CN117486538A - 热缩型纤维增强3d打印混凝土及其制备方法 - Google Patents

热缩型纤维增强3d打印混凝土及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN117486538A
CN117486538A CN202311218062.5A CN202311218062A CN117486538A CN 117486538 A CN117486538 A CN 117486538A CN 202311218062 A CN202311218062 A CN 202311218062A CN 117486538 A CN117486538 A CN 117486538A
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concrete
heat
fiber
curing
printing
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吴静
郑雪玲
杨文�
丁庆军
王罗新
王桦
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Wuhan Textile University
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土及其制备方法，本发明将热缩型纤维加入混凝土中，加热后其长度会发生变化，通过均匀分布在混凝土中的热缩型纤维的收缩应力对混凝土施加预应力，从而提高混凝土的致密度，混凝土中均匀分散的热缩型纤维对混凝土基体施加三维紧缩的自应力，可以愈合水化早期形成的凝胶孔及微裂缝，有助于形成更加致密的微结构，实现混凝土结构的增强和增韧，从而增加3D打印混凝土的承载能力和抗裂性能，与未掺加纤维的3D打印混凝土和掺有普通合成纤维的3D打印混凝土相比，掺加热缩型纤维并同时采用热养护的3D打印混凝土，其抗压强度、弯拉强度和弯曲韧性显著提高。

Description

热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及建筑材料施工领域，具体涉及一种热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土及其制备方法。
背景技术
由于3D打印技术效率高、成本低、用料少、污染少、能够制造异形结构等特点，其在建筑领域的运用越来越多，各类3D打印混凝土建筑不断出现。无论是一体式3D打印混凝土建筑还是装配式3D打印混凝土建筑，其均需要与常规钢筋混凝土建筑一样为人类提供安全可靠的生活工作场所。
但由于3D打印的技术特点，建筑3D打印中往往只有混凝土这一单一材料，缺乏常规钢筋混凝土结构中的钢筋部分，因此其受力性能往往只能依靠于混凝土本身来提供。3D打印混凝土属于增材制造，具有流动状态的混凝土浆体被打印机挤出逐层堆叠形成预设形状，虽然其流变性能和凝结时间经过了优化设计，但混凝土浆体在挤出后自然流延，并受重力作用有下坠趋势，且该成型工艺无法通过振捣密实，致使材料内部存在大量的气孔和微裂缝等缺陷，密实性相对较差，这也为3D打印混凝土的力学性能和耐久性埋下隐患。特别是在冲击荷载或地震等情况下，3D打印混凝土建筑缺乏足够的韧性和抗裂性能，当混凝土发生开裂时往往结构面临倒塌的风险。因此针对于建筑中3D打印混凝土结构，需要采用合适的预应力技术来增强混凝土的整体力学性能，提高其弯曲韧性和抗裂性能，保证建筑结构的安全可靠。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题提供一种热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土及其制备方法。
本发明解决上述技术问题的技术方案如下：
热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤1、按比例称取原材料搅拌并混合均匀，得到混凝土浆体，原材料包括以下质量份的成分：水泥100份，矿物掺合料0-30份，砂50-200份，热缩型纤维0.1-3份，促凝剂1-8份，减水剂1-5份，消泡剂为1-4份；水灰比为0.18-0.30；
步骤2、将上述混凝土浆体输送至3D打印机的打印喷头内，采用分层打印方式打印得到混凝土坯体；
步骤3、对混凝土坯体进行自然养护，环境温度范围为5-40℃，环境湿度范围为50-80％，直到混凝土达到终凝状态后进行热养护，得到热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土。
进一步的，所述热缩型纤维的制备方法包括以下步骤：
步骤1.1、将100质量份的高收缩聚酯切片与0.1-20质量份的改性剂混合得到改性原料，所述的改性剂为聚合物晶须、无机盐晶须和微细无机粉末中的至少一种；
步骤1.2、将步骤1.1得到的改性原料及聚乙烯切片经60-70℃真空干燥后，以聚乙烯为皮层，改性原料为芯层进行皮芯复合纺丝，皮芯材料比1：3-9，制得聚乙烯/聚酯皮芯复合纤维；设定聚乙烯进料螺杆和熔体管道温度为130℃，设定聚酯进料螺杆和熔体管道温度120-125℃，纺丝箱温度为125-130℃，侧吹风速度0.2-0.4m/s，纺丝速度500-1000m/min，拉伸速度50-100m/min，拉伸温度110-120℃，拉伸倍数5-10倍。
步骤1.3、将步骤1.2中的得到的复合纤维进行第二次牵引拉伸，具体为：将复合纺丝机制得的复合纤维在25-40℃温度下冷却，在120-130℃温度下进行二次牵引拉伸，拉伸倍数为2-3倍，在25-40℃温度下冷却，得到热缩型纤维；
步骤1.4、将步骤1.3得到的热缩型纤维切短，得到长度为3-9mm的短切热缩型纤维。
进一步的，所述的热养护温度为60-100℃，且混凝土的热养护温度不低于热缩型纤维的收缩温度，热养护时长为5-60min。
进一步的，所述的热养护的开始时间在混凝土终凝到3d龄期之间。
进一步的，所述的热养护方法为热水养护、蒸汽养护、高温炉养护和预埋电阻丝发热养护中的任意一种。
进一步的，所述砂的细度模数为2.5-1.3，含泥量<0.5％；所述减水剂为聚羧酸高效减水剂或三聚氰胺减水剂；所述消泡剂为非离子型硅聚醚消泡剂或干粉类有机硅氧烷类消泡剂；所述促凝剂为碳酸锂、甲酸钙、氯化锂、氯化钙和硫酸钠中的一种或几种。
一种热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土，由上述方法制备得到。
本发明的有益效果为：
本发明将热缩型纤维加入混凝土中，加热后其长度会发生变化，通过均匀分布在混凝土中的热缩型纤维的收缩应力对混凝土施加预应力，从而提高混凝土的致密性，混凝土中均匀分散的热缩型纤维对混凝土基体施加三维紧缩的自应力，可以愈合水化早期形成的凝胶孔及微裂缝，有助于形成更加致密的微结构，实现对3D打印混凝土结构的增强和增韧，从而提高混凝土的承载能力和抗裂性能，与未掺加纤维的3D打印混凝土和掺有普通合成纤维的3D打印混凝土相比，掺加热缩型纤维并同时采用热养护的3D打印混凝土，其抗压强度、弯拉强度和弯曲韧性显著提高。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明的原理和特征进行描述，所举实例只用于解释本发明，并非用于限定本发明的范围。
实施例1
首先按照以下步骤制备热缩型纤维A：
将100质量份的高收缩聚酯切片与20质量份的改性剂混合得到改性原料。将得到的改性原料及聚乙烯切片经60℃真空干燥12h，以聚乙烯为皮层，改性原料为芯层进行皮芯复合纺丝，皮芯材料比1：5，制得聚乙烯/聚酯皮芯复合纤维；设定聚乙烯进料螺杆和熔体管道温度为130℃，设定聚酯进料螺杆和熔体管道温度120-125℃，纺丝箱温度为125-130℃，侧吹风速度0.2-0.4m/s，纺丝速度600m/min，拉伸速度90m/min，拉伸温度110-120℃，拉伸倍数5倍。将得到的复合纤维进行第二次牵引拉伸，具体为：将复合纺丝机制得的复合纤维在25-40℃温度下冷却，在120-130℃温度下进行二次牵引拉伸，拉伸倍数为3倍，在25-40℃温度下冷却，得到热缩型纤维A，并切短得到长度为5mm的短切热缩型纤维A，纤维直径为200μm。该纤维在温度达到60℃时开始收缩，收缩率5％。
采用得到的热缩型纤维A配制混凝土，基础配合比见表1，在此基础上引入质量份为2.5的热缩型纤维A，将上述原材料搅拌并混合均匀，得到混凝土浆体。
将上述混凝土浆体输送至3D打印机的打印喷头内，采用分层打印方式打印得到混凝土坯体；对混凝土坯体进行自然养护，环境温度为20℃，环境湿度为75％，养护致混凝土终凝后，置于水浴箱中，80℃恒温养护60min，最后置于标准养护环境下养护至28d。
实施例2
采用实施例1中的热缩型纤维A配制混凝土，混凝土配合比以及养护方法与实施例1相同，所不同的是热缩型纤维A的质量份为1.8。
实施例3
采用实施例1中的热缩型纤维A配制混凝土，混凝土配合比与实施例1相同，热缩型纤维A的质量份为2。混凝土浆体经3D打印机分层打印得到混凝土坯体，对混凝土坯体进行自然养护，环境温度为30℃，环境湿度为80％，养护48h后，置于蒸养箱中，100℃恒温养护30min，最后置于标准养护环境下养护至28d。
实施例4
首先按照以下步骤制备热缩型纤维B：
将100质量份的高收缩聚酯切片与10质量份的改性剂混合得到改性原料。将得到的改性原料及聚乙烯切片经70℃真空干燥6h，以聚乙烯为皮层，改性原料为芯层进行皮芯复合纺丝，皮芯材料比1：8，制得聚乙烯/聚酯皮芯复合纤维；设定聚乙烯进料螺杆和熔体管道温度为130℃，设定聚酯进料螺杆和熔体管道温度120-125℃，纺丝箱温度为125-130℃，侧吹风速度0.2-0.4m/s，纺丝速度1000m/min，拉伸速度80m/min，拉伸温度110-120℃，拉伸倍数8倍。将得到的复合纤维进行第二次牵引拉伸，具体为：将复合纺丝机制得的复合纤维在25-40℃温度下冷却，在125-130℃温度下进行二次牵引拉伸，拉伸倍数为2倍，在25-40℃温度下冷却，得到热缩型纤维B，并切短得到长度为8mm的短切热缩型纤维B，纤维直径为150μm。该纤维在温度达到70℃时开始收缩，收缩率3％。
采用得到的热缩型纤维B配制混凝土，基础配合比见表1，在此基础上引入质量份为0.9的热缩型纤维B。
混凝土浆体经3D打印机分层打印得到混凝土坯体，对混凝土坯体进行自然养护，环境温度为25℃，环境湿度为70％，养护48h后，打印成型后，在标准养护环境下养护24h，之后置于高温炉中，100℃恒温养护20min，最后置于标准养护环境下养护至28d。
实施例5
采用实施例4中的热缩型纤维B配制混凝土，混凝土配合比见表1，在此基础上引入质量份为1的热缩型纤维B，混凝土浆体经3D打印机分层打印得到混凝土坯体，对混凝土坯体进行自然养护，环境温度为10℃，环境湿度为60％，养护1d后，置于蒸养箱中，90℃恒温养护40min，最后置于标准养护环境下养护至28d。
对比例1
对比例1的混凝土配合比与实施例1的混凝土配合比相同，自然养护方式也与实施例1相同，区别在于对比例1不采用热养护，自然养护后即置于标准养护环境至28d。
对比例2
为了对比热缩型纤维和普通纤维对3D打印混凝土力学性能的影响，特设计了对比例2，其混凝土配合比和纤维掺量与实施例1相同，区别在于对比例2中掺加的是不收缩的普通聚酯纤维。对比例2的养护方式与实施例1相同。
对比例3
本对比例中制备了不掺加任何纤维的混凝土，对比例3的养护方式与实施例1相同。
表1 3D打印混凝土配合比(质量份)
水泥 矿物掺合料 砂 水 减水剂 促凝剂 消泡剂
100 25 160 30 1.5 8 4
表2纤维掺量及热养护方法
纤维 纤维质量份 热养护方法
实施例1 热缩型纤维A 2.5 80℃水浴养护
实施例2 热缩型纤维A 1.8 80℃水浴养护
实施例3 热缩型纤维A 2 100℃蒸汽养护
实施例4 热缩型纤维B 0.9 100℃高温炉养护
实施例5 热缩型纤维B 1 90℃蒸汽养护
对比例1 热缩型纤维A 2.5 不进行热养护
对比例2 普通聚酯纤维 2.5 80℃水浴养护
对比例3 不掺加纤维 0 80℃水浴养护
表3混凝土凝结时间及力学性能
由上述实施例及对比例可知，与未掺加纤维的3D打印混凝土和掺有普通合成纤维的3D打印混凝土相比，掺加热缩型纤维并同时采用热养护的3D打印混凝土，其抗压强度、弯拉强度和弯曲韧性显著提高。原因是热缩型纤维受热后纤维收缩变形，产生收缩应力，将热缩型纤维加入混凝土中，加热后其长度会发生变化，通过均匀分布在混凝土中的热缩型纤维的收缩应力对混凝土基体施加预应力，从而提高3D混凝土的致密性，实现3D混凝土结构的增强和增韧。混凝土的初凝与终凝时间依据促凝剂的用量而改变。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (7)

1.热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
步骤1、按比例称取原材料搅拌并混合均匀，得到混凝土浆体，原材料包括以下质量份的成分：水泥100份，矿物掺合料0-30份，砂50-200份，热缩型纤维0.1-3份，促凝剂1-8份，减水剂1-5份，消泡剂为1-4份；水灰比为0.18-0.30；
步骤2、将上述混凝土浆体输送至3D打印机的打印喷头内，采用分层打印方式打印得到混凝土坯体；
步骤3、对混凝土坯体进行自然养护，环境温度范围为5-40℃，环境湿度范围为50-80％，直到混凝土达到终凝状态后进行热养护，得到热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土的制备方法，其特征在于，所述热缩型纤维的制备方法包括以下步骤：
步骤1.1、将100质量份的高收缩聚酯切片与0.1-20质量份的改性剂混合得到改性原料，所述的改性剂为聚合物晶须、无机盐晶须和微细无机粉末中的至少一种；
步骤1.2、将步骤1.1得到的改性原料及聚乙烯切片经60-70℃真空干燥后，以聚乙烯为皮层，改性原料为芯层进行皮芯复合纺丝，皮芯材料比1：3-9，制得聚乙烯/聚酯皮芯复合纤维；设定聚乙烯进料螺杆和熔体管道温度为130℃，设定聚酯进料螺杆和熔体管道温度120-125℃，纺丝箱温度为125-130℃，侧吹风速度0.2-0.4m/s，纺丝速度500-1000m/min，拉伸速度50-100m/min，拉伸温度110-120℃，拉伸倍数5-10倍；
步骤1.3、将步骤1.2中得到的复合纤维进行第二次牵引拉伸，具体为：将复合纺丝机制得的复合纤维在25-40℃温度下冷却，在120-130℃温度下进行二次牵引拉伸，拉伸倍数为2-3倍，在25-40℃温度下冷却，得到热缩型纤维；
步骤1.4、将步骤1.3得到的热缩型纤维切短，得到长度为3-9mm的短切热缩型纤维。
3.根据权利要求2所述的热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土的制备方法，其特征在于，所述的热养护温度为60-100℃，且混凝土的热养护温度不低于热缩型纤维的收缩温度，热养护时长为5-60min。
4.根据权利要求1所述的热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3中的热养护的开始时间在混凝土终凝到3d龄期之间。
5.根据权利要求1所述的热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土的制备方法，其特征在于，所述的热养护方法为热水养护、蒸汽养护、高温炉养护和预埋电阻丝发热养护中的任意一种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土的制备方法，其特征在于，所述砂的细度模数为2.5-1.3，含泥量<0.5％；所述减水剂为聚羧酸高效减水剂或三聚氰胺减水剂；所述消泡剂为非离子型硅聚醚消泡剂或干粉类有机硅氧烷类消泡剂；所述促凝剂为碳酸锂、甲酸钙、氯化锂、氯化钙和硫酸钠中的一种或几种。
7.热缩型纤维增强3D打印混凝土，其特征在于，由权利要求1-6中任一项所述方法制备得到。
CN202311218062.5A 2023-09-20 2023-09-20 热缩型纤维增强3d打印混凝土及其制备方法 Pending CN117486538A (zh)

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