CN117249376A - 低温储罐 - Google Patents

低温储罐 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN117249376A
CN117249376A CN202310622909.XA CN202310622909A CN117249376A CN 117249376 A CN117249376 A CN 117249376A CN 202310622909 A CN202310622909 A CN 202310622909A CN 117249376 A CN117249376 A CN 117249376A
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outer shell
stiffening
longitudinal direction
cryogenic
cryogenic tank
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G·博耶
L·热内斯
F·科尔多
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Publication of CN117249376A publication Critical patent/CN117249376A/zh
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
    • F17C3/02—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation
    • F17C3/08—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation by vacuum spaces, e.g. Dewar flask
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
    • F17C1/02—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge involving reinforcing arrangements
    • F17C1/08—Integral reinforcements, e.g. ribs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/001—Thermal insulation specially adapted for cryogenic vessels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/01—Shape
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
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    • F17C2201/0109—Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
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    • F17C2201/0123—Shape cylindrical with variable thickness or diameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
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    • F17C2201/035—Orientation with substantially horizontal main axis
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    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/01—Reinforcing or suspension means
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
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    • F17C2203/0391—Thermal insulations by vacuum
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
    • F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
    • F17C2203/0626—Multiple walls
    • F17C2203/0629—Two walls
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
    • F17C2203/0636—Metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
    • F17C2203/0636—Metals
    • F17C2203/0648—Alloys or compositions of metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
    • F17C2209/22—Assembling processes
    • F17C2209/221—Welding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
    • F17C2209/23—Manufacturing of particular parts or at special locations
    • F17C2209/232—Manufacturing of particular parts or at special locations of walls
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    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/016—Noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe)
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
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    • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
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    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
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    • F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
    • F17C2270/0171—Trucks
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种低温储罐，低温储罐特别是用于运输低温流体，例如液化氦或液化氢，低温储罐包括：由金属材料或合金制成并用于容纳低温流体的内壳体(2)；由金属材料或合金制成的外壳体(3)，外壳体围绕内壳体(2)布置并且界定位于内壳体(2)与外壳体(3)之间的空间，空间处于真空下，外壳体(3)沿纵向方向(A)延伸，并且包括分布在垂直于纵向方向(A)的平面中的多个加强肋(4)，加强肋(4)通过外壳体(3)的同一个壁上的变形部形成，例如通过对壁滚花而形成，低温储罐(1)还包括至少一个加强元件(5)，加强元件用于对加强肋(4)中的至少一者的至少一部分进行加强，加强元件(5)包括条带(5)，条带刚性地连接到壁的、位于基部处并且位于加强肋(4)的两侧上的两个部分上。

Description

低温储罐
技术领域
本发明涉及一种低温储罐。
更具体地，本发明涉及一种低温储罐，该低温储罐特别是用于运输低温流体，例如液化氦或液化氢，该低温储罐包括：由金属材料或合金制成并且旨在用于容纳低温流体的内壳体；由金属材料或合金制成的外壳体，该外壳体围绕内壳体布置并且界定位于所述内壳体与所述外壳体之间的空间，所述空间处于真空下，该外壳体沿纵向方向延伸，并且包括分布在垂直于纵向方向的平面中的多个加强肋，这些加强肋通过所述外壳体的同一个壁上的变形部形成，例如通过对该壁进行滚花而形成。
背景技术
低温储罐通常使用处于真空下的绝热双壳体结构，以确保运输低温液体时的储存自主性。
这些由金属或合金制成的壳体通过锅炉制造生产，因此符合锅炉制造施工规范(例如ASME VIII)。这些壳体必须能够承受外部压力，因为它们包含真空，并且不能对储罐(或容纳储罐的容器)的质量产生影响。
处于真空下的储罐的尺寸主要被确定成能抵抗外部压力。这种机械阻力通过适当厚度的筒节(形成圆柱形壳体的焊接的金属板)和/或加强元件来保证。
在由金属材料制成的可运输储罐的情况下，优化质量是一个重大挑战，加厚壳体壁的方案不允许获得合适的储罐质量。一种方案是使用铝合金类型的金属材料，但是这种材料的低杨氏模量要求增加厚度。
因此，一种已知的方案包括在壁上增加加强件(肋)，即通过增加环箍，所述环箍要么是焊接的要么是通过使筒节变形(例如，滚花)以便加强该筒节而形成。
使用焊接的环箍进行加强可能会带来体积方面的问题，并且这些环箍必须完全环绕筒节，以保证其有效性。这些环箍通常比筒节厚，并且会增大设备的质量。
使用通过使金属板变形(滚花工艺)而形成的肋来加强不会给储罐增加任何质量，但是会导致壳体轴向刚度低的问题(“手风琴”效应)。这种效应在铝壳体上更加明显。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是克服现有技术的上述全部或部分缺点。
为此，也根据上述前序部分中提供的一般定义/限定的根据本发明的储罐的基本特征在于，所述储罐还包括至少一个加强元件，所述加强元件用于加强所述肋中的至少一者的至少一部分，所述加强元件包括条带，所述条带刚性地连接至所述壁的、位于基部处并且位于所述肋的两侧上的两个部分。
此外，本发明的实施例可包括以下特征中的一者或多者：
-所述条带由金属材料或合金制成，并且焊接至所述外壳体；
-所述肋在所述外壳体的整个圆周上或部分圆周上延伸，所述肋中的至少一部分的肋设置有至少一个条带；
-所述肋中的至少一部分的肋设置有分布在壳体的部分圆周上的离散的多个条带，例如三个条带；
-所述条带在所述外壳体的圆周的40％至80％上，优选50％至70％上在垂直于所述纵向方向的平面内延伸；
-所述一个或多个条带具有在平行于所述纵向方向的方向上测量的宽度，该宽度是所述肋的宽度的1倍至3倍；
-第一壳体和第二壳体具有带圆形横截面并沿所述纵向方向延伸的大致圆柱形形状，并且具有圆形横截面，当所述储罐处于运输构型或使用构型时，纵向轴线水平定向；
-所述肋从所述外壳体的外表面突出。
本发明还可涉及落入权利要求范围内的、包括以上或以下特征的任何组合的任何替代设备或方法。
通过参考附图阅读以下描述，其它区别特征和优点将变得明显。
附图说明
通过阅读下面的描述，将会更清楚地理解本发明，下面的描述仅通过示例并参考附图给出，其中：
图1是根据本发明的储罐的一个示例的示意性局部透视图；
图2是示出储罐细节的示意性局部纵剖图；
图3是示出储罐细节的截面的示意性局部透视图。
在所有附图中，相同的附图标记指代相同的元件。
具体实施方式
在该详细描述中，以下实施例是示例。尽管该描述涉及一个或多个实施例，但这并不意味着这些特征仅适用于单个实施例。不同实施例的各个特征也可以组合和/或互换，以便提供其他实施例。
所示的储罐1是低温储罐，其例如用于储存和运输低温流体，例如液化氦或液化氢。
储罐1包括由金属材料或合金制成的内壳体2，其旨在用于容纳低温流体。储罐1还包括由金属材料或合金制成的外壳体3，外壳体3围绕内壳体2布置，并且界定位于两个壳体2、3之间的空间。该空间处于真空下，并且优选包含绝热材料，例如多层绝热材料(MLI)。
储罐1特别是外壳体3沿纵向方向A延伸。
如图所示，第一壳体2和第二壳体3优选地具有大致圆柱形形状，具有沿纵向方向A延伸的环形截面。
就是说，每个壳体具有由金属板或筒节形成的中央圆筒形/筒状部分，其端部由相应的穹顶封闭。
优选地，当储罐1处于运输或使用构型时，纵向轴线A水平定向。
外壳体3包括分布在垂直于纵向方向A的平面中的多个加强肋4。肋4通过外壳体3的同一个壁(中央圆筒形部分)上的变形形成，例如通过在该同一个壁上进行滚花而形成。
如图所示，这些肋4优选从外壳体3的外表面突出。优选地，肋4形成在外壳体3的整个圆周上。例如，这些肋4形成在圆筒形壁上，使得在纵向方向A上间隔开50mm至200mm的距离，例如间隔开约100mm的距离。
优选地，肋4沿纵向方向A规则地分布在圆筒形部分(筒节)上，例如根据以下公式规则地分布：
d＝L/(n+2)
其中：d＝两个相邻肋之间的距离，L＝筒节长度，n＝肋的数量。距离d可根据其他组装因素(例如，储罐上的脚的位置)而变化，但是距离d优选地在每个肋之间是恒定的，以便分配筒节的刚度。
因此，筒节(部件的圆筒形部分)包括通过机械变形获得的多个肋4。
此外，至少一个并且优选所有的肋4包括至少一个加强元件5。加强元件5包括条带5，该条带5例如由金属或合金制成，并且刚性连接(紧固)到所述壁的位于基部处并位于肋4的两侧上的两个部分。
条带5优选在肋4的两侧上焊接到外壳体3上。
肋4像条带5一样沿外壳体3的整个圆周或部分圆周在垂直于纵向方向A的平面中延伸。
例如，一个或多个或所有肋4设置有分布在壳体3的圆周上的多个离散的条带5，例如三个条带5。条带优选均匀分布在储罐1的外周/圆周上。
例如，条带5沿外壳体3的圆周的至少一半在垂直于纵向方向A的平面中延伸并且因此被焊接/紧固在壳体3的至少一半圆周上。
优选地，所述一个或多个条带5具有在平行于纵向方向A的方向上测量的宽度L5，该宽度L5是肋4的宽度L4的一倍至三倍。
所提出的方案允许通过限制或防止手风琴效应来提高储罐1的轴向刚度。这些条带5可紧固至外壳体3的内表面。
这些条带5增加了储罐1的轴向刚度，并且还用作力传递元件。条带5优选由与待加强的壳体3相同的材料制成。它们允许保持储罐1的真空阻力。在力通过支承结构的情况下，条带优选地定位成与支承件(拉杆/套环等)成一直线。
如上所述，这些条带5可仅紧固在壳体3上的某些位置(实际上，并非必须要在每个肋4的整个周向/圆周上提供这种加强件/条带5)。这限制了对储罐1总质量的影响。

Claims (8)

1.一种低温储罐，该低温储罐特别是用于运输低温流体，例如液化氦或液化氢，该低温储罐包括：由金属材料或合金制成并且旨在用于容纳低温流体的内壳体(2)；由金属材料或合金制成的外壳体(3)，所述外壳体围绕所述内壳体(2)布置并且界定位于所述内壳体(2)与所述外壳体(3)之间的空间，所述空间处于真空下，所述外壳体(3)沿纵向方向(A)延伸，并且包括分布在垂直于所述纵向方向(A)的平面中的多个加强肋(4)，所述加强肋(4)通过所述外壳体(3)的同一个壁上的变形部形成，例如通过对所述同一个壁进行滚花而形成，其特征在于，所述低温储罐(1)还包括至少一个加强元件(5)，所述加强元件用于加强所述加强肋(4)中的至少一者的至少一部分，所述加强元件(5)包括条带(5)，所述条带刚性地连接到所述壁的、位于基部处并且位于所述加强肋(4)的两侧上的两个部分上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的低温储罐，其特征在于，所述条带(5)由金属材料或合金制成，并且焊接至所述外壳体(3)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的低温储罐，其特征在于，所述加强肋(4)在所述外壳体(3)的整个圆周上或部分圆周上延伸，其中所述加强肋(4)中的至少一部分加强肋设置有至少一个条带(5)。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的低温储罐，其特征在于，所述加强肋(4)中的至少一部分加强肋设置有分布在所述外壳体(3)的部分圆周上的离散的多个条带(5)，例如三个条带(5)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的低温储罐，其特征在于，所述条带(5)在所述外壳体(3)的圆周的40％至80％上、优选50％至70％上在垂直于所述纵向方向(A)的平面内延伸。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的低温储罐，其特征在于，一个或多个条带(5)具有在平行于所述纵向方向(A)的方向上测量的宽度(L5)，该宽度是所述加强肋(4)的宽度(L4)的1倍至3倍。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的低温储罐，其特征在于，所述内壳体(2)和所述外壳体(3)具有拥有圆形横截面并且沿所述纵向方向(A)延伸的大致圆柱形形状，并且具有圆形横截面，当所述低温储罐(1)处于运输构型或使用构型时，纵向轴线水平地定向。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的低温储罐，其特征在于，所述加强肋(4)从所述外壳体(3)的外表面突出。
CN202310622909.XA 2022-06-17 2023-05-30 低温储罐 Pending CN117249376A (zh)

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FR2669396B1 (fr) * 1990-11-19 1997-05-09 Inst Francais Du Petrole Reservoir de poids unitaire faible utilisable notamment pour le stockage de fluides sous pression et son procede de fabrication.
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