 9, a numerical control system 10 and a polishing solution circulating system, wherein the five-axis linkage system, the main shaft system 6, the measuring system, the chain type tool magazine 9, the numerical control system 10 and the polishing solution circulating system are arranged in the lathe bed 1; the five-axis linkage system comprises a cutter displacement mechanism for adjusting the space position of a cutter and a workpiece position adjusting mechanism for adjusting the space position of a workpiece to be processed; the main shaft system 6 comprises a main shaft box 6.1, a main shaft 6.2, an ultrasonic transducer 6.3, an L-shaped support plate I6.4, a conductive slip ring I6.5 and a clamp I6.6 arranged on the main shaft 6.2; the measuring system comprises a mechanical arm 13, a non-contact surface roughness meter 7 and a three-dimensional laser scanner 8; the chain tool magazine 9 is mounted on the machine body 1, and a plurality of tool mounting positions are distributed on the chain tool magazine, and in this embodiment, different kinds of conductive grinding wheels and conductive polishing wheels are respectively mounted in the tool mounting positions.
The cutter displacement mechanism comprises a Y-axis guide rail 3 arranged on the lathe bed 1, a Z-axis guide rail 4 arranged on the Y-axis guide rail 3, and an X-axis deflection table 5 arranged on the Z-axis guide rail 4; the Z-axis guide rail 4 can translate along the Y-axis on the Y-axis guide rail 3, the X-axis deflection table 5 can translate along the Z-axis on the Z-axis guide rail 4, and the X-axis deflection table 5 can deflect along the X-axis for tool changing operation. In this embodiment, the length of the Y-axis guide rail is matched with the length of the machine tool body, and the Z-axis guide rail has a preset height.
The workpiece pose adjusting mechanism comprises an X-axis guide rail II 15 arranged on the lathe bed, an X-axis translation table 16 arranged on the X-axis guide rail II 15, a swing workbench 17 arranged on the X-axis translation table 16, and a rotary workbench 19 arranged on the swing workbench 17; the number of the X-axis guide rails II 15 is 2, and the X-axis guide rails II are parallel to each other, the X-axis translation table 16 can translate along the X-axis on the X-axis guide rails II 15, the swing workbench 17 can swing around the Y-axis on the X-axis translation table 16 between-90 degrees and +90 degrees, the rotary workbench 19 can rotate around the Z-axis on the swing workbench 17, and the operation of each component is integrally controlled by a numerical control system.
The main shaft system comprises a main shaft box 6.1, a main shaft 6.2, an ultrasonic transducer 6.3, an L-shaped support plate I6.4, a conductive slip ring I6.5 and a clamp I6.6, wherein the main shaft box 6.1 is arranged on the X-axis deflection table 5, the main shaft 6.2 is arranged at the output end of the main shaft box 6.1, and the ultrasonic transducer 6.3 is arranged at the output end of the main shaft 6.2 and is used for providing Z-direction ultrasonic vibration for the main shaft 6.2 so as to realize ultrasonic auxiliary processing; the first conductive slip ring 6.5 is composed of a stator and a rotor, the stator 6.5.1 of the first conductive slip ring is installed on the spindle box 6.1 through the first L-shaped support plates 6.4, the number of the first L-shaped support plates 6.4 is 2, the first L-shaped support plates are symmetrically installed on the spindle 6.2, one of the first 2L-shaped support plates 6.4 is provided with a through hole for placing a first connecting terminal 6.10, the rotor 6.5.2 of the first conductive slip ring is installed on the spindle 6.2 and is in interference fit with the spindle 6.2, a small hole is formed in the lower portion of the spindle 6.2 for placing the electrode 6.5.3 of the first conductive slip ring, the stator 6.5.1 of the first conductive slip ring is connected with a power supply through the first connecting terminal 6.10, the rotor 6.5.2 of the first conductive slip ring is connected with the cutter 6.7 through the electrode 6.5.3 of the first conductive slip ring and is used for connecting the cutter 6.7 with a negative power supply, the first clamp 6.6 is installed at the bottom of the spindle 6.2 and is used for clamping the cutter in a chain type tool magazine 9, the polishing process of the cutter is used for controlling the cutter in the polishing process of the complex numerical control system, and the cutter is an insulating part 6.is made of an acid-alkali-resistant and corrosion-resistant material.
The rotary workbench 19 is provided with a second conductive slip ring 20, the second conductive slip ring 20 is composed of a stator and a rotor, the stator 20.1 of the second conductive slip ring is arranged on the swing workbench 17 through a second L-shaped support plate 18, the number of the second L-shaped support plates 18 is 2, one of the second L-shaped support plates 18 is provided with a through hole for placing a second connecting terminal 18.1, the rotor 20.2 of the second conductive slip ring is arranged on the rotary workbench 19, the rotor 20.2 of the second conductive slip ring is provided with a polishing liquid tank 21 for containing polishing liquid 26, the bottom of the polishing liquid tank 21 is provided with a through hole, a sealing ring 23 and a polishing liquid discharge hole, a second clamp 22 for clamping a workpiece is arranged in the polishing liquid tank 21, the bottom of the second clamp 22 is provided with a through hole and a sealing ring 23 (note that the sealing ring 23 at the bottom of the polishing liquid tank 21 is not the same with the sealing ring 23), the through hole is used for placing an electrode of the second conductive slip ring 20, the sealing ring 23 is used for realizing sealing, the stator 20.2 of the second conductive slip ring is connected with a power supply slip ring through the second connecting terminal 18.1, the rotor 20.2 of the second conductive slip ring is connected with the rotor 20.3 of the second conductive slip ring and the second conductive slip ring is used for driving the second conductive slip ring 20.20 to rotate the second conductive slip ring and the second conductive slip ring to be connected with the rotor 20.20 to the rotary workbench to be processed by the positive electrode 20, and the workpiece to be processed by the second conductive slip ring to be processed and the positive electrode 20 is processed and the workpiece to be 20 is processed and 20; the polishing solution tank 21 and the second clamp 22 are both made of insulating materials resistant to acid and alkali corrosion.
The tool 6.7 is used as a cathode, the workpiece 24 to be processed is used as an anode, the polishing solution 26 is used as a conductive medium, the tool 6.7, the workpiece 24 to be processed and the polishing solution 26 form a closed loop, an electric field is formed between the tool 6.7 and the workpiece 24 to be processed after a power supply is turned on, positive charges are accumulated on the surface of the workpiece 24 to be processed, negative charges are accumulated on the surface of the tool 6.7, and one or more of the following chemical reaction processes exist in the solution under different technological parameters: 1) The metal dissolves Me-ne in the anode - ＝Me n+ The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the 2) Precipitation of oxygen 4OH on the surface of the anode - ＝O 2 +2H 2 O+4e - The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the 3) The cathode is hydrogen gas generation: 2H (H) + +2e - ＝H 2 E, -; simultaneously, the ultrasonic cavitation and the mechanical grinding remove the corrosion layer and the oxidation layer on the surface of the workpiece 24 to be processed, expose new surfaces, further promote the electrochemical process, and the electrochemical corrosion promotes the oxidation-reduction reaction on the surface of the workpiece 24 to be processed, forms a softening layer of unstable oxide, further promotes the mechanical grinding removal, and the ultrasonic, electrochemical and mechanical grinding and polishing cooperatively process, and has the reaction principle shown in figure 5.
Specifically, when the complex curved surface part to be processed is titanium alloy, the polishing solution base solution adopts an ethylene glycol-sodium chloride system, the concentration of the polishing solution base solution is 2mol/L, the electrocatalyst is tungsten carbide, the chemical additive is 10ml/L of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, 10ml/L of triethanolamine and 9g/L of glucose, and after the power supply is turned on, the following chemical reaction occurs on the surface of the titanium alloy workpiece:
Ti-4e - ＝Ti 4+
Ti 4+ +4Cl - ＝TiCl 4 (l)
Ti 4+ +O 2 ＝TiO 2 (s)
Ti 4+ +4OCII 2 CII 2 OII - ＝Ti(OCII 2 CII 2 OII) 4
Ti 4+ +4OH - ＝TiO 2 (s)+2H 2 O
And removing the surface material of the titanium alloy part to finally obtain the surface of the titanium alloy part with smooth surface, good surface quality, low roughness and high shape precision.
The measuring system comprises an X-axis guide rail I14, mechanical arms 13, a non-contact surface roughness meter 7 and a three-dimensional laser scanner 8, wherein the number of the mechanical arms 13 is 2, the mechanical arms 13 are respectively arranged on the X-axis guide rail I14, the mechanical arms 13 can translate along the X-axis on the X-axis guide rail I14, namely have translational freedom in the X-axis direction, and have Z-axis rotational freedom, X-axis rotational freedom and Y-axis stretching translational freedom, the motion control of each part is integrated in the numerical control system 10, the non-contact surface roughness meter 7 and the three-dimensional laser scanner 8 are respectively arranged on the mechanical arms 13, the three-dimensional laser scanner 8 is used for carrying out three-dimensional scanning modeling on parts with unknown surface contours, meanwhile, data are transmitted to the numerical control system 10 to form a three-dimensional model to be processed, and a cutter path is controlled by the numerical control system 10; in the processing process, the non-contact surface roughness meter 7 measures the surface roughness of the processing site in real time under the control of the numerical control system 10, the three-dimensional laser scanner 8 measures the shape accuracy of the processing site in real time, and the measured result is transmitted to the numerical control system 10 for feedback adjustment.
The polishing solution circulation system comprises polishing solution collecting and filtering devices 12, polishing solution flow channels 6.8 and polishing solution nozzles 6.9, the polishing solution collecting and filtering devices 12 are arranged on the lathe bed 1, the number of the polishing solution flow channels 6.8 is 2, the polishing solution flow channels are symmetrically arranged on the spindle box 6.1 and are communicated with the polishing solution collecting and filtering devices 12, the polishing solution nozzles 6.9 are arranged at the tail ends of the polishing solution flow channels 6.8, the polishing solution flow channels 6.8 and the polishing solution collecting and filtering devices 12 are made of corrosion-resistant insulating materials, electric and magnetic interference to a closed circuit of a workpiece and a cutter in the machining process is avoided, and in the machining process, the numerical control system 10 controls the 2 polishing solution nozzles 6.9 to spray polishing solution to a machining part.
The movable cabin door 2 is mounted on the lathe bed 1 and is provided with an observation window, and the control cabinet 11 is mounted on the lathe bed 1.
The surfaces of the lathe bed and the internal mechanism, which can be splashed by the polishing liquid, are coated with hydrophobic, oleophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings or are provided with a shade.
The invention also provides an ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing processing method for the complex curved surface part, which comprises the following steps:
step one, a numerical control system 10 controls a workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to move to a feeding position, clamps a workpiece on a clamp II 22, ensures that the workpiece 24 to be processed is reliably connected with a conductive slip ring II electrode 20.3 during clamping, controls the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to reach a processing position by the numerical control system 10 after clamping is finished, and closes a movable cabin door 2;
Step two, the numerical control system 10 controls the mechanical arm 13 and the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to cooperatively move, the three-dimensional laser scanner 8 is started to perform comprehensive scanning measurement on the workpiece to be processed, the measured data are fed back to the numerical control system 10, and the numerical control system 10 performs three-dimensional modeling on the complex curved surface part with unknown surface profile to form a three-dimensional model of the workpiece to be processed;
step three, the numerical control system 10 controls the cutter displacement mechanism to move to a cutter changing position, a cutter 6.7 is selected according to processing requirements, meanwhile, the chain type cutter magazine conveys the required cutter to the cutter changing position, the cutter 6.7 is installed and then subjected to cutter setting operation, the numerical control system 10 controls a machine tool circuit, the cutter 6.7 is connected to a power supply negative electrode through a first conductive slip ring 6.5 installed on a main shaft 6.2, and the workpiece is connected to a power supply positive electrode through a second conductive slip ring 20 installed on a rotary workbench 19;
step four, the numerical control system 10 controls the ultrasonic transducer 6.3 to be opened, and applies ultrasonic auxiliary action to the cutter 6.7; switching on a power supply, selecting proper voltage according to factors such as the material, shape and machining precision of a workpiece 24 to be machined, taking a cutter 6.7 as a cathode, taking the workpiece 24 to be machined as an anode, controlling a polishing liquid circulation system by a numerical control system 10 to spray polishing liquid 26 to a machining site to provide electrolyte solution for electrochemical polishing, forming an electrochemical polishing system by the power supply, the cutter 6.7, the workpiece 24 to be machined and the polishing liquid 26 together, simultaneously adding an electrocatalyst for improving the electrochemical reaction rate such as tungsten carbide, sodium tungsten bronze and the like into the polishing liquid, taking the workpiece 24 to be machined as the anode to lose electrons when the power supply is switched on, controlling a feed path and the feed speed by the numerical control system 10, polishing the surface of the workpiece 24 to be machined, and removing the surface material of the workpiece 24 to be machined under the coupling effect of ultrasonic-electrochemical-mechanical polishing, so as to finally obtain a complex curved surface part with smooth surface, good surface quality, low roughness and high shape precision; in the machining process, the numerical control system 10 controls the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank 24, specifically, when the workpiece 24 to be machined is a thin-wall workpiece, the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank 21 is lower than the machining site, so that excessive corrosion of the machining site is prevented, over-polishing is caused, and meanwhile, the polishing liquid sprayed by the polishing liquid nozzle 6.10 is ensured to cover the cutter 6.7 and the machining site, and a closed loop is continuously formed, so that the electrochemical action is ensured to be continuously carried out; when the wall thickness of the workpiece 24 to be processed is thicker or is hard alloy, high-speed steel, titanium alloy and other difficult-to-process materials, the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank 21 can submerge the cutter 6.7 and the processing site, so that the electrochemical effect and the corrosion effect of chemical components in the polishing liquid are enhanced, and the processing efficiency is improved; the steps are carried out together, so that the ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing of the complex curved surface part is realized; in the whole processing process, under the control of the numerical control system 10, the non-contact surface roughness meter 7 measures the surface roughness of a processing site in real time, the three-dimensional laser scanner 8 measures the shape precision of the processing site in real time, the measurement result is transmitted to the numerical control system 10, the numerical control system 10 performs identification and judgment, the defect is compensated, and the processing quality is ensured.
And step five, after the machining is finished, the numerical control system 10 controls the movable hatch door 2 to be opened, and simultaneously controls the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to convey the workpiece to a discharging position.
Fig. 6 is a roughness chart of a part before polishing, and fig. 7 is a roughness chart of a part after polishing by the polishing apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention, it can also be seen by comparing that the surface roughness Ra of the polished part according to the embodiment is 0.633 μm, which can meet the requirement of the surface roughness of the high performance part.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and not for limiting the same; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some or all of the technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing device for the complex curved surface part is characterized by comprising a lathe bed, a five-axis linkage system, a main shaft system, a measuring system, a chain type tool magazine, a numerical control system and a polishing solution circulating system, wherein the five-axis linkage system is arranged in the lathe bed and comprises a tool displacement mechanism for adjusting the spatial pose of a tool and a workpiece pose adjusting mechanism for adjusting the spatial pose of a workpiece to be processed; the main shaft system comprises a main shaft box, a main shaft, an ultrasonic transducer, a first conductive slip ring and a first clamp which is arranged on the main shaft and used for clamping a tool, wherein the first conductive slip ring is used for being connected with the tool and then used as a cathode; the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism is provided with a second conductive slip ring which is used for being connected with a workpiece to be processed and then used as an anode, the measuring system comprises a mechanical arm, a non-contact surface roughness meter and a three-dimensional laser scanner, the three-dimensional laser scanner is used for carrying out three-dimensional scanning modeling on a part with an unknown surface contour, meanwhile, data are transmitted to the numerical control system to form a three-dimensional model to be processed, and a feed path is controlled by the numerical control system; in the processing process, the non-contact surface roughness meter is used for measuring the surface roughness of a processing site in real time under the control of the numerical control system, the three-dimensional laser scanner is used for measuring the shape precision of the processing site in real time, and the measurement result is transmitted to the numerical control system for feedback adjustment; the chain type tool magazine is arranged on the lathe bed, a plurality of tool mounting positions are distributed on the chain type tool magazine, different kinds of conductive grinding wheels and conductive polishing wheels are respectively arranged in the tool mounting positions, and the polishing liquid circulation system is used for providing polishing liquid for the system.
2. The ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing device for multiple degrees of freedom of complex curved surface parts according to claim 1, wherein the tool displacement mechanism comprises a Y-axis guide rail arranged above the inside of the lathe bed, a Z-axis guide rail arranged on the Y-axis guide rail, and an X-axis deflection table arranged on the Z-axis guide rail; the Z-axis guide rail can translate along the Y-axis on the Y-axis guide rail, the X-axis deflection table can translate along the Z-axis on the Z-axis guide rail, and the X-axis deflection table can deflect along the X-axis to perform tool changing operation.
3. The ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing device for multiple degrees of freedom of complex curved surface parts according to claim 1, wherein the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism comprises an X-axis guide rail II arranged below the inner part of the machine body, an X-axis translation table arranged on the X-axis guide rail II, a swing workbench arranged on the X-axis translation table, and a rotary workbench arranged on the swing workbench; the number of the X-axis guide rails is 2, and the X-axis guide rails are arranged in parallel; the X-axis translation table can translate along the X axis on the X-axis guide rail II, the swing workbench can swing between 90 degrees and +90 degrees around the Y axis on the X-axis translation table, the rotary workbench can rotate around the Z axis on the swing workbench, and the operation of all the components is integrally controlled by the numerical control system.
4. The multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing device of the complex curved surface part according to claim 1, wherein the main shaft system further comprises an L-shaped support plate I, the main shaft box is arranged on an X-axis deflection table of the cutter displacement mechanism, the main shaft is arranged on the main shaft box, and the ultrasonic transducer is arranged on the main shaft and used for providing ultrasonic vibration in a Z direction for the main shaft to realize ultrasonic auxiliary processing; the first conductive slip ring is composed of a stator and a rotor, the first conductive slip ring stator is installed on the spindle box through first L-shaped support plates, the first L-shaped support plates are 2 in number and symmetrically installed on two sides of a spindle, one of the first 2L-shaped support plates is provided with a through hole for placing a first connecting terminal, the first conductive slip ring rotor is installed on the spindle and is in interference fit with the spindle, a hole for placing an electrode of the first conductive slip ring is formed in the lower portion of the spindle, the first conductive slip ring stator is connected with a power supply through the first connecting terminal, the first conductive slip ring rotor is connected with a cutter through the first conductive slip ring electrode, the first clamp is installed at the bottom of the spindle and used for clamping the cutter in a chain type cutter magazine and is made of an insulating material resistant to acid and alkali corrosion, and the cutter is controlled by a numerical control system to polish complex curved surface parts in the machining process.
5. The ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing device for multiple degrees of freedom of complex curved surface parts according to claim 3 is characterized in that a second conductive slip ring is installed on the rotary workbench, a second conductive slip ring stator is installed on the swinging workbench through a second L-shaped support plate, the number of the second L-shaped support plates is 2, one of the second L-shaped support plates is provided with a through hole for placing a second connecting terminal, a second conductive slip ring rotor is installed on the rotary workbench, a polishing liquid groove for containing polishing liquid is installed on the second conductive slip ring rotor, a through hole, a sealing ring and a polishing liquid discharge port are arranged at the bottom of the polishing liquid groove, a second clamp for clamping a workpiece is installed in the polishing liquid groove, the bottom of the second clamp is provided with the through hole and the sealing ring, the sealing ring is used for realizing sealing, the second conductive slip ring rotor is connected with a power supply through the second connecting terminal, the second conductive slip ring stator is connected with a workpiece to be processed through the second conductive slip ring electrode, and is used for connecting a positive electrode to the workpiece to be processed, and in the processing process, the rotary workbench drives the second conductive slip ring rotor, the polishing liquid groove, the second clamp and the workpiece to be processed together rotate; the polishing liquid tank and the clamp are both made of insulating materials resistant to acid and alkali corrosion.
6. The ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing device for multiple degrees of freedom of complex curved surface parts according to claim 1, wherein the measuring system specifically comprises X-axis guide rails I, mechanical arms, a non-contact surface roughness meter and a three-dimensional laser scanner, the number of the mechanical arms is 2, the mechanical arms are respectively arranged on the X-axis guide rails I, the mechanical arms can translate along X-axis on the X-axis guide rails I, namely have translational freedom degrees in the X-axis direction, and have Z-axis rotational freedom degrees, X-axis rotational freedom degrees and Y-axis stretching translational freedom degrees, the motion control of all parts is integrated in a numerical control system, and the non-contact surface roughness meter and the three-dimensional laser scanner are respectively arranged on the mechanical arms.
7. The ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing device for the complex curved surface parts with multiple degrees of freedom is characterized in that the polishing solution circulating system comprises a polishing solution collecting and filtering device, a polishing solution runner and a polishing solution nozzle, the polishing solution collecting and filtering device is arranged on a lathe bed, the polishing solution runner is arranged on a spindle box and is communicated with the polishing solution collecting and filtering device, the polishing solution nozzle is arranged at the tail end of the polishing solution runner, the polishing solution runner and the polishing solution collecting and filtering device are made of insulating materials resistant to acid and alkali corrosion, electric and magnetic interference to a closed circuit of a workpiece and a cutter in the machining process is avoided, and the polishing solution nozzle is controlled by a numerical control system to spray the polishing solution to a machining part in the machining process.
8. The ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing device for multiple degrees of freedom of complex curved surface parts according to claim 1, further comprising a movable cabin door and a control cabinet, wherein the movable cabin door is installed on the lathe bed and is provided with an observation window, the control cabinet is installed on the lathe bed, and surfaces of the lathe bed and the internal mechanism, which can be splashed by polishing liquid, are coated with hydrophobic, oleophobic and anti-corrosion coatings or are provided with shielding objects.
9. A polishing method using the multi-degree-of-freedom ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing equipment for complex curved surface parts according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the following steps:
the first step, the numerical control system controls the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to move to a feeding position, the workpiece is clamped on the second clamp, the workpiece to be processed and the two electrodes of the conductive slip ring are required to be reliably connected during clamping, the numerical control system controls the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to reach a processing position after clamping is completed, and the movable cabin door is closed;
step two, the numerical control system controls the mechanical arm and the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to cooperatively move, a three-dimensional laser scanner is started to perform comprehensive scanning measurement on a workpiece to be processed, measured data are fed back to the numerical control system, and the numerical control system performs three-dimensional modeling on a complex curved surface part with unknown surface contours to form a three-dimensional model of the workpiece to be processed;
Step three, the numerical control system controls the cutter displacement mechanism to move to a cutter changing position, a cutter is selected according to processing requirements, meanwhile, the chain type cutter magazine conveys the required cutter to the cutter changing position, cutter setting operation is carried out after the cutter is installed, the numerical control system controls a machine tool circuit, the machine tool circuit is connected with a power supply cathode through a first conductive slip ring installed on a main shaft, and the machine tool circuit is connected with a power supply anode through a second conductive slip ring installed on a rotary workbench;
step four, in the processing process, the numerical control system controls the ultrasonic transducer to be started, and an ultrasonic auxiliary effect is applied to the cutter; the numerical control system controls output parameters of the polishing solution circulation system, sprays the polishing solution to a processing site, provides electrolyte solution for electrochemical polishing, and forms an electrochemical polishing system together with a power supply, a cutter, a workpiece to be processed and the polishing solution to carry out ultrasonic electrochemical auxiliary polishing work;
and fifthly, after the machining is finished, the numerical control system controls the movable hatch door to open, and simultaneously controls the workpiece pose adjusting mechanism to convey the workpiece to a discharging position.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein in the fourth step, a preset voltage is selected according to factors of a material, a shape and machining precision of a workpiece to be machined; in the machining process, the numerical control system controls the speed of the polishing liquid nozzle to spray the polishing liquid and the discharging speed of the discharging hole in the polishing liquid tank so as to adjust the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank, specifically, when the workpiece to be machined is a thin-wall piece, the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank is lower than a machining site, excessive corrosion of the machining site is prevented, over-polishing is caused, and meanwhile, the polishing liquid sprayed by the polishing liquid nozzle is ensured to cover a cutter and the machining site, and a closed loop is continuously formed so as to ensure that the electrochemical action is continuously carried out; when the wall thickness of the workpiece to be processed is thicker or the material is difficult to process, the liquid level in the polishing liquid tank can submerge the cutter and the processing site so as to enhance the electrochemical action and the corrosion action of chemical components in the polishing liquid; in the whole processing process, under the control of a numerical control system, the non-contact surface roughness meter measures the surface roughness of a processing site in real time, the three-dimensional laser scanner measures the shape precision of the processing site in real time, the measurement result is transmitted to the numerical control system, and the numerical control system is used for identifying and judging to compensate the defect.
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