CN1174610A - 通讯定位系统 - Google Patents

通讯定位系统 Download PDF

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CN1174610A
CN1174610A CN95196005A CN95196005A CN1174610A CN 1174610 A CN1174610 A CN 1174610A CN 95196005 A CN95196005 A CN 95196005A CN 95196005 A CN95196005 A CN 95196005A CN 1174610 A CN1174610 A CN 1174610A
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transceiver
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mobile radio
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CN1102235C (zh
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约翰·E·马洛尼
小查里斯·J·欣克尔
詹姆斯·O·史蒂文森
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MULOC Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W64/00Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S2205/00Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S2205/01Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S2205/06Emergency
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/04Position of source determined by a plurality of spaced direction-finders
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/12Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves by co-ordinating position lines of different shape, e.g. hyperbolic, circular, elliptical or radial

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Position Fixing By Use Of Radio Waves (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Traffic Control Systems (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于在一蜂窝电话或蜂窝式通信系统中定位一移动无线通信收发机的方法和装置使用一简化系统以被动地监视由该收发机发射的信号。一单一的基地站能确定该远程收发器的无线电方位线,然后将此方位线与关联的位置感应信息结合以确定该收发机的可能位置。本发明尤其适用于道路交通,它有利于加强对援助呼叫的反应而实施紧急服务和道路帮助,并且允许对交通流量的被动监视。

Description

通讯定位系统
此项发明旨在确定一蜂窝或蜂窝式通讯系统中的一部分的移动无线通信发送器的地理位置,以利于能够施行或由此位置信息支持对紧急事件的反应、道路协助及交通监视。
蜂窝式电话系统现在已有充分条件使用于无线电话通讯中,现今的蜂窝式电话的操作原理是属于分频多路存取的模拟系统式的(FDMA)。数字科技包括分时多路存取(TDMA)或是分码多路存取(CDMA),可提供较大的容量并且可让更多使用者同时使用蜂窝电话服务。此外,蜂窝状的通讯系统,例如个人通讯系统(PCS),可更加提高使用无线通讯网络人总人数。
蜂窝式电话或是蜂窝状通讯系统包括多个由固定基地站构成的网络,这个网络提供了一个整体的通讯服务给多个移动式的发射器/接收器(收发两用机),例如:蜂窝式电话。此一通讯网络从可提供理想通讯的基地站,尝试去与收发机作传输,这理想的基地点通常,但并不一定,是最靠近移动式收发机的一个基地站,为了达成提供最理想的传输协助,此一网络所需的只能决定去使用那一基地站的定位准确度,并不需要有任何再高的定位准确性。
现有的蜂窝式电话或蜂窝状通讯系统的通讯网络的无法准确地决定出移动式发射机的位置,这在紧急情况中是一项严重的缺点,例如,在洛杉机地区,公安官员估计,今天用蜂窝电话打电话要求帮助(9-1-1)的人士,有四分之一并不知道当他们打电话时的所在地,花在找出他们地点的时间,拖延了那些紧急协助单位,例如,警察局或是救护车服务,其他的报导也显示,在美国有高过百分之六十的交通事均发生在郊区,由于不确定详细地点而造成延误,在郊区提供紧急服务的处理上,也导致较长的反应时间。
对移动无线收发两用机的定位在许多年前就已有多种方式可解决了,但是都仅限于对蜂窝式电话或类似蜂窝式通讯系统之外的系统,对于应用在大规模的移动无线收发两用机的定位系统的实施上实际的困难在于修改以下二种东西所需的成本:一、收发两用机;二、用来决定移动式收发两用机所需的通讯网络。现今所有的收发两用机很少,甚至完全没有,被用来当作对紧急事件或道路协助上的发射信号之用,因此,收发机的提供厂商以及通讯网络的操作人员并不会有很大的经济上的诱因去使他们提高极少使用的服务,在无政府法令的限制下,虽然在短期内无利可图,紧急事件及道路协助的服务在对提供及加强个人及公安安全上的价值是毫无疑问的,对日益猖獗的暴力事件及相关对人身安全的忧虑,以一移动式通讯系统的方式来改善是一项有价值的政策目标,且此目标对于提供给用户,网络操作者及一般大众广泛的利益有着极大的潜力,然而,实现这项目标,虽然是一个极重要且有价值的目标,只需要一个实际、不昂贵而包含以下几种功能的基本设施:查出需要协助的人士们、与他们作通讯联络以及提供给负责协助的单位他们的地理位置。
今天在提供紧急或道路协助之外的应用上已有技术可准确地决定出人们的位置,譬如说,利用卫星的环球定位系统(GPS),利用一特殊目的的接收器去接收从卫星发射出来的无线GPS信号可决定出GPS信号接收点的位置,但是,如利用GPS来取得一通讯收发机的位置,移动收发机必须要包含一个GPS接收器,而GPS接收器却十分昂贵,即使他们的价格因大量生产得以降低,GPS接收器仍必须整合进现有的或是将来的移动收发机,基于此项服务的罕用及大量移动式收发机均需定位的能力;所需的成本中几乎使此一解决办法不可行。
另有些存在的技术可藉被动式的监督移动式通讯收发机来找出它们的位置,然而,这些技术在求得其位置并未将由多路干扰所造成的位置误差考虑进去,多路效应是因为无线电信号在碰到例如车辆、建筑或山丘等物体时会弹回引起的,如不考虑这些效应,接发机的位置将会有误差,多种传播在短波长无线电通讯上是非常普通的,因为相当小的物体就可使相当大量的传输信号产生反射,而且,这种现象普遍发生在有建筑物可反射信号的都市内,这种极有可能,在求取移动式收发器的位置时,经由多路效应而产生的偏差,是在以被动方式去定出无线电发送器位置的应用上必须要强调的一个问题。
如能利用信号分析及来源定位程序来修正在求得正确位置时的误差,多路传播的现象并不一定会阻碍对收发机的定位,例如,美国专利编号4728959,其发明人Maloney证明了如何可将方位寻找程序,也就是信号到达时的方位可被估算,使用在有二个或以上的接收站的情形,如在此专利中所描述的以被动监督通讯信号来决定位置是一项极优越的应用,因为此系统可定出在服务范围内的移动收发机的位置,只要此网络涵盖范围内有至少二个确定位置的接收站,这种方向寻找的方式比起其他的作法来得简单而又准确。然而,需要在多于一处接收站同时接收一共同信号的要求可能会使得这种方式的复杂难度及成本超过一段蜂窝式电话公司或是PCS公司现在或将来愿意接受的。
常常,除了方向性的数据可经由所接收到信号的特征中所求得其他有关移动或无线也收发机位置的信息也可能同时得到。譬如说,在一个用作提供紧急路边协助的系统里,我们可以假设那位请求协助的人士是在某条路上或接近某条路的一辆车里,此一假设可经由向此人是否在路上而求得证实,这种额外的地理上的或是拓扑的信息,在此叫做“并行的信息”,是在正常情况下车辆调度人无法得到的一种信息,将并行信息与方向性信息结合在一起,即使在只有一个基地站的情况下,也可决定出移动无线电收发机的位置好到足以使调度车辆能够提供紧急及路边协助的服务及利用在其他基地所接收到的无线电传输信号的特征来求得该收发机的位置就并不重要了,而额外基地站的要求也变得是多余了,然而,至今尚无任何建议利用此并行信息来去除需要额外基地站的要求。
监督位于车辆内的移动式收发机除了能够加速求救时的反应时间之外,还有其他的好处,其中之一就是能够在符合经济效益情况下来监督交通流量,因缺乏详细计划而产生的交通事故(交通拥挤),将公路阻塞甚而造成在安全上、环境上及经济上极严重的影响,信息交通的多少在一主要大都市区域内可算是一种间接信息,此信息可与所测得的位置及与速度有关及拓扑性的(例如道路地图)等信息结合起来而显示出那些路可通行,那些路已阻塞了,然而,交通流量的信息,就好象紧急事件处理以及路旁协助一样,并非是要建立此一通讯系统的最主要原因,因此目前此信息并未提供,为了提供交通流量的信息而增加设备到通讯基本设施中所需的成本,只有在只需最少量基本设施改进的情况下才可能让那些通讯公司接受。
今天,已有技术可对供应准确的地理位置给紧急及路旁协助的相关人士提供部分及整体的解决办法,然而,这些系统都需要不同接收站同时接收该无线电波的信息,或是需依赖位于通讯收发机之外的仪器所产生的导航信息,还没有任何系统尝试去利用所侦测到的方向性信息加上譬如说街道图之类的并行信息求得位置信息。因此,发明此专利的其中一目的就是能提供一个既简单又有效的方法能在任一无线通讯系统中去认出且定位出一个移动式无线收发机,而这一无线通讯系统包括那些已经存在的或已在计划中的系统,例如个人通讯系统(PCSs)、蜂窝式电话、特殊移动式无线电(SMRs)以及个人数字式辅助器(PDAs)。这项发明的另一目的是能提供一自动的位置代号(ALI)以及一自动的数字代号(ANI)以期全国及全球性都市及郊区的紧急通报及人身安全,以及藉助从接收到的无线电波所得到的信息加上从街道图、用户的描述及其他消息来源的并行信息等等都能够较容易地付诸实现。
这项发明的其他目的还包括:提供一种系统,使得定位及鉴别的功能能够成为在对全国及全球无线电加强式9-1-1(E9-1-1)紧急情况或例行的路边协助通知的通讯系统中的副产品;侦测路上车辆速度及提供一般性的交通消息如交通阻塞及流量的分析:在一即容易实施且又不需太多费用建造的一个系统中提供此一功能;去提供一项系统具有可移动性的特性且可被用来暂时性地侦测局部性区域如道路施工地区或是特殊事件场所如运动竞赛、展览、或音乐会;提供一套步骤及特性以建立起一即便宜又坚固而附属于通讯系统中且可用来定位及鉴别的系统。
这个发明提供了一种装置可用来在一个包含一固定地点的传感站的无线电通信系统中来对一移动式无线电通讯收发机进行定位,传感站利用一对方位敏感的接收天线来接收从移动式收发机传来的无线电信号,一信号特征处理单元来决定出一条从传感站到移动式无线收发机的方位角,一些有关移动收发机的并行信息,一多维参数关联处理单元经由方位角信息及并行信息来决定出北移动收发机的可能位置。
这项专利发明由一能够以被动式来监督从移动收发机传出的信号的一简化系统来在一个蜂窝式电话或蜂窝状通讯系统中找出移动式无线电收发机的位置。在这项发明里,经由一已知位置的单一接收站处理后,可决定出到此移动式收发机的一条方位线(也就是从接收站发出一方位角),然后这条方位线便可与并行信息结合以求得这收发机的可能位置。这项发明在道路交通上有着特殊的实用性,因为它使得紧急处理及路边协助容易达成,而且它也可被动地来监督交通流量,并行信息包含了所有从无线电方位方式之外而得到的位置信息,这些信息可包括在基地站附近地区道路图的拓扑信息,或是其他的信息,例如:所求得的载有该收发机车辆的速度,或是经由与该发话者通话或是从发话者所在地仪器得来的一些信息。
这项发明并不要求必需有二个或二个以上的基地站的位置相交来进行定位;一个基地站就足够了,这种功能在一个CDMA的通讯网络中有特殊的用处,在CDMA之下,网络负载量可经由动力功率控制使得只有一基地站会收到任一收发机的传输信号而提高,然而,在此一发明中并非表示不可以多于一个基地站的方式来增加所定位的准确性或是在无任何并行信息的情况下去定位,这种只需单一基地站来定位的方式在对提供紧急协助上有着特别的好处,譬如,单一基地站的接收可应用在更多的场合,需要较少的基本设施,且大大地降低成本,此项方式的并行信息更能指出在沿着所测得方位线上移动收发机的确实地点。这项发明也提供了一种方法及装置,来在一含有一确定地点的传感站的通讯系统中定出移动式无线电收发机的位置,提供了一个方法及步骤来决定出从传感站到移动式无线电通讯收发机的方位线,以及提供了一个方法及步骤结合并行信息与这个方位线来决定出这个移动无线电收发机的位置。
这项发明有一好处:能够在不需加上或与其他特殊目的装置,例如一GPS接收器,相结合的情况下去定出一移动式无线电收发机的位置,的确,这项发明实现了对所有现存的蜂窝电话的定位,以这种方式来定位一开始所需成本不高,这种开头成本低的情形即表示此一系统可较快地开始被使用,所以消费者也能较快地,以较少的花费享受到它的好处。
图1示出这项发明经由方向性信息与道路网地图中的位置信息的关联可定位出一个蜂窝电话收发机的位置。
图2显示出由图一中的方向线与相关道路的交点的一放大图。
图3示出了在正常的通讯操作中,该系统各功能组成部份,而此系统经由方向性及其他信号特征的信息与从其他来源得到的并行信息来求得无线电收发机的位置。
图4展示了经由方向性数据测量与一条有蜂窝电话行径之路的交集,可用来求得其速度以及对进行方向的预测。
图5显示了一具有图3中所列成份的系统组态。
图1中解释了这项发明如何能决定了移动式收发机的位置。在图1中所示出的并行信息是在美国弗吉尼亚州安那代尔的一部分的街道图以及一个蜂窝电话的移动式无线电收发机,一个载有蜂窝电话的车辆正位于定位区域1里沿着2号公路(弗吉尼亚(VA)50号路)位于十号传感站的方向性天线在不同时间中决定出一系列的方位线3-8。
这些方位线3-8然后便覆在标示为20号代表区域街道图的拓扑信息上,这些数字式的都市街道图的数据,可很容易地从一些地方得到,例如:ETAKInc.位于加州的蒙罗公园、Navigation Technologies位于加州的太阳谷、Roadnet Technologies,Inc.位于马里兰州的帝扑尼、或是美国商业部人口局,全华盛顿特区,这些地图以移动式无线电话收发机工作区域的拓扑方式来代表并行信息,这项发明由使用此一并行信息去使得控制站(图1中的10)去利用仅从一个传感站得到的方向数据以及并行信息去决定在区域1中工作的移动式无线电收发机的位置。
图2示出了一个在图1中定位区域1的扩大图,方位线3-8与街道标示9号(Parkwood Terance)及11号(Marc Drive)相交,从3-8中的任一条方位线,才可能决定出此一移动式收发机是位于街道2,9或11中的哪一条上。然而,任二条方位线,例如3和4,可提供一弧长,代表着此一移动式收发机在区域1中所占的地理上的距离。对一传输中此蜂窝电话以高行驶速度,例如80公里/时,即表示此一移动式收发机是在主要干道2(VA50号公路),而不是在那些9号及11号的小路上,这些小路所标示的速限,40公里/时(25英里/小时)是所测得速度的半,因此,藉着利用以相对速限或是平均速度分配的形式得来并行信息,12号控制站可以得知在哪一条路上标示适当的定位区域1。
在前一个例子里,仅从方位线上来看,也好象是10号控制站无法决定出此移动收发机是位于2号干道或是其他的街道,例如9号或11号,除非知道此一收发机以高速度来移动,为了对固定式收发机的定位,紧急事件(9-1-1)的协助就需其它并行信息,例如,协助车辆调度人可经由讯问当事人是否在主要道路上来得到其他的信息,如果不是,便去寻求其他描述性的信息,例如街道名称或是已知路标使其可以分辨出是9号或是11号路,从这些数据中所含的地理性信息,加上从方位线测量中所得的位置性信息,收发机的位置便可被定出。
此外,如已知车辆移动缓慢,在监督交通流量上也有意义。甚于一般的交通特征,10号控制站可假设大多数和从1号区域发出的电话都是从2号干道上发出的,这些收发机都会有着类似标示出的速限的速度特征,如由这些收发机所观测出的速度明显地低于1号区域附近的正常道路情形,此一信息即表示2号干道有不正常的阻塞情形发生,交通警告便可被启用来表示有阻塞的情形发生,而且,紧急事件或其他服务性车辆便可被派遣去调查阻塞的发生地点,假如有意外发生的话,所以这些功能均不需要除了方位线的求得时间以及正常路况特征之外的额外信息,但是如有的话,将会更好。
图3中描绘出了此一发明系统方块图,第30号传感器副系统包含了一个被连接到一信号特征处理单位32的射频天线31,此射频天线是一种方向性的天线,被设计用来求得输入信号的方向角(方位线)之用,一种用来求取这些测量值的相位天线阵列的基地站已出现于美国专利4,728,959的专利中而且在此被引用,这个信号特征处理单元32从射频信号中找出信号到达时的方向角,并且定出此测量所达到的精确时间,在专利4,728,959中也描述了此一过程亦可由一些统计方法来完成。利用相位性天线阵列从接收到信号的特征所产生的相位差而完成,因为信号在不同的相位位置时通过不同的天线,因此依所到达的方向会呈现不同的相位,同样地,这相位阵列方向的决定可藉利用这些天线单位间的信号相位差以及他们相对的能量分析来间接求得,或是当这个相位差列成直线时将产生最大的合成信号能量来决定其方向,另外还有一个方法,就是可由机械性地旋转一抛物性反射或集中天线来形成波束以求得在达到最大接收能量的方向测量。
此传感器系统以被动式地来接收从无线电通讯系统32于正常状况下所产生的射频信号,然后将它们转换成控制系统35所需的信息,除了从接收到信号所得到此方向信息之外,我们也可得到被处理的信号的到达时间以及该收发机的鉴别,甚至一些并行性与位置有关的特征例如移动的方向,到达方向的改变速率、信号强度,甚至信号往返所需的时间,藉着延长对所获取信号作方向性的分析所需的时间(亦即整体时间或“居住”时间),这种程序除了可得到方位之外,也可得到其改变的速率,这种速率的改变可从延长的测量过程中得出,因为在测量过程中所作出的定方向的基本假设将不适用,而且在当此信号是从移动无线电收发机发出的情况下会影响其测量准确度、方向的改变率与通讯收发机的移动的切线速度有关。除了求得收发机位置的测量之外,此特征性处理可决定出接收到信号的能量(亦即无偏差信号的方差或平均二次方),这信号能量代表出(经由在以下所讨论的信号传播评估)从接收站到移动式收发机的范围或距离,而信号能量或是其他能量变化特征的改变率,不但可代表收发机的径向移动速度,也可显示出那些与信号传播在已知地理区域内一并产生的阻碍或多路干扰的原因。一没有被阻挡的信号其往返时间与从接收地至移动收发机的距离的二倍成正比,一接收到信号的所有可测量的物理特征是定位系统的基础,所测量的结果均与收发机的位置及移动有着已知的关联性。
有关方位线及它们量得的时间有不定性的信息可经由一个或多个传感站而得到,然后被输入一个多元参数关联处理单元36,这个处理单元结合了方位线的信息及其他的由32,37或38所来的并行信息而决定车辆的位置,所谓的“并行信息”包含那些可加强方向性数据而经由观察得来的特征以及一些从移动无线电收发机发射的无线电波之外的来源所得到的信息。并行信息包含有关在移动收发机操作环境里的一些信息,例如,道路网的组态、地形上的特征及边界、信号传播特征、天气及其对信号传播及道路交通情况的影响的信息,也包含了口述的或其他有关道路编号、路名、速度、附近的陆标等的描述,或是其他经由移动收发机传来的与位置相关的信息,道路及地形上的数据可经由那些地理信息系统数据库的代理商来取得,譬如在先前曾沸过的一些提供地图数据的场商,其他代表着在数据库中某段路的标示速限的数据,通常也可从地图数据制造商或是从州政府交通部门来取得,此外,在不同路段中的特征性的交通速度分配,以每天的时间、天气状况、星期里的哪一天、哪个季节来划分,则通常可由州交通部的例行执导的交通流量研究中来取得。另外,这些与位置有相关性的交通流量数据亦可经由利用此专利经由对流量有关的统计资料累积而得到,然后在当数据库的统计性精确度提高之后,可反复地修正这些资料,来更快速及可靠地得到结果。
信号强度(能量)及距离的关系是一种以信号传输特征为并行数据数据库中得到的辅助信息,强度与距离间的基本关系是所接收到的信号强度或是能量与距离的平方成反比。然而,在一个以短波通讯为特征的多路环境中(例如蜂窝式系统),信号强度通常与距离的二次方至六次方成反比,而且与信号到达的方向及天气状况有着极大的关系,因此,以信号强度来当作距离的指标的作法完全在于包含强度至距离转换的数据库的准确性,也就是所谓的信号传输特征,为了对信号能量以及从接收器到移动收发机的距离作一大约的关联,信号传播分析可经用静态或动态的射频传播估测的投影,这些信号传播投影的有关电脑软件设备可从Applied SpectrumResearch,in Boulaer,Colorado及C. E. T. Inc. inEdgewater,Florida及Soft Wright in Denver,Colorado或H2A Commnicationin Mosow,Idaho等处得到。这些对信号传播所作的分析可以如所期望地被用来解释天气影响、地表地热学及地表组成以及与方向有关的干扰及背景杂音。
我们可利用对沿着信号到达的大概方向地形情况的了解来预测其对信号传播的影响,另外,地理特征,如山丘或水界限制了可能位置的范围,而使得收发可用已知方式来被定位,因此,这种有关地形的信息也可被用作并行信息来更有效地求出位置以及增加其准确性。
在郊区,以利用方位线信息与以拓扑地图对比(也就是将位置信息对应至已知的地理位置如道路或其它的地形特征)的形式的并行信息相结合,被认为在大部分情况中足以能够达到监督沿着主要道路交通流量以及辅助紧急事件及路边协助时的车辆派遣的功能,因为郊区一般情况下道路不多,使得从传感站到移动收发机的一方位线足以唯一决定出此一移动式无线电收发机的可能地点。
在市区里,一般而言,仅有方位线以及市街地图的信息并不足以去唯一地决定出移动式无线电收发机的位置,在这种情况下,就需要有额外的信息,此一发明考虑将并行信息应用在一个基于知道的位置信息处理器38,该处理器可整形从其他来源来的信息,这些来源有地理的形态以及意外事件(9-1-1)协助中心作业,更对移动无线收发机的明显位置或可能区域的判断。
这项发明也会从无线电通讯系统中接收辅助性的描述性的信息,这由所接收到射频信号所得到与位置有关的信息可藉着从无线电通讯系统34来的并行信息而加强,例如,射频天线33可以为一最靠近远处收发机,如蜂窝电话,的一个蜂窝电话系统的基地站,这个无线电通讯系统34负责对从远处收发机传来的通讯进行解调,由此无线电通讯系统收到的描述性的信息包括与位置有关的消息,例如以声音来表达出此一传输信号是从路上车辆发出的或是此移动收发机所在道路的名称,而这些信息可被转换成象征性的代号而被用作并行信息去与所测得的方位线相结合后而用来定位,在需要协助的情况下(例如9-1-1电话),接线生例行地会询问发话人提供他们的电话号码以及他们的地点,发话人如不知道他们所在地点仍能够藉着电话来描述其周遭环境。因此,这项发明可协助那些操作生迅速得到相关信息以进而迅速地提供准确的地点,藉着由发话人对道路编号或路名的表达,将该条路与所估的信号到达方向相交便可得到发话人的大概地点,如发话人不清楚所行驶的路线时,这个提供协助的操作员可以询问出有关行驶速度以及沿着所观测到的信号到达方向的明显路标的信息,这些所有与位置相关的信息,不论是经由人为操作或是自动分析而得到,均可经由图象式的交流或是自动的地形描述来转换成地理的形式,以被用来与所收到的信号特征关联性的评估。
操作员或人文信息来源所具有的地理上的知识及了解,可藉着在人与配备有用来作自动化指引决定的图象指引装备的终端机间的图象性的沟通而输入。当操作员看到一包含有相关道路的电脑驱动的地图时,他可利用此图象式的输入器械去指出一大约的位置,或发话人的可能所在路上,或是一椭圆形或多边形的可能地点,根据从通话中得到的描述,将位置结果从用地理展示中的平面投影座标转换成用在地航及定位参考系统中的地测学参考座标的数学转换公式可在美国地质探堪学术报告1395,一篇名为“Map Projections-A Working Manual”,作者为John P.Snyder的报导中得到,在此被用作参考。
此外,操作员也可经由电话中交谈或推断而对路名、速度、路标或是道路交叉点提出文学性的输入,这文字性的数据可经由一文字、位置转换的数据库而转换成一个大约的位置信息,这些数据库包括美国邮件服务地图中的地址数据库或是大众服务回应点的911数据库。在更高一级的系统中对相关联信息的询问可经语音合成的自动控制或是经由电脑及操作员间沟通的自动化控制而结合进一车辆的通信器材中,而且所有的反应可经由语音鉴别处理或直接将数据导入有着方位及特征的测量的关联处理过程中而作分析。
在图四中解释了如何利用从一连串的方位线测量中计算出一移动无线电收发机的速度及方向,在此例子中,一移动式无线电收发机40正沿着一条限制的公路41(495号州际公路)移动,操作员或处理机指出了这些方位线与一即定的公路的交叉点(地图配合)的处理机可计算出连续点之间的平均速度,信号从移动无线电收发机40发出的到达方向的改变率与一和方位线垂直的收发机分速度成正比,在信号到达方向与可能的路的交点上,将此分速度投影至其正切面上,相关的速度及移动方向便可被估测出。另外,连线的对其到达方向作观测加上他们与可能道路交叉的评估,更可增加对这些有关移动的参数作估计的准确性,藉着利用适当的道路网络速度分配图表,对可能行径路线的估计时速的评估可使得这移动式收发机的实际行径中更可能被预测出来。
这项发明所需的装置可包括一般用途的处理设施,例如以Intel 486晶片为基础的微处理机或是以Pentium中央处理单元(CPUs)或是Motorola 68040或是Power PC CPUs为主的微处理机,此关联性的计算可以定出测得的方位及其他可能特征、谈话中的信息及人为的评估与在大量储存设备例如磁盘、CDROM、气泡记忆体及磁带介质的这最佳结合,为了能快速地取得大量不同形式的地理数据,这些高使用量,大量储存的设施入须经由高输出的数据传输管道来与这数据处理设施作信息传输,这些管道包括有那些含有直接处理器总线的磁盘接口以及ethernet处理机间网络。
图五中,显示了一种以现有蜂窝电话网络为无线电通讯系统而以此专利发明的一种装置为监督交通流量的方法,目的是利用移动式收发机40去当作一个探测器,去决定出沿着公路51上交通流量,一蜂窝电话40发射出一射频信号而被传感站10上的一接收器32接收到,较理想的情况是,这些方位线及其他观察到信号特征的信息被传送到一控制站或是交通管理中心53应尽可能地传输方位线及其他特征性信息而不是传输所接收到的信号或是其他的基本数据以减少传输信息的数量。这些方位线与关联性的信息被处理后,然后在一电脑屏幕54上被展示出来,其他例如车辆在公路51上行驶速度等的有用信息也一并被展示出来。
这项发明的基本原理,具体实现以及操作模式,已在先前的详述中提出,这里所提出的具体实现只是被用来解释此一发明而并非限制于此,先前的所有陈述不可被用作限制于那些适合人们的相类似结构,而实际上,是可扩充其应用范围至其他尚未被实现的用途上,对先前的举例作些变化及改变均是可行的,只要不要偏离此发明的后附权利要求的范围以及其精神就可。

Claims (8)

1、在一无线电通讯系统中的一种用来定出一移动式无线电通讯收发机位置的装置,包含:
一基本已知位置的传感站,此传感站以一对方向敏感的接收天线来接收从移动收发机传来的无线电信号。
一信号特征处理单元,用于从此无线电信号中决定出一个从传感站至移动式无线电收发机的方位线。
一个有关移动式收发机的并行信息源。
一个多元参数关联性处理单元,用于从方位线信息及并行信息以及一个移动式收发机的可能位置等信息中决定出一个可能的位置,及
该移动收发机的可能位置的一输出指示。
2、如权利要求1中所述的装置,其中并行信息为地势信息。
3、如权利要求1中所述的装置,然而并行信息由操作员而输入。
4、如权利要求1中所述的装置,其中此多元参数关联单元包含一种装置能从方向性信号之中确认此无线电收发机的相对运动。
5、如权利要求1中所述的装置,其中并行信息包含从由发送鉴别,无线电信号发送时的与地理敏感的特征以及地图对比的信息构成的组中选出的信息。
6、一种用在一蜂窝式或蜂窝状通讯系统中来对一移动式无线电通讯收发机作定位的方法,包含:
基于从移动式收发机传出的无线电讯号量取从基本已知位置的传感站到这个移动式收发机的一条方位线。
输入与此移动收发机位置有关的并行信息。
从方位线信息及并行信息中的关联性来指出此移动式收发机的可能位置,及
指示该移动收发机的可能位置。
7、一个用来在一无线电通信系统中对一移动式无线电收发机作定位的装置,包含:
一基本已知位置的传感站。
用来决定出从传感站到移动式无线电通讯收发机的方位线的装置,及
可用来结合并行信息与方位线信息来决定出移动式无线电收发机的方位的装置。
8、一种用于在一无线电通讯系统中对一移动式无线电收发机进行定位的方法,包含:
从一已知位置的传感站,决定出一条指向此移动式无线电通讯收发机的方位线。
结合此方位线信息与并行信息以决定出该移动式无线电收发机的地点。
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CA2204125A1 (en) 1996-05-17
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US5959580A (en) 1999-09-28
US6288675B1 (en) 2001-09-11
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US6288676B1 (en) 2001-09-11

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