CN1177155C - n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器 - Google Patents

n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器

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CN1177155C
CN1177155C CNB021354227A CN02135422A CN1177155C CN 1177155 C CN1177155 C CN 1177155C CN B021354227 A CNB021354227 A CN B021354227A CN 02135422 A CN02135422 A CN 02135422A CN 1177155 C CN1177155 C CN 1177155C
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gear
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clutch
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CN1400409A (zh
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王玉鸿
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H3/00Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/44Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/62Gearings having three or more central gears
    • F16H3/66Gearings having three or more central gears composed of a number of gear trains without drive passing from one train to another
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H3/00Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/02Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/08Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts
    • F16H3/087Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H3/00Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/02Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/08Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts
    • F16H3/087Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears
    • F16H3/091Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears including a single countershaft
    • F16H3/0915Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears including a single countershaft with coaxial input and output shafts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H3/00Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/02Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/08Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts
    • F16H2003/0807Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts with gear ratios in which the power is transferred by axially coupling idle gears
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H2200/00Transmissions for multiple ratios
    • F16H2200/003Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds
    • F16H2200/0043Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds the gear ratios comprising four forward speeds
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H2200/00Transmissions for multiple ratios
    • F16H2200/003Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds
    • F16H2200/006Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds the gear ratios comprising eight forward speeds
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H2200/00Transmissions for multiple ratios
    • F16H2200/003Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds
    • F16H2200/0065Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds the gear ratios comprising nine forward speeds
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H2200/00Transmissions for multiple ratios
    • F16H2200/20Transmissions using gears with orbital motion
    • F16H2200/2002Transmissions using gears with orbital motion characterised by the number of sets of orbital gears
    • F16H2200/201Transmissions using gears with orbital motion characterised by the number of sets of orbital gears with three sets of orbital gears

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Abstract

本发明涉及齿轮机械变速机构,适用于车辆及机械设备动力的变速之用。本发明提出的多级串联变速器,将变速器的齿轮分为几个变速级,每级都有一个直接档和变速档,3对齿轮可组成2级变速有4档,4对齿轮可组成3级变速有8档,5对齿轮组成4级变速,有16档,现有的5档变速器需要5对齿轮较复杂。多级串联变速器也可用锥齿轮,行星齿轮组成,都比现有同类变速器简单,在现有的4档自动变速器中行星轮结构中用以换档的离合器、制动器、二种控制件需要6-8件,本实施例中的行星轮8档变速器中只用控制件5-6件。

Description

n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器
                         技术领域
本发明属于机械变速装置技术领域,更明确地说是一种用于车辆及机械动力设备的机械变速器的改进。
                        背景技术
已有的齿轮变速器,有手动平行轴变速器和自动换档行星齿轮传动两类。在二轴或三轴变速器中,一般有几个前进档就要有几对齿轮(不计倒档),每一对齿轮有固定的变速比,换档时,从这些并列的齿轮对中任选一对进行变速,其余齿轮都闲置不参于正在变速的工作。此机构中有一根轴是与轴上齿轮结为一体的,另一根花键轴供移动齿轮或同步器换档用,换档时必须先退至空档,暂停动力输出,然后才能挂档,继续工作。待啮合的齿轮对中,一个是与输入轴离合器从动盘等较大转动体相连,惯性较大,另一个齿轮是与输出轴及整个车辆相联,惯性更大。为避免齿牙速度不同受冲击损伤,要用同步器或摩擦片接合。手动换档不方便,影响车辆的性能,为了提高车辆的性能,现时多在机械变速之前加上变扭器,采用液压控制离合器或制动器达到自动换档,以便更好地发挥发动机及车辆的性能。
有变扭器的自动变速器,其结构多数为行星齿轮传动,行星齿轮传动的输入和输出各有三个途径可利用,但是在一级变速就有各种适合的变速比是很难办到的。现有的自动变速器多为四档,其换档控制件(离合器、制动器两种)有6-8件,结构比较复杂。
本发明的目的,在于克服上述缺点,提供一种可用较少的齿轮和构件得到较多的档位;或是有同样数目的档位时,构件减少,结构简单,成本降低;从而使换档前后发动机的转速变化范围较小,可更充分发挥发动机及车辆运行性能的n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器。
                          发明内容
为了达到上述目的,本发明由安装在机箱上输入轴、中间轴、输出轴,安装在上述轴上的齿轮,安装在齿轮间的离合器所构成。变速器中的齿轮分为几个变速级,每个变速级有1∶1不变速的直接挡和一个变速档,n级变速级有2n档,每档的总变速比为各级变速级的连乘积。各档的变速比排列成一个等比级数,其公比可根据需要设定。
可以是输入轴和输出轴在一条轴线上,中间轴与其平行。齿轮不是固定在轴上,而是按照直径大小顺序排列套在轴上,各齿轮中有超越离合器,使较小齿轮可快于大齿轮旋转。在输入轴和输出轴上的齿轮间安装有离合器,可使两齿轮结合或分开旋转,每个离合器控制一个变速级的变速或不变速。n个变速级有2n个档位的变速,可降速也可增速,增速时要调整离合器和超越离合器的位置。
可以是输入轴和输出轴在一条轴线上,所有齿轮均为圆锥齿轮。输入轴上各齿轮间安装有控制各变速级的变速或不变速的离合器。中间轴与输入轴垂直,在中间轴上安装有依直径大小套装在一起的与输入轴上各齿轮相啮合的齿轮,齿轮之间安装有超越离合器。使直径大的齿轮可以带动较小的齿轮,小齿轮可超越大齿轮旋转。每个离合器可控制一级变速,n个离合器即n个变速级,有2n个档。
变速器的动力可由中间轴改变方向输出。
也可以输出轴垂直于中间轴和输入轴,输出轴上带有差速器,构成有前进4档或8档之一、有空档与倒挡的后桥。
还可以输入轴和输出轴在一条轴线上,所有齿轮均为圆锥齿轮。输出轴上各齿轮按直径大小套装在输出轴上。各圆锥齿轮间安装有可控制相邻大小两齿轮的离合的离合器。中间轴垂直于输入轴,中间轴的齿轮间安装有使靠近输入轴的齿轮可带动距输入轴较远的齿轮的超越离合器。n个变速级有2n个档。
还可以变速级由行星齿轮构成,每列行星齿轮成为一个变速级。变速器具有倒档、空档及前进档的输出。
本发明提出的多级串联变速器是把变速器中的齿轮分为几个组,每个组的齿轮组成一个变速级,有两档,一个直接档,一个降速档,由结合器控制。动力经过第一级变速,还要经过第二,第三…各级的变速,变速器每档的变速比是各级变速比的连乘积。每级有变速和不变速两档,n级有2n个不同的连乘积,也就是2n个档的变速比。2级变速有4档,3级有8档,4级有16档,n级有2n档,是按二进制增加的,适当选择变速级的变速比则可得到一个按等比级数增加的几何级数,各级变速级的变速比应按r1,r2,r4,r8的序列选用,受齿轮牙数所限各变数比只能是一个近似数。三级变速选用r1,r2,r4,此处r为各级变速的公比,则三级都变速r1·r2·r4=r7,就是变速最大的一档,如果三级都不变速,则r0·r0·r0=1,这就是直接挡。无论在哪一个档工作,每个变速级都是处在工作中,而不是只参加一个档的工作,所以串联多级变速的变速器能减少齿轮而增加档位。
多级串联变速器可用圆柱齿轮、圆锥齿轮或和行星齿轮来组成,各有各的特点。本发明提出的方法,可方便的设计不同变速比的多档变速器,且结构更简化。可适用于不同车辆及各种机械设备的不同需要。不但降速可以,增速也可以,增速时将动力由反方向输入并调整离合器和超越离合器的位置即可。各种类型的实施例将分述于后。
                        附图说明
图1为圆柱齿轮组成的多级串联变速器传动机构原理图;
图2有超速档三级串联8档变速器传动原理图;
图3增速用三级串联8档变速传动原理图;
图4行星轮组成的三级串联变速器传动结构原理图;
图5为圆锥齿轮组成的多级串联变速器传动机构原理图;
图6是图5的仰视图;
图7有超速档的圆锥齿轮多级串联变速器传动原理图;
图8为圆锥齿轮组成的同轴多级串联变速器传动原理图。
                      具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例及其附图作更进一步的说明。实施例1,见图1。
图1为圆柱齿轮组成的多级串联变速器传动机构原理图,图中输入轴1有固定齿轮4,输出轴2有齿轮5、6、7,按直径大小排列,齿轮7固定在输出轴2上。A、B、C为齿轮4、5、6、7之间的离合器,可用牙嵌式或摩擦片式,中间轴3上有齿轮8、9、10、11,按大小顺序排列,齿轮11,固定在轴3上,各齿轮间有超越离合器,使小齿轮可超越大齿轮,大齿轮不能超越小齿轮,离合器可使其前后两齿轮结合共同旋转,当放开两齿轮时,前一齿轮啮合中间轴上的齿轮,经过超越离合器带动的齿轮又啮合到后一齿轮,得到了降速,每个离合器控制一级变速的两种变化。按图1各齿轮旁所注齿数计算,第一级变速比,为1.304,第二级为1.691,第三级为2.833在结合器A、B、C开与合的不同组合下,可得三级变速连续乘积的8个不同速比,就是有8个档:1;1.304;1.691;2.206;2.833;3.696;4.792;6.2。这八档的公比接近1.3,这公比值,可视需要选定,按此规律可任意选用2级变速,4级变速或5级变速,此例为3级8档,使用时,也可只使用6档7档,动力也可由中间轴3输出,而不需要轴2,此例中倒档需另加倒档齿轮。
现有二轴或三轴式变速器,6挡要6对齿轮,6个同步离合器,本例中8档只需4对齿轮,3个离合器,简化很多,变速级越多,机件减少越多。
牙嵌式离合器换档时,要暂停动力输出,只适用手动换档,摩擦片离合器换档则可以不中断动力输出。档数多,每档变速比就小,换档前后发动机转速变化范围小,而液压摩擦片结合,既快又可缓和换档前后动力运转的不平稳,在不是绝对要求运转平稳性的情况下省去变扭器,可节省燃料提高经济性,有利于自动变速,提高车辆运行性能。
实施例2.见图2。
图2为有超速档8档变速器传动原理图,第三级为升速,按齿轮旁所注齿数,各档传动比为:0.7576;1;1.296;1.711;2.143;2.829;3.667;4.84。
实施例3.见图3。
图3为增速用8档变速传动原理图,主轴轮四片,厚度减小,直径加大,可以丝扣套在自行车类后轴毂上,这些齿轮间用超越离合器(或棘爪式单向齿牙)联接,使大齿轮可带动小齿轮。中间轴分为三段,齿轮9和10各有两片,8和9为一段,9和10,10和11为另两段,三段轴各自独立,不同轴,按一定间隔分布在主轴周围不同的位置上。控制各短轴齿轮与主轴齿轮的啮合或脱开,即可改变齿轮间的变速与否,从而可得8档增速,按图中所注齿数,8档增速比为:1;1.2;1.44;1.718;2.069;2.483;2.98;3.574。动力用链条拉动主轴上最大齿轮,而由主轴最小齿轮输出,如减去一级变速,则成为4档,变速比应按需要改变。
齿轮间超越离合器分别是A、B、C。
实施例4.见图5、图6。
图5为锥齿轮组成的多级串联变速器结构原理图,图中输入轴1上有齿轮4、5、6、7。齿轮4固定在轴上,各齿轮间有离合器A、B、C,各齿轮直径相同(必要时也可不同),这些齿轮与中间轴3上的齿轮8、9、10、11相啮合,中间轴3与输入轴是垂直的,齿轮8、9、10、11之间有超越离合器,使直径小的内层齿轮可以超越外层较大齿轮。接合器D在输出轴2的花键上,可以与齿轮7啮合做直接档输出,或与齿轮12啮合做倒档输出,处于中间位置是空档。当离合器A、B、C、都是分开时,齿轮4只能带动齿轮8,经各级的超越离合器带动齿轮9、10、11,7,经离合器D至输出轴2。当离合器A、B、C都是结合时则齿轮4、5、6、7,结合在一起同速转动而直接输出。如果接合器A、B、C中有的放开,有的结合,则放开的离合器前后两齿轮间将有降速,而结合的齿轮就是直接档,无变速,因此经三级变速后有8个变速档输出。按图中齿数计算各档变速比为:1;1.238;1.62;2;2.6;3.22;4.2;5.2。需要超速档应按图7方式构成,齿轮8与9连成一体,离合器A改为双向作用,在输入轴1的花键上可分别与齿轮4或5结合。按图中齿轮牙数计算可得8档:0.759;1;1.303;1.714;2.127;2.8;3.647;4.8。
此例中输出轴3与齿轮11连结可以改变动力输出的方向,也可以用链条直接拉动齿轮8,动力由输出轴3输出,这适合自行车和摩托车变速用。输出轴2可以绕中间轴3旋转90度或任何一个角度,像图6所示,输出轴2在差速器13的两侧,齿轮14、15套在轴管16上,离合器D可在轴管16的滑键上移动与齿轮14或齿轮15结合,而有倒档,前进档或空档,这样的后桥可随意把轴3放在上方或下方;而使另一侧有更大的空间选择。
实施例5.见图8。
图8为锥齿轮组成的同轴多级串联变速器的结构原理图。图中输入轴1与齿轮4结合,与轴1同一轴线的输出轴2,套有锥齿轮5、6、7及12,中间轴3上有齿轮8、9、10、11,齿轮10和11为一体,超越离合器允许齿轮8依次带动齿轮9、10、11,而反顺序则可超越,齿轮4、5、6,7、12之间有离合器A、B、C、D、E,均为摩擦片式的离合器,离合器A、B可控制齿轮4、5、6结合和分开。按图8齿轮旁所注齿轮牙数计算,可得8档变速比依次为:0.714;1;1.4;1.96;2.75; 3.84;5.4;7.56。离合器C、D使轴2接合齿轮6或7输出前进各档,离合器E与齿轮12接合则输出倒档,倒档也有多档。
此实例径向尺寸大,可缩小轴向尺寸,中间轴3可以有2-4组,以减轻齿牙的负荷,而使整个机构尺寸减小,宜于靠近发动机飞轮安置,作自动变速器用。控制各离合器只需要4个液压活塞,以8档计简化很多。
实施例6.见图4。
图中为行星轮三级串联变速器传动原理图。图中注明各级齿圈及中心轮的齿数。其中A、B、C、D为离合器,G、H为超越离合器,E、F为制动器。第一级升速(即超速0.667),动力由离合器A、行星架输入,由齿圈输出至第二级中心。离合器A放开时,超越离合器即直接带动齿圈输出。第二级由中心输入,行星架输出,降速2.25。当离合器B结合齿圈和行星架时则与中心轮共同旋转,做直接档输出至第三级。此时超越离合器H允许正转。离合器B放开时,超越离合器H制动齿圈。中心架降速2.25输出至第三级。第三级齿圈被制动器E制动,离合器C可结合行星架与输出轴2输出动力,降速5.06。当制动器F制动行星架时,动力经齿圈、离合器D至输出轴反向输出,并降速4.06。当制动器E、F都松开,离合器C、D都结合,则是直接档输出。无变速。三级变速综合可得8个前进档:0.667;1;1.5;2.25;3.375;5.06;7.59;11.39。倒档可有2.7;4.06;6.09;9.14。此实施例6中换档离合器和制动器共6件需要液压活塞4个,实用中可只用5档、6档或7档。如只用前级和后级,前级改为升速1.8,即超速档0.556。后级降速3.24,则可得4档:0.556;1;1.8;3.24;倒档2.24。此时换档液压活塞只需3个。

Claims (5)

1.一种n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器,它由安装在机箱上的输入轴、中间轴、输出轴,安装在上述轴上的齿轮,安装在齿轮间的离合器所构成,变速器中的齿轮分为几个变速级,每个变速级有1∶1不变速的直接挡和一个变速档,各档的变速比排列成一个等比级数,其特征在于所说的输入轴和输出轴在一条轴线上,所有齿轮均为圆锥齿轮,中间轴与输入轴垂直,n个变速级有2n档。
2.按照权利要求1所述的n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器,其特征在于所说的输入轴上各齿轮间安装有控制各变速级的变速或不变速的离合器,在中间轴上安装有依直径大小套装在一起的与输入轴上各齿轮相啮合的齿轮,齿轮之间安装有使直径大的齿轮可以带动较小的齿轮而小齿轮可超越大齿轮旋转的超越离合器,每个离合器可控制一级变速,n个离合器即n个变速级。
3.按照权利要求2所述的n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器,其特征在于它安装有与输入轴方向不同的可改变动力输出方向的中间轴。
4.按照权利要求2所述的n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器,其特征在于输出轴垂直于中间轴和输入轴,输出轴上带有差速器,构成有前进4档或8档之一、有空档与倒挡的后桥。
5.按照权利要求1所述的n级串联有2n档构造简化的变速器,其特征在于所说的输出轴上各齿轮按直径大小套装在输出轴上,各圆锥齿轮间安装有可控制相邻大小两齿轮的离合的离合器,中间轴的齿轮间安装有使靠近输入轴的齿轮可带动距输入轴较远的齿轮的超越离合器。
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CN109356979A (zh) * 2018-11-07 2019-02-19 柳州惠林科技有限责任公司 一种有倒档的单离合器两档自动变速器
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