CN117172028A - An efficient equilibrium calculation method based on the lithium iron phosphate cell imbalance model - Google Patents
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- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于磷酸铁锂电芯失衡模型的高效均衡计算方法。串联多个电池包,按实际分配电池包内各电池容量;基于各电池容量分配,对电池包内电池失衡原因进行分析;基于电池失衡原因的分析结果,实行对电芯的实时总放电容量进行估算;基于估计调节,在不同电芯放电容量差异大的时候进行单节放电均衡;以达到每颗电池的总放电量平衡,实现电池包内各电池同时充满。本发明通过引入磷酸铁锂电芯的失衡模型,对每节电芯进行估算,在容量大于30%的时候就能针对不平衡的电芯进行均衡,而且不仅仅在充电时,在放电以及空闲的时候都进行全时的均衡,具有极高的均衡效率。极大提升磷酸铁锂电池组的放电能力。
The invention discloses an efficient equilibrium calculation method based on the imbalance model of lithium iron phosphate battery cells. Connect multiple battery packs in series and allocate the capacity of each battery in the battery pack according to the actual situation; analyze the reasons for battery imbalance in the battery pack based on the allocation of each battery capacity; based on the analysis results of the reasons for battery imbalance, implement real-time total discharge capacity of the battery cells Estimation; Based on the estimation adjustment, single-cell discharge balancing is performed when the discharge capacity of different cells has a large difference; in order to achieve a balance of the total discharge of each battery, and realize that all batteries in the battery pack are fully charged at the same time. By introducing the imbalance model of lithium iron phosphate cells, the present invention estimates each cell and can balance the unbalanced cells when the capacity is greater than 30%, not only during charging, but also during discharging and idle periods. Full-time balancing is performed at all times, with extremely high balancing efficiency. Greatly improve the discharge capacity of lithium iron phosphate battery pack.
Description
技术领域Technical field
本发明属于电池领域,具体为一种基于磷酸铁锂电芯失衡模型的高效均衡计算方法。The invention belongs to the field of batteries, and is specifically an efficient equalization calculation method based on an imbalance model of lithium iron phosphate cells.
背景技术Background technique
锂离子电池组一般由多个小容量的单体电芯并联后扩充到目标容量,再串联到所需的高电压,形成高压高容量的模组,加上BMS和相应的结构,形成锂离子电池组。单体电芯可能存在不一致的容量、不一致的自耗电电流或者BMS每节漏电流不一致导致的每串电芯不平衡。在充放电过程中该不平衡可能导致电池组放电容量不足。这时候需要BMS控制均衡电路进行均衡,将不平衡的电芯拉到平衡状态。均衡一般采用被动泄放,控制电芯间的均衡电路进行单体电池的被动泄放,将电压较高的电池独立泄放电到与其他的电芯一致。之后再进行充电,最终实现所有的电芯一致充满,达到最大的可放电容量。将不一致的电芯全部充满为均衡的主要目标。Lithium-ion battery packs generally consist of multiple small-capacity single cells connected in parallel, expanded to the target capacity, and then connected in series to the required high voltage to form a high-voltage and high-capacity module. Together with BMS and corresponding structures, the lithium-ion battery pack is formed. Battery. Single cells may have inconsistent capacity, inconsistent self-consumption current, or imbalance of each string of cells caused by inconsistent leakage current of each BMS cell. This imbalance during the charging and discharging process may result in insufficient discharge capacity of the battery pack. At this time, the BMS needs to control the balancing circuit to balance and bring the unbalanced cells to a balanced state. Balancing generally uses passive discharge, which controls the balancing circuit between cells to passively discharge individual cells, and independently discharges batteries with higher voltages to the same level as other cells. Then charge again, and finally realize that all the cells are fully charged to reach the maximum discharge capacity. Filling all inconsistent cells is the main goal of balancing.
现有的技术一般采用静置或充电过程中的电压均衡,如三元电芯电芯电压>3.8V压差>50mV启动均衡,<20mV停止均衡。磷酸铁锂电芯一般采用电芯电压>3.4V,压差>50mV启动均衡,<20mV停止均衡。对于三元电芯该均衡方式有一定的作用,因为均衡启动的电压3.8V,对应SOC不超过70%,还有较长的可均衡时间,但若是磷酸铁锂因为中间曲线太平滑,参照图1,磷酸铁锂在,98以下容量时,电压几乎是平稳的,无法通过电压在此区间进行均衡,超过3.4V以上是99%以上的电量,均衡一小段容量后又回到平台的平稳区,无法继续均衡,可以均衡的区间以及时间太短,同时对于一些需求运转速度很快的产品如换电市场,经常在充满或者接近充满的时候电池已经取出继续投入市场运转,有效均衡的时间很短,导致均衡效果很差,长期使用并电池组的容量不能得到充分释放。针对这些缺点,本发明主要解决均衡时只能在末端均衡,时间短,均衡效果差的问题,Existing technology generally uses voltage equalization during resting or charging. For example, when the cell voltage of a ternary cell is >3.8V and the voltage difference is >50mV, equalization is started and equalization is stopped if the voltage is <20mV. Lithium iron phosphate batteries generally use cell voltage >3.4V, voltage difference >50mV to start equalization, and <20mV to stop equalization. This balancing method has a certain effect on ternary batteries, because the voltage to start balancing is 3.8V, corresponding to SOC not exceeding 70%, and there is a long balancing time. However, if it is lithium iron phosphate because the middle curve is too smooth, refer to the figure 1. When the capacity of lithium iron phosphate is below 98, the voltage is almost stable and cannot be balanced by the voltage in this range. If it exceeds 3.4V, the power is more than 99%. After balancing a short period of capacity, it returns to the stable area of the platform. , it is impossible to continue balancing, and the range and time that can be balanced are too short. At the same time, for some products that require fast operation, such as the battery replacement market, the battery is often taken out and put into the market when it is full or close to full, and the effective balancing time is very long. Short, resulting in poor balancing effect, long-term use and the capacity of the battery pack cannot be fully released. In view of these shortcomings, the present invention mainly solves the problem that equalization can only be done at the end during equalization, the time is short, and the equalization effect is poor.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提供一种基于磷酸铁锂电芯失衡模型的高效均衡计算方法,通过引入磷酸铁锂电芯的失衡模型,对每节电芯的容量、充放电流、自耗电等进行估算,在容量大于30%的时候就能针对不平衡的电芯进行均衡,而且不仅仅在充电时,在放电以及空闲的时候都进行全时的均衡,具有极高的均衡效率。极大提升磷酸铁锂电池组的放电能力。The present invention provides an efficient equilibrium calculation method based on the imbalance model of lithium iron phosphate batteries. By introducing the imbalance model of lithium iron phosphate batteries, the capacity, charge and discharge current, self-consumption, etc. of each battery cell are estimated. When the capacity is greater than Unbalanced cells can be balanced at 30% of the time, and not only during charging, but also during discharging and idle times, full-time balancing is achieved, with extremely high balancing efficiency. Greatly improve the discharge capacity of lithium iron phosphate battery pack.
本发明通过以下技术方案实现:The present invention is realized through the following technical solutions:
一种基于磷酸铁锂电芯失衡模型的高效均衡计算方法,所述高效均衡计算方法包括以下步骤:An efficient equalization calculation method based on the lithium iron phosphate cell imbalance model. The efficient equalization calculation method includes the following steps:
步骤1:串联多个电池包,按实际分配电池包内各电池容量;Step 1: Connect multiple battery packs in series and allocate the capacity of each battery in the battery pack according to actual conditions;
步骤2:基于步骤1的各电池容量分配,对电池包内电池失衡原因进行分析;Step 2: Based on the capacity allocation of each battery in step 1, analyze the causes of battery imbalance in the battery pack;
步骤3:基于步骤2电池失衡原因的分析结果,实行对电芯的实时总放电容量进行估算;Step 3: Based on the analysis results of the cause of battery imbalance in Step 2, estimate the real-time total discharge capacity of the battery cell;
步骤4:基于步骤3的估计调节,在不同电芯放电容量差异大的时候进行单节放电均衡;以达到每颗电池的总放电量平衡,实现电池包内各电池同时充满。Step 4: Based on the estimated adjustment in step 3, perform single-cell discharge balancing when the discharge capacity of different cells has a large difference; to achieve a balance of the total discharge of each battery and achieve full charging of each battery in the battery pack at the same time.
进一步的,所述步骤1具体为,电池包内第一个电池为基础容量,电池包内第二个电池比本电池包的最低容量的电池多3%电量;电池包内第三个电池比本电池包的最低容量的电池多5%电量。Further, step 1 is specifically as follows: the first battery in the battery pack has a basic capacity, the second battery in the battery pack has 3% more power than the battery with the lowest capacity of the battery pack; the third battery in the battery pack has The lowest capacity battery in this battery pack has 5% more power.
进一步的,所述步骤2对电池包内电池失衡原因具体为,Further, the specific reasons for the imbalance of batteries in the battery pack in step 2 are:
组装成电池组的单体电芯存在电芯的容量差异;The individual cells assembled into a battery pack have differences in cell capacity;
电池组持续使用,不同的电芯会出现容量不同的衰减程度。When the battery pack is used continuously, different cells will experience different levels of capacity attenuation.
进一步的,所述步骤2对电池包内电池失衡原因还包括,电芯的自耗电不均。Furthermore, the causes of battery imbalance in the battery pack in step 2 also include uneven self-consumption of battery cells.
进一步的,所述所述步骤2对电池包内电池失衡原因还包括,BMS板上单节的电流功耗不一致。Further, the reasons for the imbalance of batteries in the battery pack in step 2 also include inconsistent current and power consumption of single cells on the BMS board.
进一步的,所述步骤3实行对电芯的实时总放电容量进行估算是对每节单体的满容量进行实时的估算,同时对充放电累加电流,以及对每节电芯的自耗电电流进行实时估算,并对这两个电流进行库伦累加。Further, step 3 implements the real-time estimation of the total discharge capacity of the battery cell, which is a real-time estimation of the full capacity of each cell, and at the same time, the accumulated charge and discharge current, and the self-consumption current of each cell A real-time estimate is made and the two currents are Coulomb-summed.
进一步的,所述步骤3实行对电芯的实时总放电容量进行估算具体为,Further, the step 3 is to estimate the real-time total discharge capacity of the battery core as follows:
步骤3.1:设置每节电芯的满容量值AFCCx的初始值;Step 3.1: Set the initial value of the full capacity value AFCCx of each cell;
步骤3.2:设置每节电芯的自耗电电流值I(K)x的初始值;Step 3.2: Set the initial value of the self-consumption current value I(K)x of each cell;
步骤3.3:设定每节电芯的累积充放容量QC(CD)x的初始值;Step 3.3: Set the initial value of the cumulative charge and discharge capacity QC(CD)x of each battery cell;
步骤3.4:基于步骤3.2设置的I(K)x初始值及步骤3.3设置的QC(CD)x初始值,在软件运行后,QC(CD)x,QC(Ik)x进行实时工作参数累加;Step 3.4: Based on the initial value of I(K)x set in step 3.2 and the initial value of QC(CD)x set in step 3.3, after the software is run, QC(CD)x and QC(Ik)x perform real-time accumulation of working parameters;
步骤3.5:基于步骤3.4的工作参数累加,采用SOC算法进行均衡;Step 3.5: Based on the accumulation of working parameters in step 3.4, use the SOC algorithm for equalization;
步骤3.6:当单体电芯的AFCCx及I(K)x随着电芯的劣化循环不断变化时,AFCCx及I(K)x也会进行实时的跟踪校准。Step 3.6: When the AFCCx and I(K)x of the single cell continue to change with the degradation cycle of the cell, AFCCx and I(K)x will also be tracked and calibrated in real time.
进一步的,所述步骤3.5采用SOC算法进行均衡具体为,当电池包总SOC>30%,且最大QCx-任意的QCx>2%*总电池的AFCC,超过该参数的该串电芯需要进行均衡,同时均衡时候计算I(balace)x,同时累加到QC(Ibalance)x,QC(CD)x值也会不断增长,直到不满足等式,则均衡停止。Further, the step 3.5 uses the SOC algorithm for equalization. Specifically, when the total SOC of the battery pack is >30%, and the maximum QCx-any QCx>2%*AFCC of the total battery, the string of cells exceeding this parameter needs to be balanced. Balance. At the same time, I(balace)x is calculated during equilibrium, and it is accumulated to QC(Ibalance)x. The QC(CD)x value will also continue to grow until the equation is no longer satisfied, and the equilibrium will stop.
进一步的,所述步骤3.6中AFCCx实时跟踪校准具体为,在充电之前若有足够时间静置获取OCV,同时OCV也在三个区间的其中一个区间,则认为OCV有效,软件则根据OCV/SOC表获得对应的SOCx1,以及记录此时的QC(CD)x1,进入充电过程,之后停止;Furthermore, the AFCCx real-time tracking calibration in step 3.6 is as follows: if there is enough time to stand still to obtain the OCV before charging, and the OCV is also in one of the three intervals, the OCV is considered valid, and the software will calculate the OCV according to the OCV/SOC The table obtains the corresponding SOCx1 and records the QC(CD)x1 at this time, enters the charging process, and then stops;
若同样能获得充电后的OCV,同时该OCV也落在这三个区间中的任一一个区间,则认为OCV有效,软件则根据OCV/SOC表获得对应的SOCx2,以及记录此时的QC(CD)x2;If the charged OCV can also be obtained, and the OCV also falls in any of these three intervals, the OCV is considered valid, and the software obtains the corresponding SOCx2 based on the OCV/SOC table, and records the QC at this time. (CD)x2;
若SOCx2-SOCx1>30%,则认为可以实时校准;If SOCx2-SOCx1>30%, it is considered that real-time calibration is possible;
校准公式为,The calibration formula is,
AFCCx校准=ΔQC(CD)/ΔSOC=(QC(CD)x1-QC(CD)x2)/(SOCx2-SOCx 1);AFCCx calibration=ΔQC(CD)/ΔSOC=(QC(CD)x1-QC(CD)x2)/(SOCx2-SOCx 1);
所述三个区间分别是区间1:SOC 0%~26%;The three intervals are interval 1: SOC 0% to 26%;
区间2:SOC 58~62%;Interval 2: SOC 58~62%;
区域3:SOC 98%~100%。Area 3: SOC 98% ~ 100%.
进一步的,所述步骤3.6中I(K)x实时跟踪校准具体为,OCV校准时会获得对应的SOCx,此时可计算QCx,Further, the I(K)x real-time tracking calibration in step 3.6 is specifically: the corresponding SOCx will be obtained during OCV calibration, and QCx can be calculated at this time,
QCx=AFCC*(100%-SOCx);QCx=AFCC*(100%-SOCx);
QCx=QC(CD)x+QC(Ik)x,QCx=QC(CD)x+QC(Ik)x,
其中,QC(CD)x为精确的放电容量累加,QCx也获得校准;Among them, QC(CD)x is the accurate accumulation of discharge capacity, and QCx is also calibrated;
可以推出can be launched
QC(Ik)x1=QCx-QC(CD)xQC(Ik)x1=QCx-QC(CD)x
并记录该QC(Ik)x1,以及将QC(Ik)x的累积运行时间清0,即T(Ik)x=0,And record the QC(Ik)x1, and clear the accumulated running time of QC(Ik)x to 0, that is, T(Ik)x=0,
之后继续运行若获得第二次OCV校准,T(Ik)x>48小时,If the second OCV calibration is obtained after continuing to run, T(Ik)x>48 hours,
使用校准可以推算出对应的QC(Ik)x2,Using calibration, the corresponding QC(Ik)x2 can be derived,
将(QC(Ik)x2-QC(Ik)x1)得到单位时间累积的ΔQC(Ik)x,Divide (QC(Ik)x2-QC(Ik)x1) to get the accumulated ΔQC(Ik)x per unit time,
对ΔQC(Ik)x微分即可得到Differentiating ΔQC(Ik)x can be obtained
I(K)x校准=dΔQC(Ik)x/dT(Ik)x;I(K)x calibration=dΔQC(Ik)x/dT(Ik)x;
校准完成后T(Ik)x清0,重新累积,且记录当前的I(K)x校准为QC(Ik)x1,进入下一轮校准环节。After the calibration is completed, T(Ik)x is cleared to 0, accumulated again, and the current I(K)x calibration is recorded as QC(Ik)x1, and the next round of calibration is entered.
本发明的有益效果是:The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1.本发明基于磷酸铁锂电池的失衡原因进行建模的该均衡算法。失衡原因包含单节容量不均和单节功耗不均。1. The present invention models the balancing algorithm based on the imbalance causes of lithium iron phosphate batteries. The reasons for imbalance include uneven capacity of a single section and uneven power consumption of a single section.
2.本发明对每个单节电芯进行软件建模引入单节电芯容量AFCCx,单节电芯的漏电量I(K)x参数,以及单节电芯的总充放电容量QC(CD)x,总漏电容量QC(Ik)x参数。单节总充放电容量QC(CD)x包含电池包充放电形成的容量、单节均衡容量、以及BMS功耗的容量。2. The present invention conducts software modeling for each single battery cell and introduces the single battery core capacity AFCCx, the single battery cell leakage quantity I(K)x parameter, and the single battery cell total charge and discharge capacity QC (CD )x, total leakage capacity QC(Ik)x parameter. The total charge and discharge capacity of a single cell QC(CD)x includes the capacity formed by the charge and discharge of the battery pack, the balanced capacity of a single cell, and the capacity of the BMS power consumption.
3.本发明在1的基础上使用软件算法实时的操作流程,对单体的充放电容量QC(CD)x以及自耗电容量QC(Ik)x进行的累积计算QCx=QC(CD)x+QC(Ik)x,对满足总SOC>30%且最大的QCx-任一QCx>2%*总AFCC的单体实时均衡。3. The present invention uses the real-time operation process of software algorithm on the basis of 1 to perform the cumulative calculation of the charge and discharge capacity QC(CD)x of the single unit and the self-consumption power capacity QC(Ik)x: QCx=QC(CD)x +QC(Ik)x, real-time balancing of the single unit that satisfies the total SOC>30% and the maximum QCx-any QCx>2%*total AFCC.
4.本发明在2的基础上对AFCCx进行实时校准,将磷酸铁锂OCV分为3段平台,并对满足图5流程的两次OCV校准,且符合ΔSOC>30%时,进行AFCCx实时劣化校准,校准公式AFCCx校准=(QC(CD)x1-QC(CD)x2)/(SOCx2-SOCx 1)。长期的跟踪因电池循环导致的AFCCx劣化。4. The present invention performs real-time calibration of AFCCx on the basis of 2, divides the lithium iron phosphate OCV into 3-stage platforms, and performs real-time degradation of AFCCx when the two OCVs that meet the process of Figure 5 are calibrated and meet ΔSOC>30%. Calibration, calibration formula AFCCx calibration = (QC(CD)x1-QC(CD)x2)/(SOCx2-SOCx 1). Long-term tracking of AFCCx degradation due to battery cycling.
5.本发明在2的基础上对I(K)x实施实时校准,对符合图6流程的进行校准。公式I(K)x校准=d(QC(Ik)x2-QC(Ik)x1)/dT(Ik)x。长期的跟踪因电池循环导致的I(K)x劣化。5. The present invention implements real-time calibration of I(K)x on the basis of 2, and performs calibration that conforms to the process of Figure 6. Formula I(K)x calibration=d(QC(Ik)x2-QC(Ik)x1)/dT(Ik)x. Long-term tracking of I(K)x degradation due to battery cycling.
6.本发明能极大的提升磷酸铁锂电池的均衡效率,在电量大于30%后可以实时的对磷酸铁锂电池进行均衡,确保一致性充满,降低充电时间,提升电池的放电容量,提升电池的循环寿命。6. The present invention can greatly improve the balancing efficiency of lithium iron phosphate batteries. When the power is greater than 30%, the lithium iron phosphate batteries can be balanced in real time to ensure consistent charging, reduce charging time, increase the discharge capacity of the battery, and improve Battery cycle life.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明的电芯SOC电压与电芯OCV电压的对比示意图。Figure 1 is a schematic diagram comparing the SOC voltage of the battery cell and the OCV voltage of the battery cell according to the present invention.
图2是本发明分析的电池组失衡原因说明图。Figure 2 is an explanatory diagram of the causes of battery pack imbalance analyzed by the present invention.
图3是本发明磷酸铁锂的电压变化区间示意图。Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the voltage change interval of lithium iron phosphate according to the present invention.
图4是本发明的方法流程图。Figure 4 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
图5是本发明的AFCCx校准流程图。Figure 5 is an AFCCx calibration flow chart of the present invention.
图6是本发明的I(K)x校准流程图。Figure 6 is the I(K)x calibration flow chart of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.
AFCC为:按标准条件充满电(标准温度、电压、电流)的电池,在标准条件放电(标准温度、电压、电流)所放出来的容量为电池的标准容量。该标准容量我们这里称为AFCC(Absolute Full Charge Capacity)。AFCC is: a battery that is fully charged under standard conditions (standard temperature, voltage, current), and the capacity released under standard conditions (standard temperature, voltage, current) is the standard capacity of the battery. This standard capacity is called AFCC (Absolute Full Charge Capacity) here.
AFCCx为某一单体电池的满容量,其中x代表对应的电芯,如AFCC1代表第一串电芯的绝对满容量AFCCx is the full capacity of a certain single battery, where x represents the corresponding cell. For example, AFCC1 represents the absolute full capacity of the first string of cells.
SOC为电池包的总电量荷电百分比。SOC is the percentage of charge of the battery pack's total power.
SOCx为电池包内某一单串电芯的电量荷电百分比。SOCx is the charge percentage of a single string of cells in the battery pack.
I(K)x中I(K)代表电芯的自耗电电流,包含了电芯自放电电流以及BMS单节功耗的总和。I(K)x代表某一单节电芯的自耗电电流总和。I(K) in I(K)x represents the self-consumption current of the battery core, which includes the sum of the self-discharge current of the battery core and the power consumption of a single BMS cell. I(K)x represents the total self-consumption current of a single cell.
I(bms)为BMS的总运行功耗,包含各个模式下的运行功耗值。I(bms) is the total operating power consumption of BMS, including the operating power consumption value in each mode.
I(balace)x为单节BMS的均衡电流值,在实际运行中I(balance)x=当前节电池电压/均衡电阻I(balace)x is the balance current value of a single cell BMS. In actual operation, I(balance)x=current cell voltage/balancing resistance
QC(Ibms)为BMS运行总放电电流的库仑积分。即QC(Ibms)=∫tI(bms)。电芯充满时会将该参数清0,其余时候正向累加。QC(Ibms) is the Coulomb integral of the total discharge current of BMS operation. That is, QC(Ibms)=∫tI(bms). This parameter will be cleared to 0 when the battery is fully charged, and it will accumulate positively at other times.
QC(Ibalance)x为BMS的单节总均衡电流的库仑积分。即QC(Ibalance)x=∫tI(balance)x。电芯充满时会将该参数清0,其余时候正向累加。QC(Ibalance)x is the Coulomb integral of the total balanced current of a single section of the BMS. That is, QC(Ibalance)x=∫tI(balance)x. This parameter will be cleared to 0 when the battery is fully charged, and it will accumulate positively at other times.
QC(CD)x代表某一单节电池累加的总充放电电流(放电电流为正值,充电电流为负值)、BMS的总功耗电流、以及单体均衡的电流的积分库伦电量,单位为mAh。QC(CD)x=总充放电电流累积容量+QC(Ibms)+QC(Ibalance)x。电芯充满时会将该参数清0,其余时候正向累加。QC(CD)x represents the accumulated total charge and discharge current of a certain single cell battery (discharge current is a positive value, charging current is a negative value), the total power consumption current of the BMS, and the integrated coulomb quantity of the single balanced current, unit is mAh. QC(CD)x=Total charge and discharge current cumulative capacity+QC(Ibms)+QC(Ibalance)x. This parameter will be cleared to 0 when the battery is fully charged, and it will accumulate positively at other times.
QC(Ik)x中QC(K)x为某一单节电芯的自耗电电流的累加容量,单位为mAh。QC(Ik)x为正值。即QC(Ibalance)=∫tI(K)x。电芯充满时会将该参数清0,其余时候正向累加。Among QC(Ik)x, QC(K)x is the cumulative capacity of self-consumption current of a certain single cell, in mAh. QC(Ik)x is positive. That is, QC(Ibalance)=∫tI(K)x. This parameter will be cleared to 0 when the battery is fully charged, and it will accumulate positively at other times.
QCx为单节电池的总电量库伦累加。累加单位时间内的电流,最后形成容量,单位为mAh。放电时为正累加,充电时为负累加。QCx在满电时值为0,在放空时的最大值为AFCCx。QCx=QC(CD)x+QC(Ik)x。即总放电库伦包含了,充放电电量库伦,BMS工作电流的电量库伦,均衡电流的电量库伦,还有单节自耗电库伦的电量库伦累加。该值表示了充满后的电池的一切消耗电量的累积。QCx is the coulomb accumulation of the total power of a single battery. The current per unit time is accumulated to form the capacity in mAh. It is positive accumulation when discharging and negative accumulation when charging. The value of QCx is 0 when fully charged, and the maximum value when discharged is AFCCx. QCx=QC(CD)x+QC(Ik)x. That is, the total discharge coulombs include the charge and discharge coulombs, the BMS operating current coulombs, the balancing current coulombs, and the self-consumption coulombs of a single cell. This value represents the accumulation of all power consumed by a fully charged battery.
一种基于磷酸铁锂电芯失衡模型的高效均衡计算方法,所述高效均衡计算方法包括以下步骤:An efficient equalization calculation method based on the lithium iron phosphate cell imbalance model. The efficient equalization calculation method includes the following steps:
步骤1:串联多个电池包,按实际分配电池包内各电池容量;Step 1: Connect multiple battery packs in series and allocate the capacity of each battery in the battery pack according to actual conditions;
步骤2:基于步骤1的各电池容量分配,对电池包内电池失衡原因进行分析;Step 2: Based on the capacity allocation of each battery in step 1, analyze the causes of battery imbalance in the battery pack;
步骤3:基于步骤2电池失衡原因的分析结果,实行对电芯的实时总放电容量进行估算;Step 3: Based on the analysis results of the cause of battery imbalance in Step 2, estimate the real-time total discharge capacity of the battery cell;
步骤4:基于步骤3的估计调节,在不同电芯放电容量差异大的时候进行单节放电均衡;以达到每颗电池的总放电量平衡,实现电池包内各电池同时充满。Step 4: Based on the estimated adjustment in step 3, perform single-cell discharge balancing when the discharge capacity of different cells has a large difference; to achieve a balance of the total discharge of each battery and achieve full charging of each battery in the battery pack at the same time.
进一步的,所述步骤1具体为,电池包内第一个电池为基础容量,电池包内第二个电池比本电池包的最低容量的电池多3%电量;电池包内第三个电池比本电池包的最低容量的电池多5%电量。Further, step 1 is specifically as follows: the first battery in the battery pack has a basic capacity, the second battery in the battery pack has 3% more power than the battery with the lowest capacity of the battery pack; the third battery in the battery pack has The lowest capacity battery in this battery pack has 5% more power.
使用一个额定容量为10Ah,额定电压为9.6V的电池包为例,同时假设该电池包由3颗单体额定容量为10Ah的磷酸铁锂电池串联而成。第一串的电芯实际容量为10Ah,第二串电芯的实际容量为10.3Ah(比本电池包的最低容量的电池多3%电量),第三串电芯的实际容量为10.5Ah(比本电池包的最低容量电芯多5%电量)。Take a battery pack with a rated capacity of 10Ah and a rated voltage of 9.6V as an example. It is also assumed that the battery pack is composed of three lithium iron phosphate batteries with a rated capacity of 10Ah connected in series. The actual capacity of the first string of cells is 10Ah, the actual capacity of the second string is 10.3Ah (3% more power than the lowest capacity battery in this battery pack), and the actual capacity of the third string of cells is 10.5Ah ( 5% more power than the lowest capacity cell of this battery pack).
进一步的,所述步骤2对电池包内电池失衡原因具体为,Further, the specific reasons for the imbalance of batteries in the battery pack in step 2 are:
组装成电池组的单体电芯存在电芯的容量差异;按上例中,容量低的第一串电芯会优先充满到3.4V以上,其他的电池还在3.34V以下的容量平台区。此时会出现失衡;The individual cells assembled into a battery pack have different cell capacities; according to the above example, the first string of cells with a low capacity will be charged to above 3.4V first, while the other cells are still in the capacity plateau area below 3.34V. An imbalance will occur at this point;
电池组持续使用,不同的电芯会出现容量不同的衰减程度;比如磷酸铁锂一般2000个循环容量衰减到80%以内,可能存在电芯1衰减到80%,电芯2衰减到85%这类的情况,导致使用时的容量失衡扩大。When the battery pack is continuously used, different cells will have different degrees of capacity attenuation; for example, lithium iron phosphate generally has a capacity of attenuating to less than 80% after 2,000 cycles. Cell 1 may decay to 80%, and cell 2 may decay to 85%. This kind of situation leads to the expansion of capacity imbalance during use.
进一步的,所述步骤2对电池包内电池失衡原因还包括,电芯的自耗电不均。电芯在静置存储无使用的时候也会出现自耗电,导致容量降低,不同的电芯因生产制造不可能完全一致,导致自耗电电流不一致,长期存放后可能导致剩余的容量不同。自耗电水平差异越大在长久存放后会导致越来越严重的电池失衡。持续循环使用之后的电芯,因为使用环境不同(存在不通电池组的位置,不同的发热水平等),自耗电水平也会有不同,该自耗电参数会随着使用而不变的变化偏移。Furthermore, the causes of battery imbalance in the battery pack in step 2 also include uneven self-consumption of battery cells. Battery cells will also consume electricity when they are stored and not in use, resulting in a reduction in capacity. Different battery cells cannot be completely consistent due to production and manufacturing, resulting in inconsistent self-consumption current. After long-term storage, the remaining capacity may be different. The greater the difference in self-consumption levels, the more severe the battery imbalance will be after long-term storage. After continuous recycling of batteries, the self-consumption level will also be different due to different usage environments (there are different positions of the battery pack, different hot water levels), and the self-consumption parameters will change with use. offset.
进一步的,所述所述步骤2对电池包内电池失衡原因还包括,BMS板上单节的电流功耗不一致。BMS需要采集每节电池的电压,若板上存在不一致的功耗,长久也会导致电池的剩余容量不一致,最后导致失衡。在BMS设计的时候会控制这个的功耗的差异程度,但依旧存在一定的差异。该失衡体现出来也是单节电芯的自耗电加大,为简化软件模型,将该参数归类到电芯的自耗电参数里。Further, the reasons for the imbalance of batteries in the battery pack in step 2 also include inconsistent current and power consumption of single cells on the BMS board. BMS needs to collect the voltage of each battery. If there is inconsistent power consumption on the board, the remaining capacity of the battery will be inconsistent for a long time, eventually leading to imbalance. The degree of difference in power consumption will be controlled during BMS design, but there is still a certain difference. This imbalance is reflected in the increase in the self-consumption power of a single cell. In order to simplify the software model, this parameter is classified into the self-consumption parameters of the cell.
进一步的,所述步骤3实行对电芯的实时总放电容量进行估算是对每节单体的满容量进行实时的估算,同时对充放电累加电流,以及对每节电芯的自耗电电流进行实时估算,并对这两个电流进行库伦累加。Further, step 3 implements the real-time estimation of the total discharge capacity of the battery cell, which is a real-time estimation of the full capacity of each cell, and at the same time, the accumulated charge and discharge current, and the self-consumption current of each cell A real-time estimate is made and the two currents are Coulomb-summed.
进一步的,所述步骤3实行对电芯的实时总放电容量进行估算具体为,Further, the step 3 is to estimate the real-time total discharge capacity of the battery core as follows:
步骤3.1:设置每节电芯的满容量值AFCCx的初始值;该参数的默认值时可由电芯厂家提供的数据提取。电芯厂家有关联的每颗电芯的生产老化容量记录,生产时可通过自动化的手段将每颗电芯的满容量写入软件中;Step 3.1: Set the initial value of AFCCx, the full capacity value of each battery cell; the default value of this parameter can be extracted from the data provided by the battery cell manufacturer. The battery cell manufacturer has a record of the production aging capacity of each battery cell, and the full capacity of each battery cell can be written into the software through automated means during production;
步骤3.2:设置每节电芯的自耗电电流值I(K)x的初始值;该数值可通过对该电芯的长期静置实验进行推算,或者写入一个固定的合理的估算值,软件会在实际运行中实时矫正;Step 3.2: Set the initial value of the self-consumption current value I(K)x of each cell; this value can be calculated through long-term static experiments of the cell, or written into a fixed and reasonable estimated value. The software will be corrected in real time during actual operation;
步骤3.3:设定每节电芯的累积充放容量QC(CD)x的初始值;该值为电芯的满容量值-出厂容量值,即QC(CD)x=AFCCx-出厂容量。出厂容量为电芯厂家在完全放空的电池里充入等量的容量值。若电芯在出厂后长期存储,可根据自耗电K值参数,将自耗电容量扣除后,再将该值写入QC(CD)x。该值为从满电状态下的放电容量值;Step 3.3: Set the initial value of the cumulative charge and discharge capacity QC(CD)x of each cell; this value is the full capacity value of the cell - the factory capacity value, that is, QC(CD)x = AFCCx - the factory capacity. The factory capacity is the same amount of capacity that the cell manufacturer charges into a completely empty battery. If the battery core is stored for a long time after leaving the factory, the self-consumption power capacity can be deducted according to the self-consumption power K value parameter, and then the value can be written into QC(CD)x. This value is the discharge capacity value from the fully charged state;
步骤3.4:软件的I(bms)值为多组固定值,由开发过程中测试各个模式下的功耗值,基于步骤3.2设置的I(K)x初始值及步骤3.3设置的QC(CD)x初始值,在软件运行后,QC(CD)x,QC(Ik)x进行实时工作参数累加;Step 3.4: The I(bms) value of the software is multiple sets of fixed values. The power consumption value in each mode is tested during the development process, based on the initial value of I(K)x set in step 3.2 and the QC(CD) set in step 3.3. Initial value of x, after the software is run, QC(CD)x, QC(Ik)x accumulate real-time working parameters;
步骤3.5:基于步骤3.4的工作参数累加,采用SOC算法进行均衡;Step 3.5: Based on the accumulation of working parameters in step 3.4, use the SOC algorithm for equalization;
步骤3.6:随着不断的循环使用当单体电芯的AFCCx及I(K)x也会跟随着电芯的劣化循环不断变化时,AFCCx及I(K)x也会进行实时的跟踪校准。参照图3可知磷酸铁锂虽然整体OCV曲线比较平滑,但还是有三个明显的电压变化区间,本例子中区间1:SOC 0%~26%对应电压范围为3140mV~3273mV电压变化幅度为133mV,在该区间足以使用OCV查表法查出对应的精确SOC。区间2SOC 58~62%电压范围3317mV~3296mV,变化幅度为21mV。在该区间足以使用OCV查表法查出对应的精确SOC。区域3SOC 98%~100%电对应电压范围3331mV~3431mV,变换幅度为100mV,在该区间足以使用OCV查表法查出对应的精确SOCx。Step 3.6: With continuous recycling, when the AFCCx and I(K)x of a single battery cell will continue to change with the degradation cycle of the battery cell, AFCCx and I(K)x will also be tracked and calibrated in real time. Referring to Figure 3, we can see that although the overall OCV curve of lithium iron phosphate is relatively smooth, there are still three obvious voltage change intervals. In this example, interval 1: SOC 0% ~ 26% corresponds to a voltage range of 3140mV ~ 3273mV. The voltage change range is 133mV. This interval is sufficient to use the OCV table lookup method to find the corresponding accurate SOC. The voltage range of interval 2SOC 58~62% is 3317mV~3296mV, and the variation range is 21mV. In this interval, it is enough to use the OCV table lookup method to find the corresponding accurate SOC. Region 3 SOC 98% ~ 100% corresponds to a voltage range of 3331mV ~ 3431mV, and a transformation amplitude of 100mV. This range is sufficient to use the OCV lookup table method to find the corresponding accurate SOCx.
进一步的,所述步骤3.5采用SOC算法进行均衡具体为,当电池包总SOC>30%,且最大QCx-任意的QCx>2%*总电池的AFCC,超过该参数的该串电芯需要进行均衡,同时均衡时候计算I(balace)x,同时累加到QC(Ibalance)x,QC(CD)x值也会不断增长,直到不满足等式,则均衡停止。该均衡不受限于充放电条件;因为参数计算累加时避免不了误差存在,因此预留了2%计算误差。超过2%的失衡可以被实时高效的均衡,2%以内的均衡由传统方式的单串电芯电压>3.4V,且(超过3.4V的电芯电压-最低电芯电压)压差超过20mV后启动均衡,由于失衡在非充满时已经被极大的缩小,末端均衡所需的时间会极大缩短,确保所有电芯能一致被充满。Further, the step 3.5 uses the SOC algorithm for equalization. Specifically, when the total SOC of the battery pack is >30%, and the maximum QCx-any QCx>2%*AFCC of the total battery, the string of cells exceeding this parameter needs to be balanced. Balance. At the same time, I(balace)x is calculated during equilibrium, and it is accumulated to QC(Ibalance)x. The QC(CD)x value will also continue to grow until the equation is no longer satisfied, and the equilibrium will stop. This equalization is not limited to charging and discharging conditions; because errors cannot be avoided when calculating and accumulating parameters, a 2% calculation error is reserved. An imbalance of more than 2% can be balanced efficiently in real time. The balance within 2% is achieved by the traditional method of single string cell voltage > 3.4V, and (cell voltage exceeding 3.4V - minimum cell voltage) voltage difference exceeds 20mV. When balancing is started, since the imbalance has been greatly reduced when it is not full, the time required for terminal balancing will be greatly shortened, ensuring that all cells can be filled uniformly.
进一步的,所述步骤3.6中AFCCx实时跟踪校准具体为,为保证校准精度,本矫正在充电过程中进行,充电过程中的充电电流相比放电过程中更稳定,且更连续。在充电之前若有足够时间静置(一般为15min以上)获取OCV,同时OCV也在该三个区间如图3所述的其中一个区间,则认为OCV有效,软件则根据OCV/SOC表获得对应的SOCx1,以及记录此时的QC(CD)x1,进入充电过程,之后停止;Further, the AFCCx real-time tracking calibration in step 3.6 is specifically: to ensure the calibration accuracy, this correction is performed during the charging process. The charging current during the charging process is more stable and continuous than during the discharging process. If there is enough time to stand still (generally more than 15 minutes) before charging to obtain the OCV, and the OCV is also in one of the three intervals as shown in Figure 3, the OCV is considered valid, and the software obtains the corresponding value based on the OCV/SOC table. SOCx1, and QC(CD)x1 recorded at this time, enter the charging process and then stop;
若同样能获得充电后的OCV,同时该OCV也落在这三个区间中的任一一个区间,则认为OCV有效,软件则根据OCV/SOC表获得对应的SOCx2,以及记录此时的QC(CD)x2;If the charged OCV can also be obtained, and the OCV also falls in any of these three intervals, the OCV is considered valid, and the software obtains the corresponding SOCx2 based on the OCV/SOC table, and records the QC at this time. (CD)x2;
若SOCx2-SOCx1>30%,则认为可以实时校准;If SOCx2-SOCx1>30%, it is considered that real-time calibration is possible;
校准公式为,The calibration formula is,
AFCCx校准=ΔQC(CD)/ΔSOC=(QC(CD)x1-QC(CD)x2)/(SOCx2-SOCx 1);AFCCx calibration=ΔQC(CD)/ΔSOC=(QC(CD)x1-QC(CD)x2)/(SOCx2-SOCx 1);
所述三个区间分别是区间1:SOC 0%~26%对应电压范围为3140mV~3273mV电压变化幅度为133mV,在该区间足以使用OCV查表法查出对应的精确SOC;The three intervals are interval 1: SOC 0% to 26% corresponds to a voltage range of 3140mV to 3273mV. The voltage change amplitude is 133mV. In this interval, it is enough to use the OCV table lookup method to find the corresponding accurate SOC;
区间2:SOC 58~62%电压范围3317mV~3296mV,变化幅度为21mV。在该区间足以使用OCV查表法查出对应的精确SOC;Interval 2: SOC 58~62% voltage range 3317mV~3296mV, change amplitude is 21mV. In this interval, it is enough to use the OCV table lookup method to find the corresponding accurate SOC;
区域3:SOC 98%~100%电对应电压范围3331mV~3431mV,变换幅度为100mV,在该区间足以使用OCV查表法查出对应的精确SOCx。Area 3: SOC 98% to 100% corresponds to a voltage range of 3331mV to 3431mV, with a conversion amplitude of 100mV. This range is sufficient to use the OCV lookup table method to find the corresponding accurate SOCx.
进一步的,所述步骤3.6中I(K)x实时跟踪校准具体为,OCV校准时会获得对应的SOCx,此时可计算QCx,Further, the I(K)x real-time tracking calibration in step 3.6 is specifically: the corresponding SOCx will be obtained during OCV calibration, and QCx can be calculated at this time,
QCx=AFCC*(100%-SOCx);QCx=AFCC*(100%-SOCx);
QCx=QC(CD)x+QC(Ik)x,QCx=QC(CD)x+QC(Ik)x,
其中,QC(CD)x为精确的放电容量累加,QCx也获得校准;Among them, QC(CD)x is the accurate accumulation of discharge capacity, and QCx is also calibrated;
可以推出can be launched
QC(Ik)x1=QCx-QC(CD)xQC(Ik)x1=QCx-QC(CD)x
并记录该QC(Ik)x1,以及将QC(Ik)x的累积运行时间清0,即T(Ik)x=0,And record the QC(Ik)x1, and clear the accumulated running time of QC(Ik)x to 0, that is, T(Ik)x=0,
之后继续运行若获得第二次OCV校准,T(Ik)x>48小时,If the second OCV calibration is obtained after continuing to run, T(Ik)x>48 hours,
使用校准可以推算出对应的QC(Ik)x2,Using calibration, the corresponding QC(Ik)x2 can be derived,
将(QC(Ik)x2-QC(Ik)x1)得到单位时间累积的ΔQC(Ik)x,Divide (QC(Ik)x2-QC(Ik)x1) to get the accumulated ΔQC(Ik)x per unit time,
对ΔQC(Ik)x微分即可得到Differentiating ΔQC(Ik)x can be obtained
I(K)x校准=dΔQC(Ik)x/dT(Ik)x;I(K)x calibration=dΔQC(Ik)x/dT(Ik)x;
校准完成后T(Ik)x清0,重新累积,且记录当前的I(K)x校准为QC(Ik)x1,进入下一轮校准环节。After the calibration is completed, T(Ik)x is cleared to 0, accumulated again, and the current I(K)x calibration is recorded as QC(Ik)x1, and the next round of calibration is entered.
特别注意两次校准之间,或者还未获得校准之前发生过满电导致QCx、QC(CD)x、QC(Ik)x清0时,QC(Ik)x1,QC(Ik)x2,T(Ik)x也应清0,重新开始矫正流程。Pay special attention to the time between two calibrations, or when full power occurs before calibration is obtained and QCx, QC(CD)x, QC(Ik)x are cleared to 0, QC(Ik)x1, QC(Ik)x2, T( Ik)x should also be cleared to 0 and the correction process should be restarted.
I(K)x在时间过程中的变化也是很缓慢的,软件处理过程中可对新校准的I(K)x采取扩大累积QC(Ik)x的累积时间,同时对于多次获得的结果可以采取限定变化幅度以及多次平均值的方法,确保校准的准确可靠。I(K)x also changes very slowly in the time process. During the software processing, the newly calibrated I(K)x can be expanded by accumulating the accumulation time of QC(Ik)x. At the same time, the results obtained multiple times can be The method of limiting the change range and multiple averages is adopted to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the calibration.
一种基于磷酸铁锂电芯失衡模型的高效均衡计算系统,所述高效均衡计算系统使用如上述基于磷酸铁锂电芯失衡模型的高效均衡计算系统,所述高效均衡计算系统包括估算模块及计算控制模块;An efficient equilibrium calculation system based on the lithium iron phosphate cell imbalance model. The efficient equilibrium calculation system uses the above-mentioned efficient equilibrium calculation system based on the lithium iron phosphate cell imbalance model. The efficient equilibrium calculation system includes an estimation module and a calculation control module. ;
所述估算模块,基于电池失衡原因的分析结果,实行对电芯的实时总放电容量进行估算;The estimation module estimates the real-time total discharge capacity of the battery core based on the analysis results of the cause of battery imbalance;
所述计算控制模块,基于估算模块的估计调节,在不同电芯放电容量差异大的时候进行单节放电均衡;以达到每颗电池的总放电量平衡,实现电池包内各电池同时充满。The calculation control module, based on the estimation adjustment of the estimation module, performs single-cell discharge equalization when the discharge capacity of different cells has a large difference; in order to achieve the balance of the total discharge of each battery and realize that all batteries in the battery pack are fully charged at the same time.
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